What is practical importance of the silicon as well as Ge nano structure ?
338644
Silicon has an extensive use in solar cells and electrical ic chips. its is because it is a semiconductor and also widely available compared to other substitutes. Though in recent times the sources of silicon has become scarce. The bandgap of germanium is different from silicon and is used for other purposes though not extensively as silicon. these two were the first semiconductors with industrial applications. nowadays a lot other kinds of semiconductor materials are in use.
476537
It is a semiconductor, so would probably be good for machinery like Silicon. Most likely it would be used for computers and lasers somehow.
993873
Extremely difficult. Solar cells are semiconductor devices, just like computer chips, but less complex. Very expensive equipment and ultra-pure materials are required.
83641
hi there. may be I can help you a little bit. I am taking a class about III-V compound right now. so what I got is this technology is good as optoelectronic. where in elemental devices such as Sillicon is not that good, therefore usually we use III-V compund such as GaAs as laser diode or something that has connection with light emitting or light receiver. but this explanation is still too general. I think if I am not misunderstood that it has better reception for photon is because the EL2 (electrical Level2) deep level which is relatively very sensitive to light. hope this is help you a little bit.
508995
The first integrated circuits were manufactured independently by two scientists: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments filed a patent for a "Solid Circuit" made of germanium on February 6, 1959. Kilby received patents US3138743, US3138747, US3261081, and US3434015. Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor was awarded a patent for a more complex "unitary circuit" made of Silicon on April 25, 1961. (See the Chip that Jack built for more information.)
183672
A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound, that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good medium for the control of electrical current. Its conductance varies depending on the current or voltage applied to a control electrode, or on the intensity of irradiation by infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), or X rays. \nThe specific properties of a semiconductor depend on the impurities, or dopants, added to it. An N-type semiconductor carries current mainly in the form of negatively-charged electrons, in a manner similar to the conduction of current in a wire. A P-type semiconductor carries current predominantly as electron deficiencies called holes. A hole has a positive electric charge, equal and opposite to the charge on an electron. In a semiconductor material, the flow of holes occurs in a direction opposite to the flow of electrons.\n\nElemental semiconductors include antimony, arsenic, boron, carbon, germanium, selenium, silicon, sulfur, and tellurium. silicon is the best-known of these, forming the basis of most integrated circuits (ICs). Common semiconductor compounds include gallium arsenide, indium antimonide, and the oxides of most metals. Of these, gallium arsenide (GaAs) is widely used in low-noise, high-gain, weak-signal amplifying devices.\n\nA semiconductor device can perform the function of a vacuum tube having hundreds of times its volume. A single integrated circuit (IC), such as a microprocessor chip, can do the work of a set of vacuum tubes that would fill a large building and require its own electric generating plant.
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The science of developing materials at the atomic and molecular level in order to imbue them with special electrical and chemical properties. Nanotechnology, which deals with devices typically less than 100 nanometers in size, is expected to make a significant contribution to the fields of computer storage, semiconductors, biotechnology, manufacturing and energy.\n\nEnvisioned are all kinds of amazing products, including extraordinarily tiny computers that are very powerful, building materials that withstand earthquakes, advanced systems for drug delivery and custom-tailored pharmaceuticals as well as the elimination of invasive surgery, because repairs can be made from within the body.\n\nLarry Bock, CEO of Nanosys, who helped launch more than a dozen successful biotech companies in his career, believes that nanotech will impact even more industries than biotech. In an excerpted article from the March 2003 Nanotech Report, he compared nanotechnology with the microelectronics industry. Bock said that "a single chemistry graduate student can create novel devices and device architectures not even imaginable or manufacturable by today's biggest microprocessor companies. That is because these devices are fabricated chemically, or from the bottom up. Existing microelectronics technology is fabricated by etching wafers, or from the top down."\n\nBy 2020, scientists at Rutgers University believe that nano-sized robots will be injected into the bloodstream and administer a drug directly to an infected cell. This robot has a carbon nanotube body, a biomolecular motor that propels it and peptide limbs to orient itself. Because it is composed of biological elements such as DNA and proteins, it will be easily removed from the body. For more information, see http://bionano.rutgers.edu/Mavroidis_Final_Report.pdf.
202333
try it... then you might want to go into details like integrated circuits ICs and transistors...\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor
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Solar power is a tricky field to understand....you need to understand p-n junctions, a brief introduction and explanation is here:\nhttp://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/events/pnjunc.html\n\nHere is a brief explanation...this stuff is everywhere on the web and in journals and books if you want specifics.\n\nUsing Silicon as an example which is the most common (this is a bit demonstrative and not completely realistic but should explain some stuff).\n\nTwo silicon wafers are made that are ultra pure and containing small amounts of impurities that are added in a controlled manner.  One wafer has impurities that are n-type, that is when they are in the silicon crystal they have three bonds (compared to the silicons 4) and a dangling lone pair of electrons (nitrogen and phosphorus based are quite common).  This silicon is considered to have electron rich impurities.\n   The p-type impurities in the other wafer are three-bonded as but do not have the lone pair (boron is common).  This silicon has electron poor impurities.\n\nWhen the two wafers are put into perfect contact (in practice the impurities are doped into a single crystal when it is made), electrons from the n-side transfer to the p-side.  This only happens a little bit...at first it is easy to do but as more and more electrons leave an electric field is formed in each half of the silicon that gets greater and greater as the electrons occur.  This field opposes further electron jumping and eventually this stops....an equilibrium situation occurs where both halfs of the silicon have transferred their electrons and charge stops moving.  Note this only occurs at the interface of the two wafers.\n\nBut when the silicon is hit by light, the transferred charges become mobile.  Charge transfer occurs by, (using the p-wafer as an example) an electron transferred to the p-side becoming mobile and moving far away from the interface to the back of the wafer where it is collected by a wire to transfer current to a device...the retun path of the circuit is through the n-side.\n\nI dont' do the process justice...the introduction in this link does a much better job...\nhttp://etd.caltech.edu/etd/available/etd-08062002-192958/unrestricted/Chapter1.pdf#search='semiconductor%20band%20bending%20solar%20power'
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Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor.  It's the basic component of most electronic circuits and all digital ones.  It's the breakthrough that made computers so cheap, small and popular.  A transistor, you know, acts as an electrical "gate," acting on a smaller input voltage to allow a larger voltage to pass through.  So a transistor can act as an amplifier, by using a smaller current to control a larger current.  Used in a circuit called a "flip-flop," it makes up the basic circuit for computers and other digital electronics.\n\nThere are many kinds of transistors, dating all the way back to vacuum tubes; the reason MOSFETs are such a big deal is because they are made by "printing," in huge quantities and on extremely small scales, directly onto microchips.
982929
Not sure about this particular alloy...but...adding small amounts of impurity to an alloy is often used as a method to improve the ease of "machinability" of alloys, i.e. how easy it is to cut them and shape them into useful forms.  This may be why silicon and manganese are added in this case.
129677
I'm not sure what you are asking. If you take a piece of intrinsic silicion and want to make it n-type you add excess electrons in the form of impurities. Common dopants are Phosphorus and Arsenic for n-type. This can be done in a lot of ways, but ion implantation is common because it allows fine control over several key fabrication parameters.\n\nHave a look at http://www.aip.org/tip/INPHFA/vol-9/iss-3/p12.html
163930
It is more involved than just mining Silicon.\n1.  One company mines high purity sand.  I think main mine is in north Ontario, Canada has best sand.  \n2.  Sand is converted to SiCl4 (Dow Corning is big producer in US.\n3.  SiCl4 is sent to Hemlock Semiconducutor to purify and convert into polysilicon.  Poly Silicon is sold to MEMC and other companies.\n4.  MEMC than purifys and make Single Crystal Silicon.  These ingots and than cut and polished into wafers.  \n\nMany steps and different amount of value  at each step.
57551
The increased reverse voltage increases the the amonut of energy imparted to minority carriers, as they diffuse accross the junction. As the reverse voltage is increased further,the minority carriers acquire a large amount of energy.when these carriers collide with silicon ( or germanium)atoms,  within the crystal struture, they impart sufficient energy to break a covalent bond and generate additional carriers(i.e., electron-hole pairs).As a result , the reverse current increase rapidly. This process of carrier generation is known as breakdown.\n\n i think u will understand from this
1026939
Quantum physics underpins everything, but of course you don't need to go that deeply for many practical purposes. For instance, you would not model the architecture of a building at the level of an electron.\n\nBut quantum mechanics is central to understanding and designing all semiconductor devices (not just the newer, esoteric ones), hard drives (which use quantum tunneling), chemicals that require an understanding of the chemical bond (including modelling shapes of biological molecules in the biotech iindustry).\n\nIt is behind MRI scanning, x-rays, digital cameras (a CCD is a fundamentally quantum device), nuclear energy and weapons technology.\n\nIt is essential to cosmology and understanding the stars.\n\nThe list goes on.\n\nAnd no, it is way beyond the status of a theory.
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Nanomaterials already exist in their natural form, and they already help run our daily economy—for example, when we use quantum-based lasers to read compact discs and compact videodiscs. But the real challenge for materials scientists is to synthesize nanomaterials and nano-related structures and devices in efficient and cheap ways. Some scientists believe that the real contribution of nanomaterials will come when nanotechnology allows development of the first "universal assembling molecular machine"—a programmable molecular machine or assembler that can scale up production at frenetic rates in a few decades; others believe that this goal is unreachable. Carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles are commercially available for the manufacture of specialty products such as antistatic compounds and transparent coatings. Early users of nanomaterials include the chemical and materials companies, the cosmetics industry, the paint industry, and the nanobiotechnology industry. The nanobiotechnology industry uses nanomaterials in a range of applications, including biosensors, diagnostic devices, drug-release systems, and tissue repair and regeneration. In addition, the electronics and computer industries, electromechanical-component developers, and the sensor industry will make good use of nanomaterials. The regional markets most active in commercializing nanomaterials are Japan, North America, and some European countries, including Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.\n\nNanomaterials technology is still in its infancy, but as the technology matures, it could launch an era of technological revolutions. In the near term, not only will nanomaterials refine the development of existing technologies, but also they will bring new emerging and disruptive technologies to the marketplace. Venture capitalists will see opportunities to invest in new start-ups, not all of which will prosper. In the long term, according to popular hype, nanomaterials may lead to a powerful and accelerated social revolution in which virtually all present industrial processes become obsolete, along with our contemporary concept of labor. The reality will be somewhat different, but without doubt, nanomaterials have an important role to play in nanotechnology and will over time have a strong impact on people's lives. Consumer goods could become plentiful, inexpensive, smart, and durable. The capabilities of medicine and space technology could make a quantum leap. However, the application of stringent regulations at an early stage of the development of nanomaterials technology is likely to slow or inhibit its commercial expansion in some areas, and the practicalities and costs of developments will be prohibitive. Close attention to feasible and practical aspects of the technology is essential to form a realistic view of the future of nanomaterials.
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Nanotechnology is a new technology just in its infancy and being researched in labs all over the world. In principle any device that is manufactured to a nano-meter or even micro-meter scale would be considered to be nanotechnology.\n\nAt the moment practical nanotechnology is limited to MEMs devices (micro-electromechanical systems). In the same way that you can etch and deposit onto a silicon wafer to create electric circuits, you can etch and deposit a bit more to make structures like micro-mirrors, cantilevers, micro-bridges and a whole host of other little things. Cantilevers for instance can be used to make very tiny accelerometers like the ones that initiate air bags in cars. Micro-mirrors will be used to make the next generation of visual displays after LCDs. There are many many more possible applications.\n\nYou can read more about this at www.memsstar.com