in what decade did elevators become automated, ( self-leveling), without the need of an operator?
339765
1880's.\n\nThe history of power elevators in the U.S. began in 1850, when a crude freight hoist operating between two adjacent floors was installed in a New York City building. In 1853, at the New York Crystal Palace exposition, the American inventor and manufacturer Elisha Otis exhibited an elevator equipped with a device called a safety to stop the fall of the car if the hoisting rope broke. In this event a spring would operate two pawls on the car, forcing them into engagement with racks at the sides of the shafts so as to support the car. This invention gave impetus to elevator construction. Three years later the first passenger elevator in the U.S., designed by Otis, was installed in a New York City store. In these early elevators, a steam engine was connected by belt and gears to a revolving drum on which the hoisting rope was wound. In 1859 an elevator raised and lowered by a vertical screw was installed in the Fifth Avenue Hotel in York City. In the 1870s the rope-geared hydraulic elevator was introduced. The plunger was replaced in this type by a relatively short piston moving in a cylinder that was mounted, either vertically or horizontally, within the building; the effective length of the stroke of the piston was multiplied by a system of ropes and sheaves. Because of its smoother operation and greater efficiency, the hydraulic elevator generally replaced the type with a rope wound on a revolving drum.\n\n\nThe electric motor was introduced in elevator construction in 1880 by the German inventor Werner von Siemens. His car, carrying the motor below, climbed its shaft by means of revolving pinion gears that engaged racks at the sides of the shaft. An electric elevator was constructed in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1887, operated by an electric motor turning a revolving drum on which the hoisting rope was wound. Within the next 12 years, electric elevators with worm gearing connecting the motor and drum came into general use except in tall buildings. In the drum elevator the length of the hoisting rope, and therefore the height to which the car can rise, are limited by the size of the drum; space limitations and manufacturing difficulties prevented the use of the drum mechanism in skyscrapers. The advantages of the electric elevator, however, including efficiency, relatively low installation costs, and virtually constant speed regardless of the load, spurred inventors to search for a way of using electric motive power in skyscrapers. Counterweights creating traction on electrically driven sheaves solved the problem. Since the introduction of electric motive power for elevators, various improvements have been made in motors and methods of control. At first, single-speed motors only were used. Because a second, lower speed was desirable to facilitate leveling the car with landings, low-speed auxiliary motors were introduced, but later several systems were devised for varying speed by varying the voltage supplied to the hoisting motor. In recent years devices for automatic leveling of cars at landings are commonly used. Originally the motor switch and the brakes were operated mechanically from the car by means of hand ropes. Soon electromagnets, controlled by operating switches in the car, were introduced to throw the motor switch and to release a spring brake. Push-button control was an early development, later supplemented by elaborate signal systems.
677948
You will get most of this from the Manual Handling regs themselves.\n\nThe main issues are identifying the tasks ahead of time as manual handling is one of the least predictable tasks due to differences in the operator [not all lifters are created equal!], the load [balanced, stable, always the same?]and the prevailing conditions [lifted from same height etc].  There is also the significant 'human' component ranging from competition between loaders (not wanting to be seen to lift less even if not-capable) to not following method statements.\n\nHope this helps
452149
You can do anything without exhorting yourself physically.
797064
1989 First multifunctional measuring device with a softkey user interface, insertable program and memory cards, and insertable hardware modules to allow configuration of the hardware as required\n\n\nrefer:\n\nhttp://www.pruftechnik.com/pt/history.htm
285890
on an elevator at my fiances work... the best part? THERE WAS ONLY 2 FLOORS. HAHA... WHEN THE DOOR WAS ABOUT TO OPEN HE KEPT PRESSING FLOOR #1 THEN FLOOR #2, IT WAS KINDA SCARING BUT SO INTENSE
1170770
Which one.\nThey range from statical scales to efficient, low friction machines.
963621
A modern industrial robot is simply a 5 or 6 DOF (Degree Of Freedom) multi-axis machine running 4 or 5 motors under rotational coordinate controls.\n\nThe first industrial robots are identified by their use of hydraulic power and hydraulic servo motors for position and velocity control. Advances are the conversion to electric motors - first DC servo motors and now AC servos. The future is the use of linear motors.\n\nUse Yahoo and search under "Industrial Robots", "Cincinnati Milacron", "Hydraulic Robot" and see what pops up.
373774
Autonomous means no human interaction needed.\n\nSo an autonomous robot would be a machine that can operate itself.
587397
my guess is no. you would need a pump (or pumps) to keep the water circulating and would use more energy than a standard elevator.\n\nthere are hydraulic elevators though, but they wouldn't work in a high rise because of the size of the piston needed (among other things).
8294
I wondered about this a few years ago...found the solution online.  Very cool engineering trick.  I rememebered where I found the solution.  The cranes grow themselves.  Check out the link below...with pictures.
1133787
Wow, I'm getting old, I can actually remember this one, as I was a kid back in the 1970s when touch-tone keypads came out for telephones in widespread use.  (yes, they were invented earlier, but note the words "widespread use" please)  :p\n\nThe way the numbers are arranged on electronic calculators was copied from the way they were on older, electric and mechanical cash registers and calculating machines that had been in widespread use in stores and business for several decades before touch-tone phones and their keypads came along.  It was a fairly logical and effective way to arrange the numbers, and a *lot* of folks in accounting and cashiering and old-school keyboarding businesses like bank telling were very VERY quick with this layout, able to crunch numbers as quickly with a mechanical system as some do with the electronic ones today.\n\nWhich didn't sit well with the phone companies in the 1970s because this touch-tone technology was new and at the time it actually had have a) a bit of a time delay between individual tones, and b) each tone had to be selected for close to a full second, in order for the older phone-line switching systems to keep up and get numbers dialed accurately, especially in parts of the country that converted to touch-tone later than others, or parts of the world that had held on to not just pulse dialing, but literally *mechanical* rotary dialing well into the mid-1990s (not the U.S. so much as places around the world you could *call* from the U.S.).\n\nIn other words, in the beginning the touch-tone phone dialing system coudn't keep up with some of the speedier keypad operators that had worked for a living running keypads all day on cash registers and mechanical calculators.  So the phone company (and back then it was all Bell) had to come up with a way to slow folks down across the board, in much the same way and for much the same reasons that the QWERTY key layout for mechanical typerwriters had been designed the way it was over half a century earlier....\n\nThey inverted the keys so that folks wouldn't freeze up the phone system and annoy customers to the point of giving up on touch-tone and refusing to use it.   And like QWERTY on keyboards, we are still stuck with it to this day.
1016044
1960\n\nhttp://www.atmmarketplace.com/futurearticles.htm?article_id=16524&pavilion=112
1128622
Henry Abraham invented the Astable multivibrator1918. Thats the earliest i can find. Its a monostable multivibrator with capacitor couplings at both ends rather than one. It alows the caircuit to be unstable at both states so it can oscillate from one to the other without stopping. \n\nIts an easier way for implemation of two stae systems
903454
This is a long tag for a keyed switch. \n\nHE is used for Hospital Emergency which directly returns the closest car of a group to the floor where the switch was thrown. This occurs even if there are passengers aboard. \n\nNS (from the NBS) when used by itself refers to Night Service. This mode is used when a single car is running in a building  (for night security reasons). A call at an upper floor signals an attendant for a service request. \n\nDepending on the type of building you manage (hospital, nursing home, office, or public access) you may be able to make more sense of the letters. \n\nIt is no doubt a special feature ordered by the initial owner that made perfect sense to him for the use of the building. Elevator companies will help you design any special operation feature that you want and sell it to you. I've seen many of these installed and never used because they were found to be not well thought out.  \n\nIf you supply the job# located on the controller and other major components of your installation you can contact Thyssenkrupp Elevator and they may be willing and able to answer your questions. \n\nYour elevator serviceman will also be able to find out, possibly from the original Dover installer.
1115856
Scanner\n\nBut I'm not sure what you mean by "without the need keystroking"
711114
Automated (or automatic) Teller Machine
875545
Come on, you don't know the difference between an elevator and an escalator?\n\nhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/escalator.htm