Describe how DNA Replicates. Include enzymes and other molecules needed int eh process.?
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It seems that you want us to do your home work.
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Does replication continue till the end of life? What exactly do you mean? Does replication continue forever? If that's the case, the answer would be no. As a previous response said, short sequences located at the end of chromosomes shorten after each replication. The use of the telomerase is to prevent DNA from getting shorter after each replication, due to the inability of the replicating enzyme, the polymerase, to   replicate the tips of a DNA strand. Telomerase solves this by filling in the unreplicated ends with parts of itself. As a result, the telomerase gets shorter and shorter after each replication. When the telomerase runs out, the DNA will begin to erod due to the fact that the tips of the strand are lost during ecah reolicationl. Eventually, the DNA will be lost and replication will cease to occur. \n\nHowever, if your question was if cells kept replicating until death, then the answer is yes. This is because the fact that cells cannot replicate for eternity is one of the main reasons that we eventually die. In general, cell replication is what keeps us alive. \n\nThen again, the rate of replication is also very important. Unlike most normal cells that are able to slow down the rates of replication when replication is not needed, cancer cells will keep replicating no matter what. Also, it is proven that some cancer cells have a mutation that allows the cells to produce telomeres, allowing the cells to replicate for eternity. \n\nLastly, the postition of DNA within the cells is in the nucleus, which is analogous to the core of a planet. The DNA is usually intricately packaged to form what people know as chromosomes.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and many viruses. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides (a polynucleotide) and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides. DNA is thought to date back to between approximately 3.5 to 4.6 billion years ago [1].\n\nIn complex eukaryotic cells such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes, including the eubacteria and archaea, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The cellular organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA.\n\nDNA is often referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. In humans, these traits can range from hair color to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother, and the male Y chromosome only comes from the father.\n\nEvery person's DNA, their genome, is inherited from both parents. The mother's mitochondrial DNA together with twenty-three chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a zygote, the fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother.
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Both involve prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Both involve cytokinesis, and lastly DNA is replicated just before cells enter either mitosis or meiosis.
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yes [by mitosis];\nsometimes; \nsometimes, depending on the genes affected\n\nlearn about DNA and MITOSIS @:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis
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RNA, most assuredly.\n\nDNA is a great replicator, but a lousy enzyme.\n\nProteins make great enzymes, but lousy replicators.\n\nRNA makes a pretty good replicator, and a pretty good enzyme, so is a much better candidate than DNA for an early replicator that becomes its own catalyst.  However, RNA replication is far more error-prone than DNA, so it is not sufficient for coding for complex organisms.\n\nSo what we have now is DNA which is stable (error-correcting) enough to support *huge* DNA molecules that store information for tens of thousands of genes through an indefinite number of generations ... but RNA is used as an intermediary carrier of information during protein synthesis.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid —usually in the form of a double helix— that contains the genetic instructions specifying the biological development of all cellular forms of life, and most viruses. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides (a polynucleotide) and encodes the sequence of the amino acid residues in proteins using the genetic code, a triplet code of nucleotides.\n\nIn complex eukaryotic cells such as those from plants, animals, fungi and protists, most of the DNA is located in the cell nucleus. By contrast, in simpler cells called prokaryotes, including the eubacteria and archaea, DNA is not separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope. The cellular organelles known as chloroplasts and mitochondria also carry DNA.\n\nDNA is often referred to as the molecule of heredity as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. In humans, these traits can range from hair colour to disease susceptibility. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Lineage studies can be done based on the facts that the mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother, and the male Y chromosome only comes from the father.\n\nEvery person's DNA, their genome, is inherited from both parents. The mother's mitochondrial DNA together with twenty-three chromosomes from each parent combine to form the genome of a zygote, the fertilized egg. As a result, with certain exceptions such as red blood cells, most human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, together with mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother.\n\nContrary to a common misconception, the DNA is not a single molecule, but rather a pair of molecules joined by hydrogen bonds: it is organized as two complementary strands, head-to-toe, with the hydrogen bonds between them.[1] Each strand of DNA is a chain of chemical "building blocks", called nucleotides, of which there are four types: adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T).[1] (Thymine should not be confused with thiamine, which is vitamin B1.) In some organisms, most notably the PBS1 phage, Uracil (U) replaces T in the organism's DNA.[2] These allowable base components of nucleic acids can be polymerized in any order giving the molecules a high degree of uniqueness.\n\nBetween the two strands, each base can only "pair up" with one single predetermined other base: A+T, T+A, C+G and G+C are the only possible combinations; that is, an "A" on one strand of double-stranded DNA will "mate" properly only with a "T" on the other, complementary strand; therefore, naming the bases on the conventionally chosen side of the strand is enough to describe the entire double-strand sequence.[1] Two nucleotides paired together are called a base pair. On rare occasions, wrong pairing can happen, when thymine goes into its enol form or cytosine goes into its imino form. The double-stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication: the DNA double strand is first "unzipped" down the middle, and the "other half" of each new single strand is recreated by exposing each half to a mixture of the four bases. An enzyme makes a new strand by finding the correct base in the mixture and pairing it with the original strand. In this way, the base on the old strand dictates which base will be on the new strand, and the cell ends up with an extra copy of its DNA.\n\nDNA contains the genetic information that is inherited by the offspring of an organism; this information is determined by the sequence of base pairs along its length. A strand of DNA contains genes, areas that regulate genes, and areas that either have no function, or a function yet unknown. Genes can be loosely viewed as the organism's "cookbook" or "blueprint".\n\n\n\nCloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an original. A clone in the biological sen
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DNA is transcribed into RNA (the so called messenger RNA, mRNA, to be exact). Like almost every other biochemical process, it is made possible by enzymes - in this case RNA-polymerases (we have three types, bacteria only one). It is able to "read" the template - being DNA - and use free nucleotides - the building blocks of nucleic acids - to create a complementary copy of RNA. DNA is a double stranded molecule (the famous double helix), mRNA has a single strand. This process takes place in the cell nucleus.
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Before a cell can divide, it must duplicate all its DNA. In eukaryotes, this occurs during S phase of the cell cycle. \n\nA portion of the double helix is unwound by a helicase. \nA molecule of a DNA polymerase binds to one strand of the DNA and begins moving along it in the 3' to 5' direction, using it as a template for assembling a leading strand of nucleotides and reforming a double helix. In eukaryotes, this molecule is called DNA polymerase delta (δ). \nBecause DNA synthesis can only occur 5' to 3', a molecule of a second type of DNA polymerase (epsilon, ε, in eukaryotes) binds to the other template strand as the double helix opens. This molecule must synthesize discontinuous segments of polynucleotides (called Okazaki fragments). Another enzyme, DNA ligase I then stitches these together into the lagging strand. \n\nWhen the replication process is complete, two DNA molecules — identical to each other and identical to the original — have been produced. Each strand of the original molecule has \nremained intact as it served as the template for the synthesis of \na complementary strand.\nThis mode of replication is described as semi-conservative: one-half of each new molecule of DNA is old; one-half new
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its a double helix.\n\n  \n 1. DNA is made up of subunits which scientists called nucleotides.\n   2. Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a base.\n   3. There are 4 different bases in a DNA molecule:\n\n          adenine (a purine) \n          cytosine (a pyrimidine) \n          guanine (a purine) \n          thymine (a pyrimidine) \n\n   4. The number of purine bases equals the number of pyrimidine bases\n   5. The number of adenine bases equals the number of thymine bases\n   6. The number of guanine bases equals the number of cytosine bases\n   7. The basic structure of the DNA molecule is helical, with the bases being stacked on top of each other
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The ATP molecule is composed of three components. At the centre is a sugar molecule, ribose (the same sugar that forms the basis of DNA). Attached to one side of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms); in this case the base is adenine. The other side of the sugar is attached to a string of phosphate groups. These phosphates are the key to the activity of ATP.\n\nATP consists of a base, in this case adenine, a ribose and a phosphate chain.
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a molecule of DNA is made of a double helix of nucleotides.  Inside the cells this double helix is untwisted and spread apart by different enzymes and "read"  These nucleotides that make up the double helix is uncoded in sets of threes to code for different amino acids.  When the amino acids come together they make up different proteins.  So short story short, information is stored in a molecule of DNA by a code of nucleotides.
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DNA and RNA\n\nFor example:\nBacteriophages contain DNA\nRetroviruses use RNA instead
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DNA replicates for cell division.  The new cell gets the same DNA as the parent cell.  DNA replicates during mitosis.  DNA also replicates into RNA.  This is done inside the nucleus.  RNA is the exact opposite copy of DNA.  RNA aids in the synthesis of proteins.  The RNA goes to the ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the biological development of a cellular form of life or a virus. All known cellular life and some viruses have DNAs. DNA is a long polymer of nucleotides (a polynucleotide) that encodes the sequence of amino acid residues in proteins, using the genetic code.
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I gave a lecture on this recently and have had first hand experience with this technology in a lab, so let me give you a brief and easy summary to take with you about this topic about Recombinant DNA Technology:\n\nIn order to clone you need 2 things: Bacterial DNA (the circular form called a "plasmid"), and the DNA you want to clone (be it human, mouse, plant, other species etc)\n\nThen you will need to cut the Bacterial DNA with enzymes called "endonucleases" that work like scissors. (So imagine a circle and I take a pair of scissors and cut the circle at some point in it, b/c I want to insert the foreign DNA (non native DNA) where I had cut.) I will have to do the same with the foreign DNA and have endonucleases cut OUT the particular piece i want cloned. \n\nThen we can put the two pieces together, the cut circular plasmid DNA from the bacteria, and the CUT out piece of foreign DNA. \n\nWhen we put the two pieces together it is called "ligation", and it is done as a reaction in a tube with enzymes inside that "glue" the "sticky ends" of the bacteria DNA to the foreign DNA. \n\nAfter the reaction normally done in a 16 deg. Celsius water bath, we now will have "circular" plasmids with our Foreign DNA inserted into the bacterial DNA (the circle DNA)\n\nThen we would re-insert this DNA back into the bacterial host (that the circle DNA first came out of) in a process called "transformation", this is where the broth from the water bath we just discussed is grown in a growth medium at 37 deg. celsius so that the bacteria can grow and produce MORE of those circle plasmids with our foreign DNA inserted into it. \n\nThen we would "plate" these onto agar plates, and let them grow in incubators at 37 deg. Celsius over night until we get small colonies of bacteria on the plate. \n\nEach "mound" of bacteria (small like white dots on the plate) contains millions of copies of our gene (inserted in the circular plasmid DNA of the bacteria). \n\nNow we can take these small colonies, and harvest them further, by putting them in large Erlenmeyer flasks to be grown in the same "growth broth" over night on a shaker for 37 deg. celsius. \n\nAfter of which we can harvest, and purify that culture so that only the circular plasmids remain (this is a long and convuluted process so we won't go into it in detail here), and from there you can store those in a 4 deg. Celsius fridge and keep it in stock for further research purposes. \n\nHope that helps!
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You get a continuous and discontinuous strand because DNA polymerase only makes DNA in 1 direction (5` to 3`).  The continuous strand is in that orientation anyway, so you get a nice long replication.  The opposit strand is oriented 3` to 5` relative to the polymerase, so the replication has to be broken down into multiple, short, 5` to 3` segments so that replication can occur within the same polymerase macromolecule.\n\nI had to mention  DNA polymerase, it's really impossible to explain this without saying something about how it works :P I did leave out RNA primers though!  If anyone else is curious, the RNA primers are the site of the initiation of replication of each little Okazaki fragment.