what is environmental cost accounting ?
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Cost accounting studies the cost of doing something.  Environmental cost accounting studies the cost of doing things to the environment.  For example, if a lumber company is going to cut down a section of forest what are the costs to the eco system, to the wildlife.  To the surrounding community.  Then a dollar value is placed on these various costs to find out what the real cost of cutting down a section of forest is.
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Term used in Cost Based Accounting and mainly manufacturing business\n\nDirect Materials - Raw materials and other purchases that become a part of the units produced and incur expenditures that are easily traced to the units of output and included in the COST OF GOODS SOLD. As opposed to INDIRECT MATERIALS, such as office supplies.
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I think cost of goods sold is = beginning inventory + purchases - ending inventory.\n\nThen, gross profit is = sales - cost of goods sold.\n\nThen, net profit is = gross profit - operating expenses.
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Your question is not very clear, but here are some General Managerial Accounting Sites:\n\nAICPA Center for Excellence in Financial Management \nAICPA Management Accounting \nBusiness Process Reengineering Online Learning Center \nCFOdirect Network \nConsortium for Advanced Manufacturing - International \nCost Accounting Implementation Guide \nEnvironmental Accounting Resources \nEnvironmental Management Accounting International Website\nEnvironmental Management Accounting Research and Information Center \nIMA Ethical Standards \nIMA Statements on Management Accounting \nManagement Accounting for Energy Utilities \nSurvey of Management Accounting, 2003 ...EY & I
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According to U.S. GAAP, inventory should be recorded at cost. Cost should include not only the price paid to purchase the goods, but also, all expenses made to have the item ready for sale at your location (e.g. freight, custom duties), etc. except VAT or sales tax.\nBut, if Market Value is lower, you should record it at market value. This value in turn should never excede it's Realizable Value, that is, the sum of the sale price and direct sale expenses (e.g., comissions, taxes, etc.).
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managerial accounting. Decrease
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To know about one of the options accounting..\n\n\nhttp://www.futureaccountant.com/
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Cost Audit is the process of ascertaining whether the production, marketing and sales processes as well as other aspects of a business are managed in the most cost effective way. This is essentially an Internal Audit and is done as a tool for optimising management efficiency. The most important benefit is the location of unseen leaks in revenues or unproductive  or under- productive employment of resources\n\nIt is mandatory if the Business is under scrutiny by a financial institution or regulator on the basis of complaints of mismanagement.\n Always it is desirable to have a Cost audit done periodically, to prevent the situation getting out of control, and to help the management to take prompt action where necessary.
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refer to this notes \n\nhttp://www.futureaccountant.com/process-costing/
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Direct and indirect expenses are general cost account terms.  Direct expenses are those expenses that are directly related to the manufacturing of a product.  For example steel would be a direct expense in manufacturing a car.  Indirect expenses are those expenses, which are not associated directly to that process.  For example building maintance and payroll processing.
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In budgeting or (management accounting in general) variance analysis is a tool of budgetary control by evaluation of performance by means of variances between budgeted, planned or standard amount and the actual amount incurred/sold. Variance analysis can be carried for both costs and revenues.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance_analysis_(accounting)\n\nTypes of variances\nVariances can be divided according to their effect or nature of the underlying amounts.\n\nWhen effect of variance is concerned, there are two types of variances:\n\nWhen actual results are better than expected results given variance is described as favourable variance. In common use favourable variance is denoted by the letter F - usually in parentheses (F). \nWhen actual results are worse than expected results given variance is described as adverse variance, or unfavourable variance. In common use adverse variance is denoted by the letter A or the letter U - usually in parentheses (A). \nThe second typology (according to the nature the underlying amount) is determined by the needs of users of the variance information and may include e.g.:\n\nVariable cost variances \nDirect material variances \nDirect labour variances \nVariable production overhead variances \nFixed production overhead variances \nSales variances \n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance_%28accounting%29
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Depreciation expense is necessary to systematically recognize an asset's value (net of ending salvage value) over the useful life of the asset. This is done so that the cost of the asset is recognized over the same period which the revenue the asset generates is recognized. For example, if equipment was purchased that will generate revenue for 10 years, the cost of the equipment should be allocated over those ten years so that it can be matched with the revenue it generates over this same period. If the entire asset were expensed upon acquisiton, it would present a mismatch or revenues and expenses.
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def: Measures and controls to prevent damage and degradation of the environment, including the sustainability of its living resources is called ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.....
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Accounting tends to be one of those subjects that you either get it or your don't.  The best advice is to keep practicing the t-table exercises until you find that "A-HA!" threshold.\n\nHere are some basics.\n\nIncome Statement\nNet Sales\n - Cost of goods sold\n   (Labor, Materials, Overhead, Delivery, etc.)\n= Gross Margin\n - Selling, General & Administrative expenses\n= Operating Profit\n - Interest\n= Profit before taxes\n\n\n\nBalance Sheet\nAssets\n Cash\n Investments\n A/R\n Inventories\n PP&E\n\nLiabilities\n A/P\n Long-term debt\n Other liabilities\n Reserves\n\nShareholder's equity\n Common stock\n Retained earnings
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Broadly, accounting is defined as the systematic recording, reporting, and analysis of financial transactions of a business. \n\nThere are different types of accounting, namely: Financial Accounting, Tax Accounting, Cost Accounting and Managerial Accounting.\n\nFINANCIAL ACCOUNTING is defined as “measuring and recording business transactions and providing financial statements that are based on generally accepted accounting principles. It focuses on external reporting. \n\nFinancial statements (financial data) tell us (1) the financial position of an entity at a certain date and (2) the results of its operations (profit/loss) and the changes in its financial position and variations in stockholder's equity (investment) in a period of time. (Historical information/past events).\n\nFinancial accounting aims at satisfying the interest of the "general user" which may include: shareholders, government agencies, creditors, and the general public.\n\nMANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING. Measures and reports financial and non-financial information that helps MANAGERS make decisions to fulfill the goals of an organization. It focuses on internal reporting. \n\nCOST ACCOUNTING is an information system that classifies, accumulates, controls and assigns costs to determine costs of activities, processess or products, facilitating decision making and managerial planning and control.\n\nCost accounting plays a role in both managerial and financial accounting. Some authors describe Cost Accounting as a unifying point between Managerial and Financial Accounting.\n\nTAX ACCOUNTING is used to communicate information to the appropriate taxing authorities. Generally, the Internal Revenue Service and state tax or revenue boards. It includes the procedures for determining taxes payable and compliance with other provisions of tax laws.\n\nHope this helps...
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cost accountant\n\nAn accountant who keeps records of the costs of production and distribution\n\n\nAccountants and auditors help to ensure that the Nation’s firms are run efficiently, its public records kept accurately, and its taxes paid properly and on time. They perform these vital functions by offering an increasingly wide array of business and accounting services, including public, management, and government accounting, as well as internal auditing, to their clients. Beyond carrying out the fundamental tasks of the occupation—preparing, analyzing, and verifying financial documents in order to provide information to clients—many accountants now are required to possess a wide range of knowledge and skills. Accountants and auditors are broadening the services they offer to include budget analysis, financial and investment planning, information technology consulting, and limited legal services.\n\nSpecific job duties vary widely among the four major fields of accounting: public, management, and government accounting and internal auditing.\n\nPublic accountants perform a broad range of accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting activities for their clients, which may be corporations, governments, nonprofit organizations, or individuals. For example, some public accountants concentrate on tax matters, such as advising companies about the tax advantages and disadvantages of certain business decisions and preparing individual income tax returns. Others offer advice in areas such as compensation or employee health care benefits, the design of accounting and data-processing systems, and the selection of controls to safeguard assets. Still others audit clients’ financial statements and inform investors and authorities that the statements have been correctly prepared and reported. Public accountants, many of whom are Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), generally have their own businesses or work for public accounting firms.
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The answer to your question is Compiere since it's open sourced and can be easily customizable to suite your needs.\n\nYou can fine Compiere from http://www.wareprise.com/content/accounting-software.html