What's the role of sympathetic nervous system in mediating blood flow to & from gastrointestinal tract exercis
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I kind of had a hard time understanding the last part of the question, but I tried to answer anyway.\n\nThe Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is also called the "fight or flight" system. It helps the body cope with emergency situations where it might have to defend itself (fight) or escape (flight). It causes increased heart rate, bronchodilation (your airways to get smaller), shaking, dry mouth, and blood to go to the skeletal muscle (muscle we use voluntarily).\n\nAs for the gastrointestinal tract, it will slow or completely stop digestion and defecation (pooping). Like I said before, you have an increased heart rate, and most of the blood goes to your skeletal muscle (the SNS is getting the body ready to fight or run). This is why people look pale; a majority of the blood has gone away from their skin into the muscles. Since most of the blood is in the muscles, and the SNS almost stops the GI tract, there is very little blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract when your sympathetic nervous system is heightened. Normal blood flow is resumed when you are calmed down.\n\nI hope this helps!
424581
The body needs fiber, water, and exercise to stimulate peristalsis (the wave like contractions that move the fecal matter down) in a healthy manner. If your body was previously used to high fat foods then the peristalsis may have been happening due to the irritation of the lining of the GI tract.\n\nThe best thing you can do...drink more water and either add some fiber to your diet or take a fiber supplement!\n\nGood Luck\n\nPost back if you need additional information
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it has so many functions.. all concerning autonomic actions (involuntary actions) - \nthe most important are: \n1- control of cardiac activity (it has 2 centers: cardiac accelerating and inhibitory centers)\n2- control of respiration (via dorsal and ventral motor neurones)\n3- regulation of heart rate and respiratory rate via central chemoreceptors\n4- regulation of arterial blood pressure by controlling the diameter of arterioles via vaso-motor center\n5- control of vital actions as swallowing ...etc
810043
Circulation of Blood..
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The heart itself has an internal clock of when it contracts.  However, it is influnced by the autonomic nervous system, in that the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, and the parasympathetic system DECREASES heart rate.  Under normal conditions, the parasympathetic system is in more control of heart rate.  When you eat, parasympathetic control is EVEN GREATER.\n\nSo eating slows down your HR.
320947
The adrenal medulla secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin.\nUnlike the cortex it is derived from neural crest cells, but unlike a previous answer they are NOT neurons: believe me I look at them every week!\nIt is the 'fear, flight, fright' hormone and is essential: responsible for butterflies in the stomach and more postive reactions to stress. It elevates the blood pressure.\nTumours of the medulla are called Phaeochromocytomas. They are rare, 10% are malignant and they cause flushing and high blood pressure and are dangerous unless removed by a skilled surgeon.\nHope that helps!
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer\nColon cancer and polyps are two diseases linked to this.It has absolutely nothing to do with your metabolic rate.Tract movement is regulated through other physiological pathways while your endocrine system dictates your metabolism.\nYou're probably finding(sorry to be gross) the stools are very hard and difficult to pass.\nThis is because your body extracts water from the stool as it lays in your colon.Drinking more water and eating more fiber can defeat your current problem
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Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum, anus are the parts the food or the waste from food travel through.  Side line contributors are glands such as\nsaliva glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas.
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The endocrine system is a control system of ductless glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones that circulate within the body via the bloodstream to affect distant organs. Hormones act as "messengers", and are carried by the bloodstream to different cells in the body, which interpret these messages and act on them. The endocrine system does not include exocrine glands such as salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract.\n\nThe field of medicine that deals with disorders of endocrine glands is endocrinology, a branch of the wider field of internal medicine.\n\nHypothalamus \nThyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) \nGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) \nGrowth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) \nCorticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) \nSomatostatin \nDopamine \nPituitary gland \nAnterior lobe (adenohypophysis) \nGH (human growth hormone) \nPRL (prolactin) \nACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) \nTSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) \nFSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) \nLH (luteinizing hormone) \nPosterior lobe (neurohypophysis) \nOxytocin \nADH (antidiuretic hormone) \nPineal gland \nMelatonin \nThyroid gland \nThyroxine (T4), a form of thyroid hormone \nTriiodothyronine (T3), a form of thyroid hormone \nCalcitonin \nParathyroid gland \nParathyroid hormone (PTH) \nHeart \nAtrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP) \nStomach and intestines \nGastrin \nSecretin \nCholecystokinin (CCK) \nSomatostatin \nNeuropeptide Y \nLiver \nInsulin-like growth factor \nAngiotensinogen \nThrombopoietin \nIslets of Langerhans in the pancreas \nInsulin \nGlucagon \nSomatostatin \nAdrenal glands \nAdrenal cortex \nGlucocorticoids - cortisol \nMineralocorticoids - aldosterone \nAndrogens (including testosterone) \nAdrenal medulla \nAdrenaline (epinephrine) \nNoradrenaline (norepinephrine) \nKidney \nRenin \nErythropoietin (EPO) \nCalcitriol \nSkin \nCalciferol (vitamin D3) \nAdipose tissue \nLeptin \n\nIn males only\nTestes \nAndrogens (testosterone) \n\nIn females only\nOvarian follicle \nOestrogens \nTestosterone \nCorpus luteum \nProgesterone \nPlacenta (when pregnant) \nProgesterone \nHuman chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) \nHuman placental lactogen (HPL) \n\nRole in disease\nDiseases of the endocrine system are common, such as diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease.\n\nEndocrineopathies can occur with any of these. Hypofunction can occur as result of loss of reserve, hyposecretion, agenesis, atrophy, destruction, etc. Hyperfunction can occur as result of hypersecretion, loss of suppression, tumor, hyperplasia, etc.\n\nEndocrineopathies are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary.\n\nPrimary is target organ dysfunction and is normally associated with increased or decreased secretory hormones. Secondary is a dysfunction that originates elsewhere like the pituitary gland and is normally associated with increased or decreased production of trophic factors. Tertiary is associated with dysfunction of the hypothalamus and its releasing hormones.\n\nDiffuse Endocrine System\nOrgans aren't the sole way for hormones to be sent into the body; there are a host of specific cells which secrete hormones independently. These are called the "diffuse" endocrine system, and include myocytes in the heart (atria) and epithelial cells in the stomach and small intestines. In fact, if one were to classify any chemical excretions in the term "hormone," every cell in the human body could be considered a part of the endocrine system.
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When we perceive an immediate danger, our brain processes incoming signal and sends a message to the whole body to mobilize resources for defense ("fight") or retreat ("flight"). The major recipient of these brain signals are adrenal glands, which secrete hormone epinephrine (adrenalin). Adrenalin is released into blood stream, binds to its receptors on various cells and initiates a  "launch" sequence: it makes liver to release glucose into blood, it elevates heart rate and increases blood pressure, diverts blood flow from at the moment non-essential organs (like digestive tract) to muscles etc. It happens in the matter of seconds, so the individual becomes ready to face or evade the incoming danger.
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The Circulatory system?
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Let me preface this: I'm not a medical professional; I have taken several anatomy classes that give me a basic background. I can't speak for every case, but here's my two cents on the subject. The vagus nerve innervates the heart and provides input into the speed of the heartbeat. It also branches into a few organs in the abdomen, but its primary purpose is to affect heart rate. The heart has its own internal pacemaker which beats around 100 beats/min at rest. The vagus stimulates the heart to actually beat SLOWER than it otherwise would. The better physical fitness, the slower it beats at rest because the heart is more efficient.\n\nIf the vagus were to be blocked, all communication below the blockage would essentially stop (for example when someone has an injury where their spinal cord is severed, doctors can tell exactly where the sever happened based on what functions and what doesn't). I'm not familiar with blockages of nerves, per se. There are ways that nerves can be damaged or severed, resulting in loss of communication above and below the damage. So it would depend largely on the degree of nerve damage/blockage and where exactly it occurs.\n\nTo actually get to your question, I do not know if vagal nerve blockage would cause high blood pressure. High blood pressure is related to a decreased level of elasticity in the blood vessels (primarily the arteries). With every beat of the heart, the arteries expand from the increased pressure. When they are less flexible (from arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis, for example), blood pressure increases. Blood pressure can also increase with exercise (the heart tries to pump more blood through the body faster). Assuming that the vagus would be damaged above the heart so that it doesn't tell the heart to beat slower, there's a chance it could affect blood pressure: a chronic fast heart rate may affect elasticity of the arteries. The arteries would not have as much time to relax/contract between each beat. It's possible, but I don't know.\n\nAs for vomiting, it may or may not affect it. I don't know which other organs the vagus affects. It is quite possible that at least one of them is related to digestion. Also, the fast heart rate (and probably a feeling of fluttering heart beat) could make you light headed or nauseaus. Whether you actually vomited from it would depend on how that affects you.\n\nSorry I couldn't provide any solid answers, but I hope the background info gives you some help.
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Metabolic rate, vaso constriction, vaso dilation, sweating, shivering, goosebumps, water retention....these all are used to regulate body temperature. The process is controled by part of your brain at the back - the thymus (i think its called the thymus, but im not a physiologist!). Blood temperature is monitered and the list above varried.
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The increased heart rate will maintain the cardiac output, not the BP.  \n\nThe blood pressure will be maintained by increased sympathetic tone, leading to vasoconstriction.  Sympathetic tone is increased by endogenous catecholamines (adrenalin/epinephrine)
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The processing of urinating or elimination is controlled by the parasympathetic nervouse system which is part of the autonomic (automatic) nervous system. The parasympathetic responses generally are relaxing and restorative. One bodily function which is thesame effect is ejaculation - which is very releaving and pleasant. The contrary is the sympathetic effect which is due to adrenaline surge and it keeps one generally tense. \n\nThe pleasant (or in your words "happiness") feeling is due to the parasympathetic neural effect on the brain.
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. Structure and Functions of Blood Vessels \n  Structure Functions \nArteries The walls (outer structure) of arteries contain smooth muscle fibre that contract and relax under the instructions of the sympathetic nervous system.\n   Transport blood away from the heart;\n \n  Transport oxygenated blood only (except in the case of the pulmonary artery).\n \n \n \nArterioles Arterioles are tiny branches of arteries that lead to capillaries. These are also under the control of the sympathetic nervous system, and constrict and dialate, to regulate blood flow.\n   Transport blood from arteries to capillaries;\n \n  Arterioles are the main regulators of blood flow and pressure.\n \n \n \nCapillaries Capillaries are tiny (extremely narrow) blood vessels, of approximately 5-20 micro-metres \n(one micro-metre = 0.000001metre) diameter.\nThere are networks of capillaries in most of the organs and tissues of the body. These capillaries are supplied with blood by arterioles and drained by venules. Capillary walls are only one cell thick (see diagram), which permits exchanges of material between the contents of the capillary and the surrounding tissue. \n   Function is to supply tissues with components of, and carried by, the blood, and also to remove waste from the surrounding cells ... as opposed to simply moving the blood around the body (in the case of other blood vessels);\n \n  Exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, salts, etc., between the blood and the surrounding body tissues.\n \n \n \nVenules Venules are minute vessels that drain blood from capillaries and into veins. Many venules unite to form a vein.\n   Drains blood from capillaries into veins, for return to the heart\n \n \n \nVeins The walls (outer structure) of veins consist of three layers of tissues that are thinner and less elastic than the corresponding layers of aerteries.\nVeins include valves that aid the return of blood to the heart by preventing blood from flowing in the reverse direction.\n   Transport blood towards the heart;\n \n  Transport deoxygenated blood only (except in the case of the pulmonary vein).
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autonomic nervous system