Describe the pons and its functions?
339793
it's located in the brain stem, part of the autonomic nervous system and is involved in connecting information between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
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Try this..\n\nhttp://www.ictp.trieste.it/~radionet/1998_school/networking_presentation/LANMANWAN.html\n\nThe LAN is like towns and villages in a state, state is a MAN in the country,country is WAN,Internet is interconnection of WANs.\n\nMy example looks bit funny, its practical how todays network is made up of LAN,MAN and WAN.
548115
Fiber optic Telecommunications. By the 1000's
254300
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing
702082
kind of sounds like pon and zi...
989257
http://www.unipune.ernet.in/result_pages/?C=M&O=D
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Hi Voltron !!!\n\nI found a good article that best suits your needs.  It is a PDF doc "Understanding BitTorrent: An Experimental Perspective" - Technical Report. >> http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/04/31/40/PDF/bt_experiments_techRepINRIA-00000156_VERSION3_9NOVEMBER2005.pdf\n\n>>> Naveen Kumar
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http://hamilton.bell.ac.uk/hncexam/Samplepaper.doc ;-)
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The OSI model was invented to describe data communication and networking, because there is alot to it!  The network devices in question operate at Layers 2, 3, and 4 of the OSI model.\n\nLayer 2: Data Link Layer\nPuropse: Physically Connecting Machines \nLayer 2 Unit of Communication: Frame\n\nA repeater, hub, switch, and bridge are all layer 2 devices.\nA repeater takes in its frame, and just forwards it out the other side.  A hub is like a repeater with more than 2 ports so that you can create a basic network of more than 1 computer (without getting to the internet.)  A switch is esentially a "smart hub" because it learns to send frames only out the right port instead of just repeating it out all ports like a hub.\nA bridge is a more rare layer 2 device, that could in theory become obsolete someday, because ethernet is the standard, and network configs that use token ring or other obsolete technology are becoming more and more rare.\n\nAll of the above (Layer 2) devices allow for computers to talk to each other, but could not send information out to the internet, or to other networks wothout routers.  They are all restriced to the same network (192.168.0.x) and would not be able to find any other networks.  They also create what is known as a broadcast domain.\n\nLayer 3: Network Layer\nPurpose: Routing, and Connecting to Remote networks\nLayer 3 unit of communication: Packet\n\nRouters are layer 3 devices.\nRouters Can understand that (192.168.0.x) is on one interface, and (10.10.x.x) is on its other interface.  A router with only 1 ip address is useless.  It needs multiple interfaces, each with their own IP address, to be able to read a packet and decide what interface it needs to leave.  Your home routers have a private interface on one side, most likely 192.168.0.1, and a public interface with any other numbers not begining with 192.168., 10.etc, or 172.etc on the other side.  The public one connects to your ISP's area border router, which connects to another and another, and this is repeated all around the world to form the Internet.  If a router does not know where the destination is, it will forward the packet out its default gateway, and the next router will do the same, untill some router knows where to send it.  To see it in action try "tracert www.yahoo.com" from a Windows Command prompt.  Every stop on that list is a router.  \n\nLayer 3 devices, listed above, dont even know that layer 2 devices exist.  One router talks to the next, but they may be connected with any number of switches, frame relay devices or repeaters.  The router doesn't care, it just knows the packet goes this way. A packet is encapsuleted inside of a frame, then the layer 2 devices forward the frame to the next router so that it may pull out the packet, put it into a new frame, and send it in the next appropriate direction.\nAlso a router will ignore brodcasts on any given side of it, creating seperate broadcast domains.\n\nLayer 4: Transport Layer\nPurpose: Packet Flow Controll and Error Handling\nLayer 4 unit of communication: Segment\n\nGateways are able to translate IPX/SPX to TCP/IP, or to NetBIOS or some other protocol.  Gateways are not necessarily hardware.  They may be a computer program, or even a router that can translate.  They are also becoming rare like bridges, because Ethernet, and TCP/IP are becoming standard, and other methods of communication are being leveraged less and less as time goes on.\n\nFor more info, and full detail on all networking devices and protocols, and all 7 layers of the OSI model, see the chart on the link below.
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check out this\n\nhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network.htm
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find the manual with the instructions of the ap and as a minimum enable WEP\n\nhttp://www.usr.com/support/9108/9108-ug/index.htm
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I had an essay on optical fibers last semester and this link was really, really helpful:\n\nhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic.htm\n\nWikipedia's not so bad too:\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optics
208293
www.protocols.com is a good site for this kind of info. They are a little light on what happens to the ppp packet in pppoe, but the rest is there.
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Fiber Optic and Satellite
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Fiber optic communication relies on two states, on and off.  This is the basis of binary communications, signaling a 1 with an on state (lit) and a 0 with an off state (unlit).
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http://www.tomsnetworking.com/\n\nGood source of information on networks
40509
In fibre optic telecommunications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single optical fibre by using different wavelengths (colours) of laser light to carry different signals. This allows for a multiplication in capacity, in addition to making it possible to perform bidirectional communications over one strand of fibre.\n\nThe term wavelength-division multiplexing is commonly applied to an optical carrier (which is typically described by its wavelength), whereas frequency-division multiplexing typically applies to a radio carrier (which is more often described by frequency). However, since wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, and since radio and light are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, the two terms are closely analogous.\n\nWDM systems are divided into two market segments, dense and coarse WDM. Systems with more than 8 active wavelengths per fibre are generally considered Dense WDM (DWDM) systems, while those with fewer than eight active wavelengths are classed as coarse WDM (CWDM).\n\nCWDM and DWDM technology are based on the same concept of using multiple wavelengths of light on a single fibre, but the two technologies differ in the spacing of the wavelengths, number of channels, and the ability to amplify signals in the optical space.\n\nThe Ethernet LX-4 physical layer standard is an example of a CWDM system in which four wavelengths near 1310 nm, each carrying a 3.125 gigabit-per-second data stream, are used to carry 10 gigabits per second of aggregate data.\n\nCWDM is also been used in cable television networks, where different wavelengths are used for the downstream and upstream signals. In these systems, the wavelengths used are often widely separated, for example the downstream signal might be at 1310 nm while the upstream signal is at 1550 nm.\n\nAn interesting and relatively recent development relating Coarse WDM is the creation of Small Form Factor Pluggable (SFP) transceivers utilizing standardized CWDM wavelengths. SFP Optics allow for something very close to a seemless upgrade in even legacy systems that support SFP interfaces. Thus, a legacy ethernet switch can be easily "converted" into a multiwavelength switch simply by judicious choice of transceiver wavelengths, combined with an inexpensive passive optical multiplexing device. This is in contrast to Dense WDM systems which, though Optically Amplifiable and far more efficient (in terms of bandwidth) are orders of magnitude more expensive. Thus it would seem that CWDM would be poised to find a solid market share in metropolitan systems as well as high-end enterprise.