mussolini's policies and how it affected everything?
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Mussolini\n-Fascist Italy\noNever entirely controlled\n-Embittered war veteran, from working class\n-manipulates way into power\nobullies way and forces Victor Emmanuel to concede power to him\noappeals to disgruntled veterans\noanti-communist and initially anti-liberal\noappeals to conservative, powerful bourgeoisie elite\nodoesn’t ever make it completely state run economically for this reason\nogood speaker/propagandist \noRaises political awareness for party\nItaly’s Fascist party\n•Anti communist\n•Bitter about not getting territory in Africa for trade from Treaty of Versailles\n•Idea of reinvigoration, revitalization of Italy\noUses Ancient Roman propoganda\n•Blame on socialists, communists, and those who slighted them at Versailles\n•Appeals to Catholics (agenda of the Vatican), conservatives, landowners, industrialists\noPromises jobs, restore ancient glory, patriotic nationalism, economic progress, industry, formidable military\noNot completely totalitarian\nAllows some bourgeoisie independence to maintain support\nIe) economic freedom\noRelationship with Hitler\nHitler needs alliances/ports there\nBoth need African territory\n-March on Rome, 1922\noPropaganda \noPolitical act\noSeizes capital of country to compel King to support fascist party\n-Black shirts\noMussolini’s thugs, not systematic, just beat up people\noComponent of terror, vigilanty \n-Lateran Agreement, 1929\noCreates Catholic state\noVatican support of fascist agenda\noWise political alliance\n-Invasion of Ethiopia, 1935\n\n\nMussolini and fascism in Italy\nMussolini hated liberalism; his movement was the first fascist movement--a halfway house between conservative authoritarianism and modern totalitarianism.\nThe fascist seizure of power\nPrior to 1914, Italy was moving toward democracy but with problems: Catholics, conservatives, and landowners hated liberalism and the country was divided.\nOnly in Italy did the Socialist party gain leadership prior to 1914.\nThe First World War and postwar problems ended the move toward democracy in Italy.\nWorkers and peasants felt cheated because wartime promises of reform were not carried out.\nNationalists felt cheated by the war settlement.\nThe Russian Revolution energized Italy's socialists into occupying factories and farms.\nBy 1922, most Italians were opposed to liberal, parliamentary government.\nMussolini's Fascists opposed the "Socialist threat" with physical force (the Black Shirts).\nMussolini marched on Rome in 1922 and forced the king to name him head of the government.\nThe regime in action\nMussolini's Fascists manipulated elections and killed the Socialist leader Matteotti.\nBetween 1924 and 1926, Mussolini built a oneparty Fascist dictatorship but did not establish a fully totalitarian state.\nMuch of the old power structure remained, particularly the conservatives, who controlled the army, economy, and state.\nThe Catholic church supported Mussolini because he recognized the Vatican as an independent state and gave the church heavy financial support.\nWomen were repressed, but Jews were not persecuted until late in the Second World War.\nOverall, Mussolini's fascist Italy was never really totalitarian.\n\n\nthose are my AP euro notes on Mussolini
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The Fascist Grand Council in Italy consisted of about 20 high ranking party leaders appointed by Mussolini, who was the chairman, and it's purpose was to select a list of candidates for the Chamber of Deputies,which was part of the corporate state in which the government organized a series of "corporations" that dealt with the various sectors of the Italian economy,  and to be consulted on all important business of the government.\n\nedit: Good Luck on the test
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Ok.....a full answer to this would take 200 pages minimum.  This is the stuff graduate thesis are made of....but to summarize.........\n\nYou have to change how you view what WW2 was.  It was essentially a late and last ditch effort for a newly resurgant Russian and German empire to expand territory.  Both countries have always had flexible borders (borders that often change) over their histories.  And Russia in particiular has always sought expansion for warm water ports.  If you look at the geography of it......Germany and Russia are natural rivals.  This is why Russia so distrusted any form of a unified Germany following ww2....Russia has always seen invasions from German territory...even before there was a Germany.  In the early-mid-late 30's both countries were already expanding.....but the Germans were bogged down with Yugoslavia and Poland, and the Russian expansion was bogged down in Finland.  Both leaders also distrusted their militaries....and had to consolidate domestic power at various times.  The alliance/non-agression pact was always meant to be a temporary measure.  Hitler rose to power screaming about communism and socialism.  He was always a direct rival of Stalin.  Stalin and the communist party in Russia saw Hitler as an enemy of the proletariat...and historically feared Germany.  In other words both Stalin and Hitler knew that they were going to be fighting at some point.  The non-agression pact was a mutual agreement to take care of other concerns before this happened.  Germany over came it's problems/obstacles before the Soviets did (they had a 70 year advantage on industrialization, and a more centralized/homogenous population) and broke the Warsaw Pact first.  Stalin's reaction was simple disbelief....and when he did find out the invasion was real he hid for days inside of a bunker and Russia was in chaos.  He finally emerged...and ww2 was fought on the the plains of Russia.  To say that ww2 was a land war between Germany and The Soviet Union would not be too far off the mark.  Both sides benefited from the non-agression pact....but Germany was quicker to take advantage.  As far as appeasement.....the initial German expansion was more bluff than anything else.  THe german war machine could quickly have been stopped in places like Czeck.  To understand appeasement you have to understand the Versailles treaty (the treaty/surrender that ended ww1).  The German State lost territory, had to make reparations, etc.  They had limited military production.  The French (who suffered the worst of ww1) were the primary driving force behind the humiliating (to German thinking) Treaty of Versailles.  The English always felt the sanctions on Germany were unfair and unenforcable.  Because of this....when the Germans entered areas like the Sudatland......the British saw it as fair.  The french lacked the strength or will to fight...especially without international support.  By the time that Germany entered Poland (a mutual invasion with Russia actually), their war machine and industry was far greater...and Hitler's domestic power was far more consolidated.  The Germans already had a huge buffer zone.  Appeasement lead to the inevitable and eventual war with a stronger Germany.
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Of course.  Let me give you a little history which should clear up the notion of a good dictatorship:\n\nThe overriding need to strengthen the regime determined foreign policy in the first phase of Franco's rule. Weakened by the devastation of civil war, the country could not afford to become involved in a protracted European conflict. Although Franco was deeply indebted to Germany and to Italy for their decisive contribution to his victory over the Republicans, he declared Spain's neutrality in the opening days of World War II. His sympathies, nevertheless, were openly with the Axis powers; he had, in fact, already joined the Anti-Comintern Pact and had signed a secret treaty of friendship with Germany in March 1939. There was genuine enthusiasm for the fascist cause among important elements of the Franco regime, especially the Falange. \n\nSpain altered its policy of neutrality following the lightning success of Germany's 1940 spring offensive. The German armies appeared invincible, and Franco was eager to assure Spain a voice in the postwar settlement. In June 1940, The Spanish government adopted a policy of nonbelligerency, which permitted German submarines to be provisioned in Spanish ports and German airplanes to use Spanish landing strips. This stance was widely interpreted as foreshadowing Spain's entry on the side of the Axis powers; the German Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler, and Franco discussed this move on more than one occasion. The two dictators could never come to terms, however. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 presented Franco with a unique opportunity to participate in the conflict without a declaration of war and to get revenge for the Soviet Union's aid to the Republicans. Franco agreed to a Falangist request for the official formation of a Blue Division of volunteers--which reached a maximum strength of 18,000 men--to fight on the eastern front. Franco still believed that the Axis powers would win the war, and he considered the intervention of Spanish volunteers to be an inexpensive way of assuring recognition of Spain's colonial claims after the war was over. \n\nThe war turned in favor of the Allies with the entry of the United States in December 1941 and the Allied landing in Casablanca in November 1942. At that time, Spain replaced its pro-Axis policy with a genuinely neutral stance. Spain withdrew the Blue Division from the eastern front in November 1943, thus ending Franco's major collaboration with Nazi Germany. In May 1944, Spain and the Allies concluded an agreement. The Spanish government agreed to end wolfram shipments to Germany, to close the German consulate in Tangier, and to expel German espionage agents. In exchange for these actions, the Allies were to ship petroleum and other necessary supplies to Spain. \n\nBy the end of 1944, Spain had entered into a period of "benevolent neutrality" toward the Allies. Spain allowed Allied aircraft to land inside its borders and permitted Allied intelligence agents to operate in Madrid. In spite of this opportunistic policy shift, Spain was ostracized at the end of the war by the victorious powers. Although the United States president, Harry S. Truman, and the British prime minister, Winston Churchill, successfully resisted Stalin's proposals at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945 for Allied intervention against Franco, Spain was denied membership in the United Nations (UN) because its government had come to power with the assistance of the Axis powers and had collaborated with them during the war. \n\nA resolution adopted by the second meeting of the UN General Assembly in December 1946 expressed the most severe postwar censure of the Franco regime. According to this resolution, Spain would be banned from the UN and would not be allowed to participate in any of its specialized agencies, as long as Franco remained in power. Franco did not appear seriously concerned by this censure, nor by the subsequen
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Let's clarify a little bit things out. \n\nItaly and Germany originally didn't have the same goals. But the reason leading the two populations to endorse the two dictators were similar. \n\nGeneralized economic, political and social crisis in both countries and a lack of a strong capable political class able to tackle with problems in a serious and efficient way gave an opportunity to Hitler and Mussolini to gain more and more followers with some main differences between the two leaders.\nHitler had racial purification in his agenda since the beginning; some say Hitler was mentally insane when he conceived the systematic extermination of Jewishes while others state that Hitler's project to exterminated Jewishes fell within a precise plan aimed at stopping Jewishes from gaining increasing economic and political influence (they were slowly and silently taking over the country as they owned banks and were deeply involved in politics). Germany in that period was undergoing a serious crisis with a lot of unemployment while jewishes appeared very thriving which made it easier for Hitler to focus the hatred of the starved population towards them, as well as against all handicapped people, gipsies (eastern european origins, mainly from Romania) etc etc.\n\nAs to Mussolini, in his agenda Racial Purification was never considered till he joined Hitler. \nThe original goals of Mussolini were\n1) Deep political reforms aimed at evening the social inequalities\n2) Deep economic reforms (agriculture and industry) aimed at turning ITaly in a totally self-sufficient country (Autarchy)\n3) Expand its colonies (Ethiopia, Lybia, Somalia)\n4) Improve the image and the "weight" of Italy in Europe.\n\nHe did manage to implement a lot of his goals: \nCriminality in Italy dropped to almost 0%, with Mafia being non existent.\nHe reclaimed many marshes in several parts of Italy turning them into fertile lands that still today provide most veggies and fruits to the rest of Italy\nHe promoted an intense enhancement campaign aimed at modernizing agricultural equipment \nHe build from scract several new towns in places like Sardinia, populating them also with people from other regions (like in the case or Arborea in Sardinia, populated by Mussolini with people from Veneto in order to teach Sardinians how to apply the most innovative agricultural strategies).\nIn short, Mussolini's mistake was joining Hitler and his racial plans (we had basically no issues with Jewishes while Hitler did have).\nIn short, the reason why Italians and Germans endorsed the political agendas of these two dictators are the the following:\n1) Critical economic and social situations\n2) Lack of a political class able to tackle with the problems in an efficient way, providing jobs and granting people a decent living standard\n3) In the case of Germany, the increasing power of Jewishes, which clashed with the poverty of Germans, causing fears  (justified, unjustified? who knows) and feeding the rage (which turned into popular consent for Hitler) of millions of people forced on the edge of starvation.\n\nIf you still find it difficult to understand, think of what is going on in the US with Mexicans and in the rest of the world with Muslims and you will understand why people endorsed those actions.
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In 1936, General Francisco Franco was among a cabal of military and political leaders who attempted to overthrow the Spanish crown to gain dictatorial powers for themselves and Franco was the commander in Spanish Morocco so he was able to bring a large contingent of African troops for the coup forces. Very shortly, the Fascist powers of Italy and Germany sent huge numbers of troops and equipment to help Franco's forces. To counter this, the Socialist Prime Minister began to receive help from the Soviet Union (unlike Franco who received help from Germany and Italy for free, the government had to pay for Soviet help with gold) and from 'international brigades' of volunteers from all over the world (there was ONE Fascist international brigade, from Ireland, but they decided very early that they didn't like fighting against people who could fight back so they left). As part of their help, the Soviets sent Commissars and eventually murdered more of the government forces than of the Fascists. By 1939, the government began to run out of money, and Stalin began to decide that freedom for Spain really wasn't so important any more so the Russian forces went home (many to be liquidated because they had been exposed to capitalism!). In mid-1939, Franco was installed as the unconditional dictator of Spain, and the Germans were freed just in time to go into Poland.\n\nFranco would remain in uncontested power until about 1980 when he died after a very long illness (hence Saturday Night Live's long-running gag, "Generalissimo Francisco Franco is STILL dead!). Juan Carlos I was mentored by Franco and upon the dictator's death was crowned the King of Spain, and he remains king to this day. The televangelist Jack Van Impe (I just watch because Rexella is a babe, 'Hey, Grandma's pretty hot!') has written several books claiming that Juan Carlos I is in fact the Anti-Christ King.
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"Fascism is on the march today in America. Millionaires are marching to the tune. It will come in this country unless a strong defense is set up by all liberal and progressive forces... A clique of U.S. industrialists is hell-bent to bring a fascist state to supplant our democratic government, and is working closely with the fascist regime in Germany and Italy. Aboard ship a prominent executive of one of America's largest financial corporations told me point blank that if the progressive trend of the Roosevelt administration continued, he would be ready to take definite action to bring fascism to America."\nhttp://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Fascism/Fascism.html
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Try this hope it helps\nhttp://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/dec_ov/corbaccio/biblio.shtml
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Adwa had further consequences than just pointing and pasting from another website without understanding.\n\nFirst, this battle, because native scouts hired by the Italians actually turned out to be double agents, would remain a sore subject between Italy and Ethiopia. In fact, Mussolini would use the revenge for Adwa as one of the justifications for the 1935 war.\n\nSecond, this battle would fundamentally affect the balance of power in Europe leading up to World War I. Ethiopia, which was evangelized by Russian Orthodox monks (Ethiopia is still a largely Orthodox nation, at least in the cities) and Russia sent large amounts of weapons and support for the defense against Italy. Contrarily, Italy's supposed allies Germany and Austria-Hungary did nothing to help her (even a strongly worded cable to Saint Petersburg would have been something!). As a result, Italy felt she was not morally obligated to do anything the defend her allies when the Archduke was murdered in Sarajevo in 1914, and Italy would eventually declare war on Austria in 1915.
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They all thrived in situations during economic difficulties.  Stalin's communist party wasn't making much progress, but continually said things would get better.  Mussolini helped turn around the economy with things like having women turn in their gold rings to government in exchange for strong iron rings.  Shows strength and loyalty ot the state. Hilter came in after WWI reparations and the depression had taken its toll.  He blamed the allies and Jews for all of Germany's problems and encouraged people to rise up and be proud to be German.\n\nAll three also silenced critics of government.  If you complained about anything you could be killed by all three governments.  All had secret police working for them to crush any other political parties and opposition.
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Adolf Hitler  (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945) was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 and Führer (Leader) of Germany from 1934 until his death. He was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), better known as the Nazi Party.\n\nHitler gained power in Germany facing crisis after World War I. He used charismatic oratory and propaganda, appealing to economic need, nationalism and anti-Semitism to establish an authoritarian regime. With a restructured economy and rearmed military, Hitler pursued an aggressive foreign policy with the intention of expanding German Lebensraum ('living space') and triggered a major war in Europe by invading Poland. At the height of their power, Germany and the Axis Powers occupied most of Europe, but were eventually defeated by the Allies in what became known as World War II. By then, Hitler's racial policies had culminated in the genocide, number of victims is commonly cited as about 11 million people, including about 6 million Jews.\n\nIn the final days of the war, at the age of 56, Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker in Berlin, together with his newly wed wife, Eva Braun.\n\nHOLCAUST\nBetween 1939 and 1945 the SS, assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, systematically killed about 11 million people, including about 6 million Jews[4], in concentration camps, ghettos and mass executions, or through less systematic methods elsewhere. Besides being gassed to death, many also died of starvation and disease while working as slave labourers. Along with Jews, non-Jewish Poles (over 3 million of whom died), alleged communists or political opposition, members of resistance groups, homosexuals, dissenting Roman Catholics and Protestants, Roma, the physically handicapped and mentally retarded, Soviet prisoners of war, Jehovah's Witnesses, anti-Nazi clergy, trade unionists, and psychiatric patients were killed. This industrial-scale genocide in Europe is referred to as the Holocaust (the term is also used by some authors in a narrower sense, to refer specifically to the unprecedented destruction of European Jewry in particular).\n\nThe massacres that led to the coining of the word "genocide" (the Endlösung der jüdischen Frage or "Final Solution of the Jewish Question") were planned and ordered by leading Nazis, with Himmler playing a key role. While no specific order from Hitler authorizing the mass killing of the Jews has surfaced, there is documentation showing that he approved the Einsatzgruppen and the evidence also suggests that sometime in the fall of 1941 Himmler and Hitler agreed in principle on mass extermination by gassing. During interrogations by Soviet intelligence officers declassified over fifty years later, Hitler's valet Heinz Linge and his military aide Otto Gunsche said Hitler had "pored over the first blueprints of gas chambers."\n\nTo make for smoother intra-governmental cooperation in the implementation of this "Final Solution" to the "Jewish question", the Wannsee conference was held near Berlin on January 20, 1942, with fifteen senior officials participating, led by Reinhard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann. The records of this meeting provide the clearest evidence of central planning for the Holocaust. Days later, on February 22, Hitler was recorded saying to his closest associates, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jew".\nHitler committed suicide in the Führerbunker on April 30, 1945 by means of a self-delivered shot to the head (it is likely he simultaneously bit into a cyanide ampoule). Hitler's body and that of Eva Braun (his long-term mistress whom he had married the day before) \n\nSo my friend he was not a good man
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http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0849133.html\n\nhttp://www.pearlfilms.com/totalitarian.htm\n\n Here are a couple links that should help you out.
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He died on April 28, 1945, near the village of Dongo (Lake Como).  Mussolini and his mistress Claretta Petacci were executed by the Italian communist partisans.\n\nThe date of death should not be confused with their date of capture.  April 27, 1945.\n\nHope that will do...
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i like il ballo de San vito still more  Giovinezza, Giovinezza, primavera di bellezza della vita nell' asprezza il tuo canto squilla e va!!!!E per Benito Mussolini,\nEja eja alalà. E per la nostra Patria bella, Eja eja alalà.\ntut tum tut tutututututu tummmmmm
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I agree, Hitler was more evil. Mussolini was just a petty criminal who was bent on squeezing everything out of Italy that he could.
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Here is an article in wikipedia about fascism. It includes characteristics as well as examples.
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He didn't take over the world by himself. He formed alliances with people like Hirohito, Mussolini and others to achieve production efficiency in the whole of Europe and Asia. \n\nThe whole world was in the throes of a severe depression. Even the United States. The League of Nations had condemned Germany and forced Germany to pay war reparations at the end of World War I which led to widespread inflation and serious poverty and a collapse of the German Mark. \n\nActually, according to fashions of the time, Hitler was kind of attractive. WE think he is ugly because he is the only person who looks like he does who did what he did. We are emotionally reacting to our knowledge of what he did when we conclude he is ugly. But, for the fashion of the times, he was considered very attractive. \n\nHe didn't take over the world by himself. In the first place, he had a lot of help in trying to take over the world. But he didn't succeed. So he didn't take over the world.