what do scientists think what substance quark s are made of?
341412
There are some theories that suggest that quarks and leptons are composed of smaller "fundamental" particles known as Preons or Rishons (depending on the theory you read). The rishon theory nicely shows why electrons and quarks always have a charge that's a multiple of e/3 by having the same rishons or antirishons inside them.\n\nAlso they have a hypercolour property similar to the colour property of quarks that explains why the particles we see (leptons or confined quarks) always have an integer multiple of e charge.\n\nThese theories also have downsides too, such as Heisenbergs uncertainty principle stating that a particle that small must have a large amount of energy, which is more than the mass of an electron!
812826
the fundamental particle is hydrogen \n\nso all the stars r made of H2\n\nthe hydroen atoms undergo nuclear fusion to form helium \n\nn other higher elmts\n\nthat's wat the secret of universe
397017
You would have to be able to take a base measurement on the number of quarks that is associated with gravity in an area observed and tell over time if there is a gain or loss of quarks from the base measurement.\n\nP.S.\nThere is no way in the world that the current technology can even begin to do this provided that we would have to agree that // universes exist.
422248
For the time being, we do not know if quarks themselves haveany volume at all. If they, do, the best answer I can give (if we forget the interactions that bind them - which may be a big mistake or not, for there are many more quarks in a proton, than the commonly known 3), the radius of a quark is less than 10^-19m, let's say that it is equal to that, say we have a ball with a radius of 1cm=10^-2 m, making it 10^17 times bigger (linear measurement) So going into  volumes, we get 10^51, which is my approximation.
473847
Charm quarks were first seen, and are most commonly observed, in the production of the J / psi particle, which is the lowest mass bound state of charmonium (a c/anti-c quark combination).  As with any quark, you'll never see one unbound (for reasons I won't go into here).\n\nIf by 'seen' you mean 'observed', then the above particle was first seen in a particle chamber at SLAC and at Brookhaven - and any observation which provides information about quark composition of particles will also take place in a particle chamber of some kind, as only they are capable of tracking particle motion - and it is the specific forms of particle tracks which allow us to identify quark composition.
339718
Physicists say they have mass produced antimatter, a crucial first step towards precision studies of its properties that may help solve one of the greatest mysteries of the Universe. \n\nAntihydrogen has been made before, but only a few atoms at a time. \n\nNow, the Cern particle accelerator in Geneva, Switzerland, has produced more than 50,000. \n\nAntimatter is the mirror image of ordinary matter and both should have been created in equal quantities at the birth of the Universe. That everything around is predominantly ordinary matter is therefore a major puzzle. \n\nCern is the European Organisation for Nuclear Research. \n\nIn the latest experiment, researchers used the Cern accelerator to create antiprotons and trapped them in a vacuum chamber. \n\nA radioactive source, meanwhile, was used to create positrons, which were held in a separate trap. The antiprotons were then fed into the pool of positrons, where the two combined to form antihydrogen. \n\nThe antimatter was short-lived being destroyed when it bumped into normal matter. Detectors picked up the unique radiation signatures of antimatter as it was annihilated. \n\nAlso see the Wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter#Antimatter_production
1098467
Inside an atoms are electrons and a nucleus. The nucleus is made of protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are made out of things called quarks. As far as we know, quarks and electrons are fundamental, meaning they are not made out of anything smaller. There are several types of quark and under certain circumstances, they can convert from one type into another.
1026545
hmmm, i think they are made from tachyons
1156566
1) Solid\n2) Liquid\n3) Gas\n4) Plasmas: Normal and quark-gluon\n5) Strange Matter\n6) Liquid Crystals\n7) Supersolids and superfluids\n8) Magnetic: Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic\n9) Bose-Einstein Condensates
168218
Atoms are combinations of protons and neutrons with electrons flying around. They form the basic "elements" of matter.\n\nThe nucleus of an atom has protons and neutrons (except for hydrogen which has one proton). There are about the same number of protons and neutrons in each nucleus, although for larger nuclei (like uranium) there are more neutrons.\n\nAll of these particles have a variety of specific characteristics. For example an electron has a negative charge and a proton has a positive charge, while the neutron is neutral. The charge of the proton and electron are identical except for the sign.\n\nProtons and neutrons are both made of quarks. A proton has two "up" quarks and one "down" quark, while the neutron has two "down" quarks and one "up" quark. (The up and down are just names for these two types of quark, there is no physical significance to the name. They could have selected \nChocolate and Vanilla instead.)\n\nProtons and neutrons are almost always described as being composed of three quarks, but there are also gluons running around. Gluons are the particles which control the interaction of quarks within a proton or neutron. They carry the force that binds the three quarks together to form the larger particle.\n\nSo a proton or neutron has three quarks and a cloud of gluons.\n\n(Just as an aside: If one combines a proton and an electron and a neutrino you will get a neutron, but, in the oddness of quantum physics that doesn't mean a neutron is made of these little guys.)\n\nElectrons on the other hand seem to have no consituents, at least down to the level that has been probed with modern instruments.
741496
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepton\n\nthere are six kinds of quarks and six kinds of anti-quarks.  anti-quarks are anti-matter.  the six quarks are called up, down, top, bottom, strange, and charm.\n\nthere are six kinds of leptons and six kinds of anti-leptons.  anti-leptons are also anti-matter.  the six leptons are electron, electron-type neutrino, muon, muon-type neutrino, tau, and tau-type neutrino.\n\nthere are four known bosons (force mediating particles).  the four known bosons are photon, gluon, w-boson, and z-boson.  there may be more bosons, but they are only hypothetical.\n\nquarks, leptons, and bosons are elementary particles.\n\nall quarks have fractional electric charges.  the proton is composed of two up quarks and one down quark.  the neutron is composed of one up quark and two down quarks.
362076
Quarks - up, down, top, bottom, strange and charm.  Leptons - electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, and tau neutrino.  Force carriers - photon, gluon, W boson and Z boson.  This comprises the standard model of physics.
259865
No one knows.  It is believe it formed from photons of light.  However, scientist are not puzzled on how it happened but rather its byproducts, matter and anti-matter.  For every particle, there is an anti-particle.  In theory, if anti-matter comes in contact with matter, it cancels itself out.  Meaning, if anti-matter existed in our Universe, we wouldn't be here.  Our Universe seems to made only of matter.  So where is this anti-matter?  \n\nI read an article that there was some evidence to prove that matter pops into our Universe seemingly out of nowhere.  I wish i could find more information on it but I can't.  Below is an easy to read article.  It's all fascinating stuff and it is written in easy to understand language.  \n\nhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/mysteries/html/gleiser-1.html\n\nhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/html/
1039705
The cell is still made up of many atoms, thats the only irrefutable link there. And the atom is not the elementary essential of matter, if by elementary essential you are referring to the smallest constituent of a matter. Atom is made of of sub-particles: protons, electrons, neutrons, quarks... And these are further made up of smaller sub-particles (our knowledge are always limited). Proton and nuetron have masses and volumes. Doesnt that mean they are matter too?
514532
We are all related.  You will see scientists, who mainly believe in the big bang theory, will often describe us as "stardust".  The reason for this is that when planetary nebula are being created, and a star results, the leftover matter from the new star is what planets condense from.  They are made of the same basic materials.  \n\nIn addition, every basic element on the periodic table from hydrogen to iron (including carbon; e.g. "carbon-based life forms" such as us) is naturally produced inside the sun, and every larger element can be produced from the same basic ingredients by other processes.  \n\nIt is no coincidence that we (and everything else) are made of the same elements as the rest of the solar system and much of the universe.
1182803
Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks, which are elementary partcicles (i.e have no inner structure that we know of). There are six different falvours of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom. \nA proton is made of to up quarks and a down quark. A neutron is made up of two down quarks and an up quarks.\nElectrons are elementary partcicles that belong to a group called leptons.
755082
Democritus, a Greek philosopher from around 400 BCE, gets the credit for coming up with the idea that matter is made of fundamental, indivisible particles, or atoms.  The other side argued that there was no such thing as an atom, and that matter was made of nebulous nonspecific "stuff".