I wish to clarify my question on chromatography.?
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Retention times for chromatographic techniques are usually a function of column length and composition, so listing the retention times from longest to shortest is probably just convention. However, the analyte with the longest retention time should (in theory) be separated best from any other analytes in your solution, but should also be most distorted when it reaches the detector. Perhaps scaling these graphs in such a way is an attempt to illustrate this point.
1027922
Typically, all GC and HPLC columns are made of a silicaceous material, which is then coated on the interior surfaces with a variety of materials to modify their absorptive/attractive qualities.  A C8 column has a variety of 8-carbon alkyl groups (could be n-octyl, or perhaps methyl-heptyl, etc) bonded to the silica surface; a C18 column has 18-carbon alkyl groups bonded; a C4 column has butyl-groups.\n\nThe differing nature of the treatments alters the attractive qualities of the column walls, thereby altering the retention times of the various analytes.  If you have an idea what your analytes are, you can then chose the specific column that will do a better job of separating them.
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Preparative HPLC should do the trick.  Try a search at these to see if an exact procedure might be on the web.\n\n\nhttp://www.scienceresearch.com/search/\n\nhttp://www.scirus.com/srsapp/
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You could check theses sites:\n\nhttp://www.liv.ac.uk/Chemistry/Links/reforganic.html\n\nhttp://matematicas.udea.edu.co/~carlopez/index2a.html\n\nhttp://www.anachem.umu.se/cgi-bin/jumpstation.exe?Chromatography\n\nhttp://www.organicworldwide.net/
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Paper chromatography is a modern method used separate mixtures. Paper chromatography uses paper as the stationary phase and a liquid solvent as the mobile phase.\n\nYou will use paper chromatography to test food colorings to see if the color results from a single dye or mixture of dyes. If you cannot get food coloring you can use colored felt pens or other water soluble coloring pens. Your exercise is simple but uses very essential principles. An optional part of the activity is to check a household product for the presence of the same dyes that are in food coloring.\n\nThe technique relies on the idea that the solvent and the paper both have an attraction for the components in a mixture. The solvent creeps along the surface of the paper. If a material is placed on one spot on the paper and is soluble in the liquid solvent, the material will be dissolved when the solvent moves over it. The material will move along with the solvent. Each compound in a mixture will have its own characteristic balance of attractions to solvent and to paper, so all will not move at the same speed. Eventually this difference in speed will separate the compounds.\n\nIn paper chromatography when the conditions are kept constant, a particular compound always travels a fixed percentage of the distance traveled by the solvent front. The ratio of the distance the compound travels to the distance the solvent travels is called the Rf value. The symbol Rf stands for "retardation factor" or "ratio-to-front". It is expressed as a decimal fraction. When the conditions are duplicated, the same average relative positions will turn up for the solvent and solute; thus the Rf value is a constant for a given compound. The Rf value is a physical property for that compound. The Rf value is useful in identifying compounds, but other properties should be used in combination with the Rf value to confirm compound identification. Since it is difficult for different laboratories to exactly duplicate conditions for a chromatography experiment, Rf values are more useful for comparisons within one lab than for comparisons of data from different labs.\n\nSubstances that are not colored can also be separated by chromatography. They are detected using ultraviolet or black light. These substances appear to glow in the dark.
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Chromatography is a method of separating chemical mixtures into their components.\n\nOriginally the process was developed for use on colored mixtures whose progress during separation could be followed by observing bands or spots of different colors during the process.\n\nThe major features of chromatography are an absorbent medium and a solvent (called an eluent).  The simplest version of chromatography can be demonstrated on a white napkin by making a spot with an ink pen near an edge of the napkin, then putting the napkin's edge (but not the spot) into a saucer of water.  The napkin will wick up the water and it will spread to the spot and past it.  As it goes past the spot, different colors will come out at different rates, revealing the differing dyes used to make the pen ink.  A ballpoint pen may work also.\n\nChromatography may be carried out using paper, silica gel, diatomaceous earth and many other absorbent materials, and they may be made into sheets on a backing, or used to fill columns ("column chromatography") or tubing.  There are literally hundreds of available packing materials.  The solvent or eluent is chosen to be not too good, meaning it will not simply dissolve all of the test material and sweep it through the medium, but will allow the competition between mobile phase (where the chemicals can move) and stationary phase (where the chemicals are held by the medium), as the competition is crucial for separation to occur.\n\nThere are additional types of chromatography, such as liquid chromatography and gas chromatography, that have been developed since the earlier color-based processes, but they share the need for a mobile phase and a stationary phase to enable the separations, and a detection system.\n\nHope this helps.  As you can imagine, I've just scratched the surface of this interesting and useful process.
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In thin layer chromatography or TLC the stationary phase consists of a thin layer of adsorbent like silica gel, alumina, or cellulose on a flat carrier like a glass plate, a thick aluminum foil, or a plastic sheet.\n\nThe process is similar to paper chromatography with the advantage of faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different adsorbents. TLC is a standard laboratory method in organic chemistry. Because of its simplicity and speed TLC is often used for monitoring chemical reactions and for the qualitative analysis of reaction products.\n\nTLC plates are made by mixing the adsorbent with a small amount of inert binder like calcium sulfate (gypsum) and water, spreading the thick slurry on the carrier, drying the plate, and activation of the adsorbent by heating in an oven. The thickness of the adsorbent layer is typically around 0.1–0.25 mm for analytical purposes and around 1–2 mm for preparative TLC.\n\nSeveral methods exists to make colorless spots visible:\n\nOften a small amount of a fluorescent dye is added to the adsorbent that allows the visualization of UV absorbing spots under a blacklight ("UV254"). \nIodine vapors are a general unspecific color reagent. \nSpecific color reagents exist into which the TLC plate is dipped or which are sprayed onto the plate. \nOnce visible, the Rf values of the spots can be determined. These values should be the same regardless of the extent of travel of the solvent, and in theory are independent of a single experimental run. They do depend on the solvent used, and the type of TLC plate.\n\nThin layer chromatography is also used in finding which pigments a plant contains. By taking extract of the plants cellulose and applying the technique, one can adequately find the pigments. It may also be used to detect pesticides or insecticides in food, or in forensics to analyze the dye composition of fibers.
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Check on the internet for the ratios used by comercial factories, then prepare a solution from glycol and water in the given proportion. That's all!!!
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http://www.academic.marist.edu/~jfjp/chem351E3.htm\n\nThe alternate would be ion chromatography
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The question was presented as an example of something puzzling - you have a substance - tartaric acid if i remember that is not optically active and then you have the same substance (but made as a result of microbial activity) that has identical properties, the only difference is that it is optically active - nobody then knew why\n\nhe let the optically inactive solution  crystalize, looked really close and well and compared - then noticed that the crystals differ - are like a miror image, he manually sorted them out and WOW the 2 solutions were optically active - the same degree but oposite direction (if you understand me, i do not know what this is called in english). then he assume that the microbes can do the sorting in their body. He spent his lifetime looking in microscopes or experimenting with unbelievable patience while enyybody else would have given up long time ago, thats why he made so many breakthroughs
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HPLC is High Performance/Pressure Liquid Chromatography.\nThe liquid sample is loaded onto the chromatography column, which is packed with a stationary phase.\nA mobile phase (solvent which is flushed through the column) is then flushed through the column.\nThe different components are then eluted separately, depending on their characteristics and the type of stationary phase and mobile phase being used.\n\nThe HPLC machine can be interfaced with something like an NMR machine to give a detailed breakdown of each fraction.
903371
I have a serious feeling that you haven't given us all the info.\nIf you know the density of HCl you can get the first one.\nBut we don't have enough info to even begin to tell you the relevance of the NaOH.   More info, or concentrate on your own homework...
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If you mean by TLC or HPLC, that would depend on the stationary phase and the eluting solvent.  Sorry - not enough info.
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The question is not clear. Please make it clear.
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Chromatofocusing (CF) is a variant of ion\nexchange chromatography. It is fast. It supports\nhigh capacity. It gives high resolution. It\nprovides unique selectivity.
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The current way would be ion chromatography.  There are older less reliable methods.  You test for the calcium separate form the anions.  The calcium can also be donw by ICP or AA.
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Chromatography relies on the partitioning of different molecules from each other between a moving liquid phase and a static solid phase.  The more time the molecules spends in the static phase, the later it appears on the chromatogram.  The peaks on the chromatogram are broader and shorter at the end because they have spent longer "in the system" and have had more time to be affected by random motion, so they have a higher variation around the mean.