differentiate between a primary and secondary immune response.?
351623
Primary response is the killer T cells. When you get a sore throat, it is these crude cells that basically obliterate all the cells that are sick and the surrounding cells as well. It's kind of like "collateral damage". In the meantime, B cells are figuring out the exact antigen on the surface of the virus or bacteria and then multiply the appropriate antibodies to fight the particular foe. They are kind of like surgeon cells where the T cells are kind of like bazooka cells. The T cells are the primary and the B cells are the secondary immune responses, respectively.
507450
There's a difference?
65997
B-lymphocytes come from "Bones"\nT-lymphocytes come from "Thymus"\n\nthat's where you get the B and the T
569752
One is a play and the other one is not!\n\n;)
668075
That would be the red blood cells. White blood cells have to do with immunity to illnesses.
11458
B cells and T cells ...  well...\nAcquired immunity involves diverse but specific responses to invaders involving lymphocytes.  The cells involved in acquired immunity are specialized and possess memory (once they encounter and destroy the invader, they remember it and can destroy it quicker in the future).  The two types of acquired immunity based on the type of lymphocyte involved are humoral immunity and cellular immunity.  Humoral immunity involves B Cells and cellular immunity involves T Cells.\nBone Marrow derived B Cells secrete antibodies that destroy antigens.  Antigens are pathogens that elicit B cell activation.  They are slower to respond than T cells and are involved in immunization.  Memory B cells stay after an infection is contained to recognize the pathogen if it invades again.\nThymus derived T Cells respond quickly to pathogens by attacking them directly.  These cells puncture a hole in the pathogens cell membrane, so it can fill with tissue fluid, bursting in the process.  Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells are types of T cells.  Helper T cells assit both T cells and B cells fight an infection by secreting hormones to stimulate them.  Cytotoxic T cells kill body cell infected by pathogens.  Memory T cells, like memory B cells, stay after the infection is contained to recognize the pathogen if it invades again.
749098
if one of them benefits and the other is not benefitted nor harmed...its commensalism\n\nif both is benefittrd...its commensalism\n\nif one is benefitted and the other is harmed...its parasitism
113273
T-cells are a part of the immune system.  They attack viruses and bacteria as a predator attacks prey.
452496
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies, which are made by B lymphocytes, when they mature to be plasma cells.\n\nCell mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes of various kinds.\n\nActually, AFAICR, T lymphocytes play a role in the very early stages of initiating Humoral immunity to a new antigen; they do the control and liaison work, via cytokines (lymphokines.)
936876
The correct answer is C.\n\nIn A. Only T-cells take part in cell mediated immunity. The others are not cell-mediated. For example, B-cells take part in humoral immunity. Natural killer cells are non-specific (innate immunity) and are therefore not part of cell-mediated immunity (which is acquired immunity).\n\nIn B. Infected cells do get killed off in the process. Infected cells will display the antigen fragments via their major histocompatibility  (MHC) I proteins on the surface of the cells. These antigens will allow cytotoxic T-cells to bind to them with their CD-8 receptors. The cytotoxic T-cells will release perforins that cause pores to form on the cell membrane. Granzyme is also released to cause proteins in the cell to break down.\n\nIn C. Antibodies are part of the humoral response (humoral immunity). Opsonization only occurs for antigens outside the cell, in the bloodstream or lymph fluid. They are not part of cell-mediated immunity.\n\nD is definitely wrong.
418927
one that is constantly mutating, such that its protein coat is always slightly different and so the body's immune system is unable to recognize it quickly as a pathogen to get rid of it.\n\nalso, superviruses may attack the immune system, as in HIV, such that the immune system breaks down.\n\nin the case of flu, there are thousands of different flu viruses with their unique protein coats. hence the immune system may not have encountered the virus before and is thus slow in recognizing the pathogen
99678
The body produces two types of antibodies. The first is designed to attack an antigen that has entered the body, to keep it from multiplying. This first type is stored in the lymph system throughout the body, and is assigned to attack antigens as they appear.\n\n The second type of antibody, the one you are concerned with, is formed to attack a specific microorganism. When a vaccine is administered into the body, it is a weakened or dead form of microorganism, which the body produces antibodies against. These antibodies remain in the body in great enough numbers to ward  off infection from that microorganism, in many cases, for the remainder of your life. The second type of antibody would only serve to protect the body from that microorganism for which it was originally formed ( the vaccination). Hope this helps some.
461831
Humoral immunity refers to an immune response from antibodies (for example, an antibody is produced by a B cell and recognizes a foreign antigen and triggers an immune reponse).  In contrast, cell mediated immunity occurs when a cell (for example a T cell) directly recognizes a foreign antigen being "presented" by another cell.
606015
Humoral immune response has to do with the antibodies. The antibodies attach themselves to the virus and destroy them.  Look here: \nhttp://www.google.com.my/search?hl=en&hs=cwy&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official_s&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=Humoral+Immune+response&spell=1\n\nGot a whole list!
479951
Not sure if this will help, but check out this paper:\nhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6871/full/415536a.html\n\nThis is the abstract:\n\nActivation of naive CD4+ T-helper cells results in the development of at least two distinct effector populations, Th1 and Th2 cells1. Th1 cells produce cytokines (interferon (IFN)-, interleukin (IL)-2, tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)- and lymphotoxin) that are commonly associated with cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular pathogens, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions4, and induction of organ-specific autoimmune diseases5. Th2 cells produce cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) that are crucial for control of extracellular helminthic infections and promote atopic and allergic diseases4. Although much is known about the functions of these two subsets of T-helper cells, there are few known surface molecules that distinguish between them. We report here the identification and characterization of a transmembrane protein, Tim-3, which contains an immunoglobulin and a mucin-like domain and is expressed on differentiated Th1 cells.
89179
immune systen is the defense system of the body and inflammation is a way of responding to various harmful stimuli. it is mediated at the cellular level and it involves a lot of complex processes and chemicals like histamine and the like. i think its bronchoconstriction that ur talking about, ya it could be inherited, environmental and immunological. Asthma is a good example.
653691
I believe the difference is that in real-time PCR, when the first series runs, a second is started, where in Nested PCR, the primers, proteins etc are added a little at a time, making the process continuous, as opposed to in starts and stops.