what is the difference between shell and interpretor  in programming?
338887
I'm not an expert, but as far as I know there isn't much difference, or they aren't comparable. \nShell refers to a program that runs over something to provide a GUI, like many unix shells, or even windows explorer. \nAn interpretor is anything that runs non-executables, much like javascript.\nA shell can very much also be an interpretor - for example, a shell that also supports additional types of files that it can interpert and execute.
414780
I believe you're trying to do some kind of piping with Unix script commands... It's been ages since I've done it myself, but I'm sure you'll find plenty of documented sources on the Net. You can also try and install one of those free Linux distributions to test the script.
662885
No difference ,they are all used for dynamic allocation.only syntax difference i guess.
675960
A filter is a small and (usually) specialized program in Unix-like operating systems that transforms plain text (i.e., human readable) data in some meaningful way and that can be used together with other filters and pipes to form a series of operations that produces highly specific results. \n\nAs is generally the case with command line (i.e., all-text mode) programs in Unix-like operating systems, filters read data from standard input and write to standard output. Standard input is the source of data for a program, and by default it is text typed in at the keyboard. However, it can be redirected to come from a file or from the output of another program. Standard output is the destination of output from a program, and by default it the display screen. This means that if the output of a command is not redirected to a file or another device (such as a printer) or piped to another filter for further processing, it will be sent to the monitor where it will be displayed. \n\nNumerous filters are included on Unix-like systems, a few of which are awk, cat, comm, csplit, cut, diff, expand, fold, grep, head, join, less, more, paste, sed, sort, spell, tail, tr, unexpand, uniq and wc. \n\nIt is a simple matter to construct a pipeline of commands with a highly specific function by stringing multiple filters together with pipes. As a trivial example, the following would display the last three files in the directory /sbin (which contains basic programs used for system maintenance or administrative tasks) whose names contain the string (i.e., sequence of characters) mk: \n\nls /sbin | grep mk | sort -r | head -3 \n\nThe ls command lists the contents of /sbin and pipes its output (using the pipe operator, which is designated by the vertical bar character) to the filter grep, which searches for all files and directories that contain the letter sequence mk in their names. grep then pipes its output to the sort filter, which, with its -r option, sorts it in reverse alphabetical order. sort, in turn, pipes its output to the head filter. The default behavior of head is to read the first ten lines of text or output from another command, but the -3 option here tells it read only the first three. head thus writes the first three results from sort (i.e., the last three filenames or directory names from /sbin that contain the string mk) to the display screen. \n\ncat is one of the most frequently used commands on Unix-like systems. It is best known for its ability to display the contents of files rather than for its ability to transform them, and thus it might not initially appear to fall into the category of a filter. However, it has the two additional (and not unrelated) functions of creating files and concatenating (i.e., combining) copies of them, which clearly makes it a filter. \n\nIn the next example, cat combines copies of file1, file2 and file3, and this is piped to wc, a filter which by default writes the number of bytes, words and lines to the display monitor: \n\ncat file1 file2 file3 | wc \n\nAlthough most filters are highly specialized programs with a very limited range of functions, there are a few exceptions. Most notable among them is awk, a pattern matching program that has evolved into a powerful and full-fledged programming language. \n\nAn important tenet of the Unix philosophy has been to try to develop every program (at least every command line program) so that it is a filter rather than just a stand-alone program.
308049
It is a return code from the program.  The shell that ran the program can check to see if the program exited with an error or normally.  I believe return 0 is for normal exit, and return anyother number is for an error.
885562
I'm a computer science major at the university of louisiana at lafayette.  Our computer lab that we write our programming assignments all have linux enviornments.  Our introductory level course is taught in C++.\n\nThere are two main compilers that we use.  one is the GNU compiler (g++).  I'll reference the link for the website.\n\n;-)
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some languages support compilation which means that the source code that you write will be translated into machine code and this will then be called a program and executed\nother languages support interpretation where the every line of the source code file is interpreted at runtime and executed one at a time. In this case, no program is generated.\n\nA program that takes a source file and generates the compiled machine code is called a compiler\n\nA program that interprets the source file at run time is called an interpreter\n\nRead more about these at:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_%28computer_software%29
822024
1). A compiler "compiles" a code so that the host Operating System can understand. It's generally speaking. The compiler doesn't interact directly with the hardware, this is the job for the Operating System!\n2). Yes. You can download as many compilers as you prefer. A compiler is a software which interacts with the operating system, just like any other..\n3). This is difficult to answer... The starting point for creating compilers are formal languages and theory of automata.. Then comes the implementation... \n4). C/C++ is the industry standard, so of course many software are written in this language (but not only in this one...). Libraries for grafic function include OpenGL (Glut,FreeGlut and so on), DirectX... Renedering software is also being used in the gaming industry. (let's not foret about Artficial Intelligence)\n5). You can update a compiler by downloading the improved version or adding extra libraries to it. You can even create your own libraries if you prefer to start from scratch.\n6). Unix for example is entirelly based on C language! C language doesn't support OOP (Object Orientation Programming), that's one of the reason C++ was created. It's hard to say in what language windows is written for example since it's closed source...
299602
Try and use an IDE if you can. Or switch to linux for programming, you wont have to use getch() or pause :)
527578
SQL is for big boys.\n\nAccess is like for little boys.\n\nIts like comparing linux and windows. It really depends on how comfortable you are with programming. At work, Im into JAVA and coding on window applications. Then we have the mainframe people who hate windows and codes everything in unix. \n\nSQL is sorta like mainframe programming, they are more experienced and they have to know the code.\n\nAccess is like window programming, they are not as experienced with programming and they want a windows based system to code for them.
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Learn assembler\n\nuse softice or linice to read memory changes\n\n\nsee what changes what and where then make a proggy to manipulate values in the memory.
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dir\ncopy\ndel\ncls\n\nand the best of them all: help\n\nJOHN, I'm thinkg you're mixing in a different shell. mkdir and rmdir are both UNXI commands.
673583
Computers only understand binary. This is a really clunky way for humans to work. The origional computers were programmed by litterally toggling manual bits on the machine itself. Each generation of languages have sought to make programming easier and more powerfull. \n\nThe way it works is with the programmer. They decide on which language will do the best job for what they are doing. There are some major catagories of these languages.  Compiled vrs interpeted is a major catagory. Which you use depends on your needs. Compiled programs are actually compiled down into the binary codes that will run on your specific OS/Hardware. Interpited programs are compiled to byte code and then when they are run it is "interpeted" by a run time lib of some sort which converts the code to actual binary. Compiled programs obviously run faster as they skip the middle man. Interpited programs run on more than a single platform/OS. They also allow for changes on the fly and are more tolerant to upgrades in hardware/OS.  Java, most forms of Basic, Python are some examples of interpited languages. C, Fortran, Assembler are some examples of compiled languages. \n\nSo depending on your language choice you start to code. If you use a third level/functional language you will write out your basic code design and then compile it to byte or binary. If you are using an OOP language there is an extra step in this. Your classes need to be resolved and external dependancies also need to be resolved. Non OOP languages often have dependancies as well but the overhead for them is considerably less. OOP (Object oriented programming) has the advantage of reusing a great deal of code. It's disadvantage is more complex code and slower compile times. The OOP portions are generally either external references or broken down into literal code removing all OOP features from the compiled output. If it is an interpited language it's left as a stub to an external reference. Any other language it's included into the code, depending on the optimization methods generally it's writtin literally into the code on every call. \n\nLets talk about compiling now. Interpited languages compile down into byte code. That means that they create short cut notation for calls to inbuild functions with any your coding tucked in.  When run, this then expands into the dynamic functions with your code describing what to do with these functions. \n\nIn a compiled language the code is first compiled into objects. This is a totally different term from what is an object in code. Most modern compilors hide the obj files from users so you likely will not see or use one of these files today. In the past they were very usefull files at times. Objects are very similer to byte code in nature. They are shortcut notation for what you want to do with the code. \n\nThese objs are OS and version specific. An Obj from a Windows machine will not work on Linux and vice versa. They will contain references to functions that do not exist on the other platforms or have different calling parms and names for example. Other than differences like this there are other distinctions. For example the way memory is addresed and handled is differently in different OS's. The OBJ files have to know and use the specific mem model for that platform. \n\nThe next step is to reference the code. That is you address the functions, resolve dependancies between objects, wrap all your objects into the executable/lib you will be compiling and get it ready for conversion to assembler. \n\nThe assembler takes over from there. It will convert your instructions into Assembler macro instructions. Each computer contains a set of basic instructions that make a comptuer a computer. These calls are the foundations of any language. There are two main approaches to this. One is a richer set of assembler instuctions which is to say that many functions are already built into the bios. The other is to keep it simple and o
477687
GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection provides a completely free compiler on many platforms, including DOS.  Best of all, it is completely cross platform, so the code you write for DOS can also (theoretically) be cross compiled for Windows, Linux, etc.\n\nOh, and it is completely FREE
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Depends on your compiler and operating system. However, you can probably use the system() call from the C library (you can call that from a C++ program) or one of the exec functions. These exist on most Windows compilers and Linux/Unix too.\n\nhttp://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Executing-a-File.html\n\nhttp://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Running-a-Command.html#Running-a-Command\n\nNote that if you are not using gcc, your versions may be a little different than these.
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a spectrum analyser shows the sinusoidal components that make up a waveform.  an oscilliscope creates a representation of the waveform itself showing amplitude variation over time.\n\nEssentially the difference is one shows the whole waveform and the other breaks it up into parts or components
864385
no rule. they dont have to differ in syntax level. its your choice.