what is a Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses?
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Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses have been registered in the United States for use against cotton bollworm, Douglas-fir tussock moth, gypsy moth, European pine sawfly, beet armyworm, and alfalfa looper, although none of these is being produced commercially. The U.S. Forest Service and USDA ARS produce and use an NPV for gypsy moth, but do not sell it. The only commercially available NPV in the United States is used primarily in the Netherlands for greenhouse grown flowers.
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Hi\n It is spelt Papilloma Virus and you can find information at \n\n\nhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/medical_notes/429762.stm
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viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protozoan parasites
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A virus is a submicroscopic parasitic particle that infects cells in biological organisms. The study of viruses is virology.\n\nViruses are obligate intracellular parasites that lack the cellular machinery for self-reproduction. Viruses infect eukaryotes and prokaryotes such as bacteria; viruses infecting prokaryotes are also known as bacteriophages or phages. Typically viruses carry a small amount of genetic material, either in the form of DNA or RNA, but not both, surrounded by some form of protective coat consisting of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins or a combination. The viral genome codes for the proteins that constitute this protective coat, as well as for those proteins required for viral reproduction that are not provided by the host cell.\n\nViruses are non-living particles that can only replicate when an organism reproduces the viral RNA or DNA. Viruses are considered non-living by the majority of virologists because they do not meet all the criteria of the generally accepted definition of life. Among other factors, viruses do not move or metabolize on their own. However, a comprehensive definition of life is still somewhat elusive since some bacteria (considered living) like rickettsia exhibit both characteristics of living and non-living particles.
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Epstein-Barr virus, frequently referred to as EBV, is a member of the herpesvirus family and one of the most common human viruses. The virus occurs worldwide, and most people become infected with EBV sometime during their lives. In the United States, as many as 95% of adults between 35 and 40 years of age have been infected. Infants become susceptible to EBV as soon as maternal antibody protection (present at birth) disappears. Many children become infected with EBV, and these infections usually cause no symptoms or are indistinguishable from the other mild, brief illnesses of childhood. In the United States and in other developed countries, many persons are not infected with EBV in their childhood years. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes infectious mononucleosis 35% to 50% of the time. \n\nSymptoms of infectious mononucleosis are fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands. Sometimes, a swollen spleen or liver involvement may develop. Heart problems or involvement of the central nervous system occurs only rarely, and infectious mononucleosis is almost never fatal. There are no known associations between active EBV infection and problems during pregnancy, such as miscarriages or birth defects. Although the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis usually resolve in 1 or 2 months, EBV remains dormant or latent in a few cells in the throat and blood for the rest of the person's life. Periodically, the virus can reactivate and is commonly found in the saliva of infected persons. This reactivation usually occurs without symptoms of illness. \n\nEBV also establishes a lifelong dormant infection in some cells of the body's immune system. A late event in a very few carriers of this virus is the emergence of Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, two rare cancers that are not normally found in the United States. EBV appears to play an important role in these malignancies, but is probably not the sole cause of disease.\n\nMost individuals exposed to people with infectious mononucleosis have previously been infected with EBV and are not at risk for infectious mononucleosis. In addition, transmission of EBV requires intimate contact with the saliva (found in the mouth) of an infected person. Transmission of this virus through the air or blood does not normally occur. The incubation period, or the time from infection to appearance of symptoms, ranges from 4 to 6 weeks. Persons with infectious mononucleosis may be able to spread the infection to others for a period of weeks. However, no special precautions or isolation procedures are recommended, since the virus is also found frequently in the saliva of healthy people. In fact, many healthy people can carry and spread the virus intermittently for life. These people are usually the primary reservoir for person-to-person transmission. For this reason, transmission of the virus is almost impossible to prevent. \n\nThe clinical diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is suggested on the basis of the symptoms of fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and the age of the patient. Usually, laboratory tests are needed for confirmation. Serologic results for persons with infectious mononucleosis include an elevated white blood cell count, an increased percentage of certain atypical white blood cells, and a positive reaction to a "mono spot" test. \n\nThere is no specific treatment for infectious mononucleosis, other than treating the symptoms. No antiviral drugs or vaccines are available. Some physicians have prescribed a 5-day course of steroids to control the swelling of the throat and tonsils. The use of steroids has also been reported to decrease the overall length and severity of illness, but these reports have not been published.\n\nIt is important to note that symptoms related to infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV infection seldom last for more than 4 months. When such an illness lasts more than 6 months, it is fr
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An Asp is a type of African viper. It's a snake.  Perhaps a Wasp is what you meant? That's a flying insect, along the lines of a bee.
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The probably multiple origins of viruses are lost in a sea of conjecture and speculation, which results mostly from their nature: no-one has ever detected a fossil virus as a particle; they are too small and probably too fragile to have withstood the kinds of processes that led to fossilisation, or even to preservation of short stretches of nucleic acid sequences in leaf tissues or insects in amber. \n\nAs a result, we are limited to studying viruses that are isolated in the present, or from material that is at most a few decades old. The new science (or art) of virus molecular systematics is, however, shedding a great deal of light on the distant relationships of, and in some cases on the presumed origins of, many important groups of viruses.  This is as a result of the sequencing of all or part of the genomes of representatives of many of the known varieties of viruses, including the largest (pox- and herpesviruses) and the smallest (gemini- and other ssDNA viruses).  If viral genomes are compared with each other and with cellular sequences, presumed patterns of evolution / divergence of the genomes can be reconstructed.\n\nGeminiviridae, for example, are a diverse group of viruses - with different genera having different numbers of genes and genome components - that presumably have a common origin - and one that may be traceable back to beyond 200 Myr BP, if one takes into account geographical diversity, and genetic divergence of vectors and of plant hosts (see Rybicki, 1994).   Divergence of these viruses is illustrated here.\n\nPotyviridae are also a putatively ancient family of viruses, with genera that have different numbers of genome components and whose gene pool is not shared by all members: a representative coat protein tree is shown here.  Bymoviruses have two genome components and are fungus-transmitted; all the rest have a single genome component.  Potyviruses are aphid-transmitted; rymo- and triticiviruses are mite-transmitted, and ipomoviruses are whitefly-transmitted.  They are supposed to descend from a fungal virus, probably over 200 Myr ago (AJ Gibbs, pers. comm.).\n\nIf one were to go far back into evolutionary time, a case could be made for descent from a single ancestor of at least the replicase-associated functions of all viruses with positive-sense and negative-sense single-strand RNA genomes; likewise, large DNA viruses like pox- and herpesviruses and Phycodnaviridae could be presumed to have "degenerated" (if one believes viruses to be degenerate organisms, which I for one do not...) from cellular organisms, given that their enzymes share more sequence similarity with sequences from cells than with other viruses or anything else. \n\nRetroviruses, pararetroviruses, retrotransposons and retroposons all probably share a common origin of the reverse transcription function, which in turn may be a living relic of the enzyme that enabled the switch from a presumably RNA-based genetics to DNA-based heredity. \n\nThe main message to come from "deep" phylogenetic studies is that early virus evolution was almost certainly modular: that is, that certain "core modules" that proved to be successful - like the retrovirus pol gene, and the picornavirus-like protease-Vpg-polymerase module - appear in a number of different contexts.   Thus, certain animal viruses - like picornaviruses and alphaviruses - have relatives among plant viruses which do not necessarily share the same morphology, number of genome components, or even genome organisation or number of genes. \n\nFor example, small spherical picornaviruses (ssRNA, 1 component, infect animals) are related to comoviruses (small spherical, 2 component, plant) and Potyviridae (filamentous, 1 or two genome components, plant), as part of a "Picorna-like Supergroup". Similarly, Sindbis (ssRNA, enveloped spherical, single RNA, animals) virus is related to Bromoviridae (naked spherical, 3 component, plant) and Tobamoviruses (naked
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This review addresses both historical and recent investigations into viral contamination of marine waters. With the relatively recent emergence of molecular biology-based assays, a number of investigations have shown that pathogenic viruses are prevalent in marine waters being impacted by sewage. Research has shown that this group of fecal-oral viral pathogens (enteroviruses, hepatitis A viruses, Norwalk viruses, reoviruses, adenoviruses, rotaviruses, etc.) can cause a broad range of asymptomatic to severe gastrointestinal, respiratory, and eye, nose, ear, and skin infections in people exposed through recreational use of the water. The viruses and the nucleic acid signature survive for an extended period in the marine environment. One of the primary concerns of public health officials is the relationship between the presence of pathogens and the recreational risk to human health in polluted marine environments. While a number of studies have attempted to address this issue, the relationship is still poorly understood. A contributing factor to our lack of progress in the field has been the lack of sensitive methods to detect the broad range of both bacterial and viral pathogens. The application of new and advanced molecular methods will continue to contribute to our current state of knowledge in this emerging and important field.
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Viruses are in a nether world. They are neither dead nor alive, and they certainly don't belong to a phylum or a class.
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Organism (insect, nematode, mite) carrying a pathogenic virus and transmitting it to a plant. 90% of vectors belong to the Homoptera, especially aphids, the Cicadellidae and the Aleyrodidae.\nThese insects can transmit viruses in 3 ways:.\n- the stylet-borne or non-persistent way, in which aphids are mere mechanical vectors transferring the virus from the sap of an infected plant to a healthy plant. Viruses cannot survive long in these vectors and their short infectious power shows itself immediately after they have caught the virus during feeding. These vectors are capable of transmitting several types of virus and, conversely, a specific virus can be transmitted by several different vectors. For example, the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) is capable of transmitting more than 20 viruses.\n- the persistent way, in which aphids are biological vectors transmitting only 1 or 2 types of virus, which cannot be transmitted experimentally with direct injections but can be transmitted with grafts. After it has caught the virus during feeding, the insect becomes infectious only after an incubation period corresponding to the period of the multiplication and the migration (from the intestine to the haemolymph and from the haemolymph to the salivary glands) of the virus. This latent period finished, the insect retains its infectious power for a very long time. The glasshouse and potato aphid (Aulacorthum solani) is an active vector of the potato leaf roll virus (PLRV). Being polyphagous, it also transmits the cabbage mosaic virus (CMV) to various cultivated plants and the beet yellows virus (BYV) to beet. The bird-cherry aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) is the vector of several cereal virus diseases and mainly transmits barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV).\nSome viruses can be transmitted both by a biological vector and mechanicaly. The ability of a vector to transmit a virus also depends on the feeding site, the species feeding on the phloem being more efficient than those feeding on the parenchyma.\nNematodes known to be vectors of viruses are all ectophytes of the family Dorylaimidae and include , which is harmful to vine, and , which causes damage to strawberry.\n\n\n\nBase de données encyclopédique, HYPPZ regroupe 297 fiches décrivant des ravageurs (insectes, acariens, rongeurs, nématodes, gastéropodes et petits vertébrés) importants en Europe occidentale, un glossaire des termes de Zoologie (280 mots et concepts) et un tableau des cultures et des arbres fruitiers concernés (plus de 80 espèces). \nL'ensemble est illustré de photographies en couleurs (1 200 environ) et de quelque 150 dessins originaux. \n\nLa consultation se fait à partir des listes des noms scientifiques (Espèces), des noms communs (Ravageurs), des termes du Glossaire de Zoologie, des Cultures. Les illustrations sont appelées par des liens hypertextes placés dans les fiches. \n\nHYPPZ peut être consulté en anglais (avec des liens de fiche à fiche) et l'accès par les listes
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its a virus caused by the sting or bite of a mosquito, it causes fevers, diarrhea, or even death.  Mostly in tropical areas such as pananma they have been known to victimize people.
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There are several viruses that infect insects, my favorite being Cricket paralysis virus because I have no idea how anybody could write a grant proposal for looking into the molecular basis for crickets that don't move...anyhow, most antibacterial and antifungal drugs used on humans should work every bit as well on insects, so I guess we could probably treat them for many infections...
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A virus is a microscopic parasite that infects cells in biological organisms. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; they can reproduce only by invading and controlling other cells as they lack the cellular machinery for self-reproduction. The term virus usually refers to those particles that infect eukaryotes (multi-celled organisms and many single-celled organisms), whilst the term bacteriophage or phage is used to describe those infecting prokaryotes (bacteria and bacteria-like organisms lacking a nucleus). Typically these particles carry a small amount of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA, but not both) surrounded by some form of protective coat consisting of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins or a combination. Importantly, viral genomes code not only for the proteins needed to package its genetic material, but for proteins needed by the virus during its life cycle (the term "life cycle" is used loosely here—see #Living or non-living?).
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Infectious mononucleosis (also known in North America as mono, the kissing disease or Pfeiffer's disease, and more commonly known as glandular fever in other English-speaking countries) is a disease seen most commonly in adolescents and young adults, characterized by fever, sore throat and fatigue. It is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or the cytomegalovirus (CMV). It is typically transmitted from asymptomatic individuals through saliva or blood, or by sharing a drinking glass, eating utensils, or needles. The disease is far less contagious than is commonly thought. Since the causative virus is also found in the mucous of the infected person, it can also spread through coughing or sneezing.
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Viral rhinitis or tracheopharyngitis.
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Yes they do and therefore are able to propogate their own kind (also able to show variations by genetic recombination). DNA or RNA both can be used as the building blocks. \n\nThey however try to carry a small baggage when traveling and use the host cell machinary to produce stuff that they need along the way.\n\nA virus is a submicroscopic parasitic particle that infects cells in biological organisms. The study of viruses is virology.\n\nViruses are obligate intracellular parasites that lack the cellular machinery for self-reproduction. Viruses infect eukaryotes and prokaryotes such as bacteria; viruses infecting prokaryotes are also known as bacteriophages or phages. Typically viruses carry a small amount of genetic material, either in the form of DNA or RNA, but not both, surrounded by some form of protective coat consisting of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins or a combination. The viral genome codes for the proteins that constitute this protective coat, as well as for those proteins required for viral reproduction that are not provided by the host cell.\n\nViruses are non-living particles that can only replicate when an organism reproduces the viral RNA or DNA. Viruses are considered non-living by the majority of virologists because they do not meet all the criteria of the generally-accepted definition of life. Among other factors, viruses do not move, metabolize, or decay on their own. However, a comprehensive definition of life is still somewhat elusive since some bacteria (considered living) like rickettsia exhibit both characteristics of living and non-living particles.\n\nBecause viruses are acellular and do not have their own metabolism, they must utilize the machinery and metabolism of the host for the purpose of self-replication. Before a virus has entered a host cell, it is called a virion — a package of viral genetic material. Virions can be passed from host to host either through direct contact or through a vector, or carrier. Inside the organism, the virus can enter a cell in various ways. Bacteriophages—bacterial viruses—attach to the cell wall surface in specific places. Once attached, enzymes make a small hole in the cell wall, and the virus injects its DNA into the cell. Other viruses, such as HIV, enter the host via endocytosis, the process by which cells take in material from the external environment. After entering the cell, the virus's genetic material begins the destructive process of causing the cell to produce new viruses.\n\nThere are three different ways genetic information contained in a viral genome can be reproduced. The form of genetic material contained in the viral capsid, the protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid, determines the exact replication process.\n\nSome viruses have DNA which is replicated by the host cell along with the host's own DNA.\n\nThere are two different replication processes for viruses containing RNA. In the first process, the viral RNA is directly copied using an enzyme called RNA replicase. This enzyme then uses that RNA copy as a template to make hundreds of duplicates of the original RNA. A second group of RNA-containing viruses, called the retroviruses, uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA so that the virus' genetic information is contained in a molecule of DNA rather than RNA. The viral DNA can then be further replicated using the resources of the host cell.\n\nBacteriophages have two cycles called the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle the host cell undergoes lysis (the breaking open of the cell to release viral particles), biosynthesis, maturation and finally release. In the lysogenic cycle viral replication does not immediately occur, but replication may take place some time in the future. some viruses e.g. lambda are capable of carrying out both cycles. In the lytic cycle the cell is soon destroyed and the viruses made will have to find new host. However during the lysogenic s
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It is an obsolete term for hepatitis type B virus. It is a virus that causes inflammation of the liver