What is the permitted level of methanol in water release from a chemical plant?
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If it's in the United States, the EPA water quality criteria for 2006 can be viewed at this address:\n\nhttp://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wqcriteria.html\n\nWhile there is no specific listing for methanol, there is an exhaustive list of what are known as "Priority" and "Non-Priority" pollutants.  These include many of the organic chained molecules, elementals, and other toxic substances.\n\nYou may want to check into the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) regulations set forth by the EPA as well.  While often there are not numerical standards for industrial plant discharges, there are other criteria that may aid in determining what that discharge limitation might be.
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"Water gas" is a ~1:1 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that is typically produced by passing water vapor over carbon (e.g., activated charcoal, coal, coke) at a high temperature.  The relevant reaction is:\n\n      H2O + C -> H2 + CO\n\nWhere the products of this reaction constitute "water gas".\n\nNow, note that acetic acid has the formula CH3COOH, which has the same stoichiometry as water gas, implying that it could potentially react to form water gas:\n\n     CH3COOH -> 2CO + 2H2\n\nHowever, at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of ~440C, acetic acid breaks down to form carbon dioxide and methane, not CO and H2:\n\n     CH3COOH -> CO2 + CH4\n\nThe question then is, how does one shift the reaction:\n\n     CO2 + CH4 -> 2CO + 2H2,\n\nto the right?  Given that the volume change for this reaction as written is positive (4 moles of gas as products vs. 2 moles of gas as reactants), and the entropy change must also be positive (by simlar reasoning), higher temperatures and low pressures should favor the products(water gas) over the reactants.  Without having a table of thermodynamic data at elevated temperatures at my fingers, I can't check this, but you can certainly dig up the needed data and check my prediction.
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There are several possibilities.\n\nThe TEOS solubility in water is negligible.  It is not much better in methanol, but it does adhere to the ethyl group of ethanol to some degree.\n\nThe boil point of ethanol is 78.4 degrees C, which is higher than the boiling point of methanol (at 64.7 degrees).  This might be a factor.\n\nThe last has to do with the physical size and role of the alcohol as a catalyst.  Methanol is smaller and may not have the correct geometry.\n\nI totally agree with the suggestion to experiment, using the same molar quantities for methanol and ethanol.  You might also want to try n-propyl alcohol to give additional data.\n\nBy the way, chemistry being what it is, you might try searching for additional answers using an alternate name for the TEOS.  It is also called Tetraethoxysilane.
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Not a whole lot... but I can see how. Fluid in some plants can be electrolytic.
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Are you actually working on silazanes? They are hot stuff. Wanted to do them too but had problems with shipping of some reagents. Anyway, I was tryig to access this article but I was unsuccessful. Maybe you ca try it yourself: "Rates of methanolysis of several organosilazanes" by William L. Budde, J. Phys. Chem.; 1969; 73(11); 3718-3721. Hope this helps. Or click here: http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpchax/1969/73/i11/f-pdf/f_j100845a028.pdf\n\nIf you were not able to access this, then contact me so i can send you the pdf file.
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Until the concentration of salt is large enough to form a saturated solution, ie. one in which no more solute will dissolve, the volume of the solvent (water) will not change.  20g of salt is not nearly enough to form a saturated solution, so the water level will remain at 500ml.
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water food oxygen environment
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A paper writen by Karen Manci, Ohio State Univ, College of Food and Evironmental Sciences is helpful:\n\nWastewater Treatment Principles and Regulations\nAEX-768-96\n\nSewage is the wastewater released by residences, businesses and industries in a community. It is 99.94 percent water, with only 0.06 percent of the wastewater dissolved and suspended solid material. The cloudiness of sewage is caused by suspended particles which in untreated sewage ranges from 100 to 350 mg/l. A measure of the strength of the wastewater is biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD5. The BOD5 measures the amount of oxygen microorganisms require in five days to break down sewage. Untreated sewage has a BOD5 ranging from 100 mg/l to 300 mg/l. Pathogens or disease-causing organisms are present in sewage. Coliform bacteria are used as an indicator of disease-causing organisms. Sewage also contains nutrients (such as ammonia and phosphorus), minerals, and metals. Ammonia can range from 12 to 50 mg/l and phosphorus can range from 6 to 20 mg/l in untreated sewage. \n\nSewage treatment is a multi-stage process to renovate wastewater before it reenters a body of water, is applied to the land or is reused. The goal is to reduce or remove organic matter, solids, nutrients, disease-causing organisms and other pollutants from wastewater. Each receiving body of water has limits to the amount of pollutants it can receive without degradation. Therefore, each sewage treatment plant must hold a permit listing the allowable levels of BOD5, suspended solids, coliform bacteria and other pollutants. The discharge permits are called NPDES permits which stands for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. \n\nPreliminary Treatment\nPreliminary treatment to screen out, grind up, or separate debris is the first step in wastewater treatment. Sticks, rags, large food particles, sand, gravel, toys, etc., are removed at this stage to protect the pumping and other equipment in the treatment plant. Treatment equipment such as bar screens, comminutors (a large version of a garbage disposal), and grit chambers are used as the wastewater first enters a treatment plant. The collected debris is usually disposed of in a landfill. \n\nPrimary Treatment\nPrimary treatment is the second step in treatment and separates suspended solids and greases from wastewater. Waste-water is held in a quiet tank for several hours allowing the particles to settle to the bottom and the greases to float to the top. The solids drawn off the bottom and skimmed off the top receive further treatment as sludge. The clarified wastewater flows on to the next stage of wastewater treatment. Clarifiers and septic tanks are usually used to provide primary treatment. \n\nSecondary Treatment\nSecondary treatment is a biological treatment process to remove dissolved organic matter from wastewater. Sewage microorganisms are cultivated and added to the wastewater. The microorganisms absorb organic matter from sewage as their food supply. Three approaches are used to accomplish secondary treatment; fixed film, suspended film and lagoon systems. \nFixed Film Systems\nFixed film systems grow microorganisms on substrates such as rocks, sand or plastic. The wastewater is spread over the substrate, allowing the wastewater to flow past the film of microorganisms fixed to the substrate. As organic matter and nutrients are absorbed from the wastewater, the film of microorganisms grows and thickens. Trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, and sand filters are examples of fixed film systems. \n\nSuspended Film Systems\nSuspended film systems stir and suspend microorganisms in wastewater. As the microorganisms absorb organic matter and nutrients from the wastewater they grow in size and number. After the microorganisms have been suspended in the wastewater for several hours, they are settled out as a sludge. Some of the sludge is pumped back into the incoming wastewater to provide "seed" microorganisms. The
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LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM IN BINARY SYSTEMS\nApparatus\nBoiling apparatus with heating mantle and variac (S), 1/100o thermometer (S),\nrefractometer (L), glass beads or boiling chips (S), weighing bottles (D), small\nstoppered vials (D), 250 ml n-hexane (S) and 250 ml absolute ethanol (S).\nOther binary systems which may be investigated are (1) cyclohexane (S)-\nethanol (S); (2) ethyl acetate (S)-ethanol (S); (3) Methanol (S)-ethyl acetate (S);\n(4) isopropanol (S)-n-hexane (S); (5) isopropanol (S)-cyclohexane (S); (6)\nisopropanol (S)-ethylacetate (S); (7) Acetone (S)-cyclohexane (S); (8) Acetone\n(S)- hexane (S); and (9) cyclohexane (S)-2-propanol (S), (10) 1 Propanol-water.\nCONSULT YOUR LAB INSTRUCTOR TO FIND OUT WHICH SYSTEM YOU\nARE TO INVESTIGATE.\nCAUTION: The ORGANIC LIQUIDS are TOXIC and FLAMMABLE! Use all\nnecessary precautions to avoid accidents!\nCAUTION: DISPOSE OF THESE ORGANIC LIQUIDS by placing in the\nWaste Containers provided. DO NOT POUR DOWN THE DRAIN!\n\nAssemble the apparatus with care; consult instructor if you are at\nall doubtful how to put the pieces together. A 3-way stopcock (shown in Figure\n2) is provided as a means of withdrawing samples of distillate and residue at the\nappropriate time. Best procedure is to withdraw distillate first, then the residue.\n\nProcedure\nClean the apparatus by rinsing with a few milliliters of pure n-hexane. Make sure\nvials are clean and DRY and have labels for marking. Add glass beads to flask\n(carefully).\nThere are three particularly important requirements in this experiment.\n• Make sure that the condensed distillate and the liquid residue samples are\ncollected under equilibrium conditions\n• Read the equilibrium temperature accurately\n• Analyze the compositions accurately\nPlace the thermometer in a position near the top and center of the three legs of\nthe first insert as seen in Figure 3. The hole in the second insert should be\nplaced pointed towards the condenser\nPlace 50 ml n-hexane in a flask. Adjust the variac (not more than 100 -110 volts)\nso that liquid boils "reversibly" (very moderate boiling with only very tiny bubbles\nformed) and so that distillate comes over at a rate which will fill the sample tube\nonce every two or three minutes.\nDraw off the first fraction (containing impurities) which comes over and discard\n(use waste container). When a constant boiling mixture is obtained, record the\nboiling point and withdraw samples from distillate and residue into marked vials.\nAdd 1 ml ethanol to the distillate in the flask, obtain equilibrium-boiling, record the\nboiling point, and again withdraw samples of distillate and residue for analysis.\nBoiling points and refractive indices of the distillate and residue are then\ndetermined after successive additions of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 5 ml of ethanol. The\nrefractive indices are used to obtain the mole fractions of ethanol in these\nsolutions.\nClean the apparatus by rinsing with a few milliliters of ethanol, and repeat the\nprocess starting with 50 ml of ethanol in the flask. Now, however, boiling points\nare to be determined after successive additions of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 15 and 20 ml of nhexane\nto the flask.\nIn order to construct a plot of refractive index versus mole percent ethanol, the\nrefractive indices are determined for the pure hexane and ethanol and for a\nseries of solutions containing accurately known weights of hexane and ethanol.\nMixtures about 5 ml in volume containing approximately 1 volume of ethanol to 1,\n3, and 6 volumes of hexane are convenient. To obtain a decent standardization\ncurve of refractive index versus mole fraction, a series of 6 to 8 solutions\ncontaining accurately known weights of n-hexane and ethanol must be prepared\nand their refractive indices measured. Only a few milliliters of each of these\nsolutions are required, so do not waste chemicals when preparing them. The\nrequired data for the vapor pressures of the organic liquids are availab
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Nothing.  Except have a lower water volume due to warmer water molecules converting to gas.  However, the warmer water may have an efffect on the plants you are studying.  If you water a plant with hot water it may kill the plant.
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it depends on the properties of water extracted at that place,it could be any thing for obvious reasons.it depends on H+ ions..it depends on acidic property of soil, pollution, type of pollutio,wher that water is coming from like upstream properties.its hard to say.
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2H2 + O2 ---- 2 H2O\n\nYou can easily obtain water around the house.
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Well first of all you have to specify if the H's you want to account for are either comming from HCl alone or both HCl and some H's comming from the dissociation of water.\n\nI suppose that only the number of moles of H's comming from HCl is really worth while working the question for, since the H's of the dissociated water does not change the pH of the 0.10M solution.\n\nTherefore:\n\n0.10moles are in 1000mL\n? moles are in 50mL\n\n50 x 0.1 / 1000 = 0.005moles\n\nTherefore we can say that 0.005moles of HCl in 50mL of water results in a concentration of 0.10M
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Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol.\n\nSplit the water (H2O) into H and OH.\nSplit one of the bonds of the double bond two form two new single bonds.\nAttach the H to one, the OH to the other, to form H3C-CH2OH.
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It depends on the liquid AND the pressure. 100C is for water at atmospheric pressure.
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Na2CO3 + 2HCl -> 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O\n\nno. of mol of Na2CO3 reacted\n= m/M\n= 1.5/106.2\n= 0.01412 mol\n\nno. of mol of HCl reacted\n= 95/1000 x 6\n= 0.57 mol\n\nsince Na2CO3 is the limiting reagent, the no. of mol of CO2 liberated = 0.01412 mol\n\nMass of CO2 liberated\n= 0.01412 x 44.01\n= 0.6214g\n\nVol. of CO2 gas \n= 0.6214 x 1.96\n= 1.217\n= 1.22g (3s.f.)
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It is not possible to obtain absolute alcohol by simple fractional distillation, because a mixture containing around 95.5% alcohol and 4.5% water becomes an azeotropic mixture. In one common industrial method to obtain 100% pure alcohol, a small quantity of benzene is added to rectified spirit and the mixture is then distilled. Because a small amount of the benzene used remains , the solution is carcinogenic. So production of absolute alcohol is done by desiccation using glycerol. Alcohol produced by this method is known as spectroscopic alcohol.