what are potentrial long term alternations in body physiology body system witgh type 1 diabetes?
352869
Kidney problems, eye/vision problems, weight problems from the injected insulin, feet/toes losing feeling, amputation, higher risk of infections, and just feeling tired a lot of the time.
541614
Four hormones are produced by the Langerhans islet cells. Insulin is produced in the B cells, glucagon in the A cells, somatostatin in the D cells, and pancreatic polypeptide in the F cells. Insulin promotes anabolism (building up of tissues) and inhibits catabolism (breaking down of tissues) in muscle, liver, and fat cells. It increases the rate of synthesis (blending) of glycogen, fatty acids, and proteins. Lack of insulin causes diabetes mellitus (a disease characterized by excess sugar in the blood and other body fluids).\n\nInsulin's most important feature is its ability to increase the rate of glucose (a crystalline sugar) absorption by cells. Glucose is the most efficient fuel used by and found in almost all cells. Insulin causes a decreased concentration of glucose in the blood and causes the cells to store glycogen (a starchlike substance), mostly in the liver. It also promotes the entry of other sugars and amino acids into the muscle and fat cells. Insulin is therefore responsible for promoting fat storage in fat cells and for the total quantity of protein in the body.
858408
The Pancreas is pretty darned important.  Without a properly functioning pancreas you get diabetes.\n\nThe pancreas is an organ in the digestive and endocrine system that serves two major functions: exocrine (producing pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin)
922739
Weight gain or loss. Because your body is trying to compensate for lost fluids and sugar, you may eat more than usual and gain weight. But the opposite also can occur. You may eat more than normal, but still lose weight because your muscle tissues don't get enough glucose to generate growth and energy. This is especially true if you have type 1 diabetes, in which very little sugar gets into your cells. In fact, most people with type 1 diabetes are at or below their normal weight. \n\nu can also go to this website to learn more of type 1 diabetes mellitus\n\nhttp://www.uchsc.edu/sm/endo/brochures/diabetes_type1.pdf
1151867
Diabetes 1 results from the inability of the body to produce insulin.  Insulin is necessary for the body to be able to use and regulate sugar.  Unfortunately, there's no cure for diabetes 1.  However, the treatment available today is great, and prognosis for people living with Diabetes 1 is very positive.  Diabetes 1 is serious, but people with diabetes can live long, healthy, happy lives.  For more information, be sure to visit American Diabetes Association (www.diabetes.org)
1692
Diabetes is a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar levels), especially after eating. All types of diabetes share similar symptoms and complications at advanced stages. Hyperglycemia itself can lead to dehydration and ketoacidosis. Longer-term complications include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk), chronic renal failure (it is the main cause for dialysis), retinal damage which can lead to blindness, nerve damage which can lead to erectile dysfunction (impotence), gangrene with risk of amputation of toes, feet, and even legs. The more serious complications are more common in people who have a difficult time controlling their blood sugars with medications (glycemic control).
783012
Yes, but environment also plays a large role.  If you suspect you are pre-diabetic, there are foods you can eat and a lifestyle you can live that will make less likely you will "flip" to becoming a diabetic.\n\nFor some basic info on hypoglycemia - a pre-diabetic condition, check out www.hufa.org.  The main pre-diabetic condition is high insulin production (hyperinsulinemia).  You can search the www.mayoclinic.com website for some good info on that condition.
232294
Diabetes is itself a derangement of the endocrine system. In type 1, a major endocrine system has completely failed. There is no insulin as a result of damage to the beta cells in charge of producing it. \n\nType 2 is more complicated. It is characteristically an inability of many body cells (about 2/3) to use insulin even if it's present. Some type 2s go on to have more insulin than normal in an attempt to get blood glucose levels down, or to beta cell death / exhaustion and reduced or no insulin. In any case, this is also a derangement of the endocrine system, also involving insulin.\n\nInsulin is tremendously important and is so important that it has been conserved across large evolutionary distance and time. The nematode worm, c elegans, uses insulin in much the same way and for the same purposes, that we do. So do fish. Beef insulin is exactly the same hormone as human insulin, except that it differs in two amino acids, and pork insulin is even closer, only one different amino acid. \n\nAs such, it's a great signal to rely on for controlling many things. If there's biochemical energy available, then protein synthesis will be possible, energetically. So cells use insulin levels to control amino acid uptake from blood stores. And similarly for electrolyte balances across cell membranes. And similarly for mobilization (or storage) of excess calories in the form of fats; if there's glucose in the blood, insulin levels will be high and so fats in the diet should be stored against future need. If there's little glucose in the blood, insulin will be low, and so energy in stores (ie, fat cells) should be used -- fats get dumped in the blood (as blood lipids), taken to the liver and turned into fuel for the rest of the body. (This is called ketosis, and it's the basis of the Atkins diet, though such diets are not 'normal' and, especially for diabetics, should be used with great caution. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious medical emergency and can be triggered by dietary derangements.) And so on and so on. \n\nInsulin is the direct cause of, or the indirect cause of, a great many things throughout the body. Consequences of its presence or absence are many, important, serious and cannot be too far wrong lest the damage be severe enough to cause damage or death.
820766
glucose is fuel for the body.  glycolysis makes ATP which is essential for the body to function
880599
I think it's D. Whatever it is please educate me on it. I happen to have issues with my thyroid, steming from being insulin resistent. Seems that the thyroid controls many hormones and once they are out of whack there is no telling what can happen. It's been fun to say the least.
170655
The Cause of Type 1 Diabetes\n\nAutoimmune reactions, in which the body's white blood cells harm its own tissues, cause many diseases including type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and arthritis, among others. We don’t known why immune cells target certain organs, and why in type 1 diabetes, only insulin-producing cells are killed.\n\nIn type 1 diabetes, the body's immune T-cells react against beta cells -- the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas -- effectively shutting them down and triggering disease onset.\n\nSo, it is known that type 1 diabetes is caused by the body's immune system turning against cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. What's remained unclear is the target for this immune response.\n\nSome studies report that albumin, the protein in milk, is a causal agent for that immune reaction. Also some theories point toward viruses. The glutamic acid decarboxylase is another molecule that has been believed to be the cause for that reaction.\n\nNow, after eight long years of careful research, scientists believe they've finally pegged insulin as the prime antigen -- immune system target -- responsible for this shutdown.\n\nDr. David A. Hafler, Breakstone professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School guided the research, which appears in the May issue of Nature. Unfortunately, the only way to adequately answer that question in humans is to examine tough-to-obtain pancreatic lymph tissues.\n\n"It took us years to get these tissues, to clone the cells and then to really characterize them and examine their activity," he said. “The results of that effort show that indeed the target -- the cause -- of type 1 diabetes may be T-cell reactivity to insulin," Hafler said.\n\nHis team in Miami has been testing insulin as a potential basis for a vaccine against type 1 diabetes. However, another expert in type 1 diabetes research, Edwin Gale --who is professor of diabetic medicine and head of the department of clinical science at the University of Bristol in England-- cautioned that a potent vaccine against the illness remains a distant goal.\n\nThese findings are very interesting for people with type 1 diabetes, but not for those with type 2 diabetes, since although in both cases the result is hyperglycemia, the causes are different. Reports Health Day News\n\n\nWhat Causes Type 2 Diabetes\n\nType 2 diabetes affects about 200 million people worldwide and has a predicted increase to 300 million by 2025. Also, nowadays more and more children and adolescents are developing Type 2 diabetes, which used affect mostly adults in the past.\n\nRecent studies reveal that genetics, obesity, fetal history, lack of activity, a diet high in fat and stress, all may play a role in the development diabetes.\n\nGenetic studies have shown that the association of some genes is the root of the cause of Type 2 diabetes. A healthy and active lifestyle for the whole family of a person with diabetes is then greatly recommended to protect their children and young people.\n\nLow birth weight has also been associated with Type 2 diabetes. It seems that poor nourishment of the fetus increases the risk of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.\nIf that baby is overfed and becomes overweight during childhood, then the risk is a lot higher.\n\nOn the other hand, stress has been associated with insulin resistance, which leads to Type 2 diabetes. This happens due to the cascade of metabolic reactions that our emergency hormones trigger when we are stressed.\n\nObesity has long been associated with diabetes, as well as the lack of physical activity and a diet high in fat. This is thought to cause a condition called insulin resistance.\n\nWhat is insulin resistance?\n\nInsulin resistance means that your muscles, fat, and liver cells cannot use insulin properly. There can be a lot of insulin circulating, but the cells are incapable of using it to allow glucose entering the cells and be conv
1065071
Not exactly sure what you are asking here, but galactose is an alternate energy source than the preferred glucose that many organisms use. Diabetes is a disease resulting from either an inability to produce insulin or a diminished capability of cells to recognize insulin as a hormone. In each case, it prevents glucose from being taken up into cells to be used for energy because insulin signals the cell to take glucose up from the blood stream. One way to keep model organisms with diabetes healthy until you want to study them is to grow them with galactose which intracellular levels are not affected by diabetes.
319165
too many to list -- would consult you to a website\non the internet such as the ADA (american diabetes association) and it would list you all the effects.\nbig ones are kidney and heart.
527466
First, understand that there are two main types of diabetes...\n\nKnown, technically, as Type 1 and Type 2  (duh!)\n\nIn type 1, the pancreas does not produce enough of a homrmone known as insulin, which the body uses to metabolise carbohydrates - storing them in fats until needed, then converting them to glucose to run the body.  In this case, the treatment is usually daily injections of insulin (these days, mostly synthetic) to replace what's not being produced natually.\n\nIn type 2, the panreas works just fine, happily pumping out insulin, but the body fails to make use of it correctly...  we are "insulin resistant", and so we don't convert or use the carbs correctly.  Treatment is a little different, in that type 2 can sometimes be handled with an aggressive "diet-and-lifestyle" regime... or drugs can be used to stimulate the pancreas to pump out more insulin...  or there are other drug treatments which, in effect, help the body to metabolise, or to reduce the rate of carbohydrate digestion.\n\nBoth type 1 and type 2 have a strong genetic component, so you may well inherit a tendency to diabetes, it often "runs in the family".  There's also strong evidence that diet and lifestyle, especially in childhood, can be a significant risk factor, particularly for type 2\n\nThere's also a "type 3", though it's not officially recognised as such...  "gestational diabetes". Some pregnant women may become "temporarily diabetic" during their pregnancy.  Sometimes the symptoms will vansih after the birth, sometimes they remain diabetic for life.
260233
No.\n\nType 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease, like some kinds of arthritis or lupus. It requires an inherited susceptibility (traced to certain kinds of HLA antigens), and a trigger. the trigger is usually infection from any of several things, commonly viruses. German measles is one, as are several members of the Coxsackie virus family. During such an infection, the immune system 'learns' to attack cells with certain surface markers, and beta cells have such markers. At least that's the current best idea of what ususally happens. The beta cells get killed (having the wrong markers) and that ends your internal insulin production. Food has nothing to do with it. \n\nType 2 diabetes is more complex. It is strongly inherited, but is also influenced by environment. Those carrying more weight than they should, and the elderly, are more likely to get it. Hence its older names: obesity-related and adult-onset diabetes. It has recently been discovered that fat tissue, especially fat tissue around the abdominal organs (but not on thighs or hips or chins or ...) produce several hormones, just like the endocrine glands. Some of those hormones affect other cells, and one of them makes them  more resistant to insulin. That is, when insulin is present, it's harder for those cells to take up glucose from the blood. This is insulin resistance and it's at the heart of Type 2 diabetes. Some can be treated with diet, exercise, and supervision; some require all that and oral medications as well; some require insulin, perhaps in addition to an oral medication. \n\nObiously, it's not only sugar which can cause fat like this. Overeating anything, perhaps especially fats, can cause weight gain. Ther's nothing special about weight gain from sugar as opposed to weight from the fat in meats. \nAnyone who eats enough to become a little thick here and there has increased their chance of getting Type 2. Lack of exercise seems to be significant as well. So, whether it's sugar or anything else that you eat too much of, you can increase your chance of getting Type 2. \n\nThe only direct effect of sugar is a speculative one. In the extreme pure sugar (or sugar in solution, like a soft drink) will go into the bloodstream very quickly. This will cause a rapid rise in blood glucose level, and perhaps to a high spike in that level. There is some speculation that too many cases of such rapid spikes causes damage to beta cells in the pancreas or to other cells, in such a way as to increase the chance of developing Type 2 diabetes. Thus far, there only suspicions along this line as an experimental study to test this prediction would be difficult to design and carry out. Not to mention expensive. No drug company will finance such a study as there is no prospect of a salable drug resulting. \n\nIt's probably best to avoid 'empty calories' in any case. The classic examples are soft drinks which are basically nothing but flavored sugar water. Check the nutrient label the next time you see a soft drink bottle.
1167909
diabetes comes to mind
382752
Homeostasis is the property of an open system, especially living organisms, to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments, controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms.  The main examples of homeostasis in mammals are as follows:\n\n- The regulation of the amounts of water and minerals in the body. This is known as osmoregulation. This happens in the kidneys.\n- The removal of metabolic waste. This is known as excretion. This is done by the excretory organs such as the kidneys and lungs.\n- The regulation of body temperature. This is mainly done by the skin.\n- The regulation of blood glucose level. This is mainly done by the liver and the insulin secreted by the pancreas in the body.\n\nIt is important to note that while organisms exhibit equilibrium, their physiological state is not necessarily static. Many organisms exhibit endogenous fluctuations in the form of circadian (period 20 to 28 hours), ultradian (period <20 hours) and infradian (period > 28 hours) rhythms. Thus even in homeostasis, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and most metabolic indicators are not always at a constant level, but vary predictably over time.