The Relationship Between Ventilatory Threshold and Lactate Threshold?
352124
It is commonly believed that the ventilatory threshold occurs because of a decrease in blood pH. When muscles exercise at  low intensity, very little lactate is produced. However, lactate, like ventilation, is produced at high intensities of exercise. The transition between small amounts of lactate production and large amounts occurs over a small range of intensities and, in fact, nearly coincides with the ventilatory threshold. This makes sense because the lactate production is associated with a decrease in pH, which is then buffered by bicarbonate (Henderson-Hasselbach Equation), resulting in an increase in blood pCO2. Chemoreceptors then stimulate the brain to increase ventilation which returns pCO2  to normal.\n\nAlthough this makes physiological sense, it is not completely accurate. Patients with McArdle's Disease, are unable to produce lactate, and therefore have no lactate threshold. However, they still have a ventilatory threshold. Therefore, there is more to the ventilatory threshold than just pH, which we already knew because the two points do not occur at exactly the same intensity.
463826
Heart rate about 72 per min, Respiration 16 per min, blood pressure about 127/70  OHHHHHHH!  You wanted her measurements not her vitals.  I'll take a tape measure next time she has me over....don't hold your breath.
735059
It is measured as Respiratory Coefficient or R.Q.It is the ratio of co2 released to the amount of o2 absorbed.for glucose molecule it is 1(6/6)\nFOR lactic acid which is formed anaerobically or in the absence of oxygen, the R.Q IS more than 1
668599
The ph has a huge effect on the Respiratory system.\nYour body will try to compensate to keep your ph between 7.35-7.45 at all times.\nCo2 is acid\nHCO3 (bicarb) is a buffer\nand they will be adjusted to regulate the ph\nThe way the respiratory system is involved is with the co2\n\nwhen a patient ie... diabetic ketoacidosis has a bicarb of 5, ur body is extremly aciddic... so the respiratory rate will increase and u will have kussmal respirations, fast and hard.... ur body is trying to blow off co2, to make the body more alkolitic.. and raise the ph from the lowered hco3...\n\nnext when a patient is retaining co2, and the ph goes way down, the hco3 goes up to try to bugger the acidic effect of the co2, ur body will breathe slower... and this is a respiratory failure...
1128009
I served in the USAF from 1994-1998. I wasn't a pilot, I was a poor little enlisted  scrub. But, I know that that the AF suggests weight training, with cardio, endurance activities. Now, I think your question revelovles around the positive pressure breathing technique? That would be rapid inhalation, followed by rapid exhalation while tensing all the major muscle groups. Now, most pilots do the 1-2 hour of pre-breathing of pure 100% oxygen. Personally, I think you should look into yoga.
585057
The boards like to try to trick you into the wrong answer. For example if you have a patient that has been in the hospital for a while and their labs, PFT's, and blood gases have improved and are normal, what do you do? Your choices will include many things such as send the patient home, and refer to cardiopulmonary rehab. Always choose rehab!! They try to make you think that the patient is okay with the values that they give you but if rehab is a choice that's the one you want to pick!! Make sure to read the answer carefully! One word could change the answer. Also read all of the answers. There may be more than one correct answer, you need to pick the BEST correct answer. Many times they will put the best answer on bottom and people will get to "b" (it's multiple choice) and pick that one if it's correct and the one they wanted you to pick is "d". There is no formula for peak flow you just have to know your normals. Male 20-30 years old is about 10 L/sec. and female is about 7.5 L/sec.There is usually an insert in the peak flow meter package with a chart for this information. Peak flow decreases with age and obstructive disorders. Not sure what you want to know on the CO2. Are you asking how much the body produces? How much the body eliminates? How much is in the blood?
445943
Breathin enables cellular respiration to continue.  Your body tightly regulated level of dissolved blood gases (i.e. CO2 and O2) by regulating your breathing rate.  In doign so it is able to keep these values within acceptable limtis and maintain homeostasis.
689882
There is no "norm" The avg is 120/80, depending. If you are a chronic hypotensive, this may be a high reading. O2 sats should be between 97-100% providing there is no underlying disease. again, normal pulse rates vary, but the avg is "80."
374899
Here you go:\n\n"Critical oxygen tension is the minimum amount of dissolved oxygen necessary to sustain metabolic processes."\n\nCheers!
1004507
Vital capacity is the total amount of air that we can exhale forcefully. To calculate vital capacity, first you add your tidal volume and the extra amount of air beyond the tidal volume that your lungs can hold (the IRV). So, so far:\n\nVC = TV + IRV\n\nWhen you take the deepest breath you can and then exhale, you exhale first your IRV, and then your TV, but then you have even more air in your lungs that you can exhale if you need to. This is called the ERV. When you are measuring how much your lungs can exhale when they are FORCED to, ERV is part of the equation. So now:\n\nVC = TV + IRV + ERV\n\nThe reason you include ERV is because normally you don't exhale that amount of air (normally you will only exhale your tidal volume and, if you take a slight deep breath, some of your IRV). However, if you attempt to completely get all the air out of your lungs, you will also exhale your ERV. Since the definition, in general, of vital capacity is the total amount of air you can forcefully exhale, ERV must be a part of the equation.\n\nSide note: what is NEVER a part of the equation is residual capacity, RC. This is the amount of air in the lungs that you can't force out, no matter how hard you try. It is about 1 L.
228310
Generally?  Well...get the FIO2 down below 50% ASAP...lowering as tolerated (I like O2 at 40% or less).  To wean...NIFs of course, lowering SIMV rate to at least six, pressure support....The NIFs mean a lot.  They are a pretty good indicator regarding the pt's ability to do well post vent/intubation......
960201
As our bodies perform strenuous exercise, we begin to breathe faster as we attempt to shuttle more oxygen to our working muscles. The body prefers to generate most of its energy using aerobic methods, meaning with oxygen. Some circumstances, however, --such as evading the historical saber tooth tiger or lifting heavy weights--require energy production faster than our bodies can adequately deliver oxygen. In those cases, the working muscles generate energy anaerobically. This energy comes from glucose through a process called glycolysis, in which glucose is broken down or metabolized into a substance called pyruvate through a series of steps. When the body has plenty of oxygen, pyruvate is shuttled to an aerobic pathway to be further broken down for more energy. But when oxygen is limited, the body temporarily converts pyruvate into a substance called lactate, which allows glucose breakdown--and thus energy production--to continue. The working muscle cells can continue this type of anaerobic energy production at high rates for one to three minutes, during which time lactate can accumulate to high levels.\n\nA side effect of high lactate levels is an increase in the acidity of the muscle cells, along with disruptions of other metabolites. The same metabolic pathways that permit the breakdown of glucose to energy perform poorly in this acidic environment. On the surface, it seems counterproductive that a working muscle would produce something that would slow its capacity for more work. In reality, this is a natural defense mechanism for the body; it prevents permanent damage during extreme exertion by slowing the key systems needed to maintain muscle contraction. Once the body slows down, oxygen becomes available and lactate reverts back to pyruvate, allowing continued aerobic metabolism and energy for the body’s recovery from the strenuous event.\n\nContrary to popular opinion, lactate or, as it is often called, lactic acid buildup is not responsible for the muscle soreness felt in the days following strenuous exercise. Rather, the production of lactate and other metabolites during extreme exertion results in the burning sensation often felt in active muscles, though which exact metabolites are involved remains unclear. This often painful sensation also gets us to stop overworking the body, thus forcing a recovery period in which the body clears the lactate and other metabolites.\n\nResearchers who have examined lactate levels right after exercise found little correlation with the level of muscle soreness felt a few days later. This delayed-onset muscle soreness, or DOMS as it is called by exercise physiologists, is characterized by sometimes severe muscle tenderness as well as loss of strength and range of motion, usually reaching a peak 24 to 72 hours after the extreme exercise event.\n\nThough the precise cause of DOMS is still unknown, most research points to actual muscle cell damage and an elevated release of various metabolites into the tissue surrounding the muscle cells. These responses to extreme exercise result in an inflammatory-repair response, leading to swelling and soreness that peaks a day or two after the event and resolves a few days later, depending on the severity of the damage. In fact, the type of muscle contraction appears to be a key factor in the development of DOMS. When a muscle lengthens against a load--imagine your flexed arms attempting to catch a thousand pound weight--the muscle contraction is said to be eccentric. In other words, the muscle is actively contracting, attempting to shorten its length, but it is failing. These eccentric contractions have been shown to result in more muscle cell damage than is seen with typical concentric contractions, in which a muscle successfully shortens during contraction against a load. Thus, exercises that involve many eccentric contractions, such as downhill running, will result in the most severe DOMS, even without any noticeable burning sensations in the
420891
option e is correct\nBerkeley -- In the lore of marathoners and extreme athletes, lactic acid is poison, a waste product that builds up in the muscles and leads to muscle fatigue, reduced performance and pain. \n\nSome 30 years of research at the University of California, Berkeley, however, tells a different story: Lactic acid can be your friend. \n\nCoaches and athletes don't realize it, says exercise physiologist George Brooks, UC Berkeley professor of integrative biology, but endurance training teaches the body to efficiently use lactic acid as a source of fuel on par with the carbohydrates stored in muscle tissue and the sugar in blood. Efficient use of lactic acid, or lactate, not only prevents lactate build-up, but ekes out more energy from the body's fuel. \n\nIn a paper in press for the American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, published online in January, Brooks and colleagues Takeshi Hashimoto and Rajaa Hussien in UC Berkeley's Exercise Physiology Laboratory add one of the last puzzle pieces to the lactate story and also link for the first time two metabolic cycles - oxygen-based aerobic metabolism and oxygen-free anaerobic metabolism - previously thought distinct. \n\n"This is a fundamental change in how people think about metabolism," Brooks said. "This shows us how lactate is the link between oxidative and glycolytic, or anaerobic, metabolism." \n\nHe and his UC Berkeley colleagues found that muscle cells use carbohydrates anaerobically for energy, producing lactate as a byproduct, but then burn the lactate with oxygen to create far more energy. The first process, called the glycolytic pathway, dominates during normal exertion, and the lactate seeps out of the muscle cells into the blood to be used elsewhere. During intense exercise, however, the second ramps up to oxidatively remove the rapidly accumulating lactate and create more energy. \n\nTraining helps people get rid of the lactic acid before it can build to the point where it causes muscle fatigue, and at the cellular level, Brooks said, training means growing the mitochondria in muscle cells. The mitochondria - often called the powerhouse of the cell - is where lactate is burned for energy. \n\n"The world's best athletes stay competitive by interval training," Brooks said, referring to repeated short, but intense, bouts of exercise. "The intense exercise generates big lactate loads, and the body adapts by building up mitochondria to clear lactic acid quickly. If you use it up, it doesn't accumulate." \n\nTo move, muscles need energy in the form of ATP, adenosine triphosphate. Most people think glucose, a sugar, supplies this energy, but during intense exercise, it's too little and too slow as an energy source, forcing muscles to rely on glycogen, a carbohydrate stored inside muscle cells. For both fuels, the basic chemical reactions producing ATP and generating lactate comprise the glycolytic pathway, often called anaerobic metabolism because no oxygen is needed. This pathway was thought to be separate from the oxygen-based oxidative pathway, sometimes called aerobic metabolism, used to burn lactate and other fuels in the body's tissues. \n\nExperiments with dead frogs in the 1920s seemed to show that lactate build-up eventually causes muscles to stop working. But Brooks in the 1980s and '90s showed that in living, breathing animals, the lactate moves out of muscle cells into the blood and travels to various organs, including the liver, where it is burned with oxygen to make ATP. The heart even prefers lactate as a fuel, Brooks found. \n\nBrooks always suspected, however, that the muscle cell itself could reuse lactate, and in experiments over the past 10 years he found evidence that lactate is burned inside the mitochondria, an interconnected network of tubes, like a plumbing system, that reaches throughout the cell cytoplasm. \n\nIn 1999, for example, he showed t
693851
what on earth is rebreathing? holding your breath would lower your resp rate; rapid breathing would increase it. resp rate is the frequency of breath/min (usually per min if it's for a chart or something of the like)
941373
Within limits,as temperature increases,so does the amount of O2 released from the hemoglobin.Heat is a byproduct of the metabolic reations of all cells and the heat released by contracting muscle fibers tends to raise body temperature.Metabolically active cells require more O2 and liberate more acids and heat.The acids and heat, in turn, promote release of O2 from oxyhemoglobin(oxy binded with hemoglobin in blood).\n\nSo, increased in temperature caused the rate of respiration to increase too.Because O2 tends to be released from the hemoglobin compared to when the weather is cold.This explain why during fever,a person will breath faster than normal person.\nIn contrast,during hypothermia(lowered body temperature) cellular metabolism slows and the need for O2 is reduced,and more O2 remains bound to hemoglobin.\n\nPlease check my grammar too.Im sux with my grammar coz English is my 3rd language.So, please check it.Hope this helps ya!
149463
I have taken numerous cardiac classes and would like to help you, but I need more information. What do you mean "working off 60% of its power"? Did your specialist measure your MABP? If you'd like to give me more info so I can help you out you can e-mail me @ mary.edwards4543@my.sinclair.edu
253499
you will need first to know something about lung capacity.\n\nA person cannot completely exhale all the air contents in the lungs, because it would cause their collapse: Then,  some air remains inside, which can be denominated as minimum air. \nThe maximum amount of air that can be exhaled is denominated vital capacity (about an average of four liters) and the residual capacity (the one that is left in the lungs) is about one liter of average. \nThe total pulmonary capacity, therefore, is of about five liters of air (average). \nThe current volume of air inhaled and exhaled in the normal breathing is near half liter (at rest). Following the normal expiration, the amount of air that is taken with the possible deepest inhalation is known like complementary volume, and it is somewhere around three liters. \nFollowing the normal inspiration, the amount of air expelled in the greater possible exhalation is known as additional volume, or reserves, and it is approximately, a liter of air.\n\nIf we take as a media about 12 air intakes per minute (at rest), we might as well speak of about six liters per minute.\n\nNow you have all the guidelines. Under the stress of exercise, the intake frequency will increase, and also the quantities of air inhaled or exhaled, which can be even about five times the air intake at rest. Quantity of intakes can be brought up from 12 per minute to 50 per minute. There are variables, and all depends on how you demand your body, for how long, if you smoke or have smoked, age, etc. but just go ahead and do some math.\n\nFor your guidance, one cubic feet has 28.32 liters.\n\nPS: No yawning considered.