What are microscopes used for?
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http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/a/microscope.htm
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A drop of blood is taken on a glass slide. It is smeared on the slide into a thin film using the edge of another slide. It is allowed to dry up. A blood smear is ready for microscopic examination. Eosinated methylene blue is the dye used for observing and counting white blood cells. Unstained smear is observed under microscope to observe blood parasites like Malaria.Deformed Red blood corpuscles ate visible without any stain.
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The First microscope was a single lens microscope (invented by anton van leeuwenhoek)and it was the first microscope that detected bacteria(which was used as a model cell to study the structure & function of cells),and after that the microscopes improved and it was able to detect the other microorganisims.every microscope has a Specific magnification power and resolution, the more these are the better the microscope is and the more we can know about the cell we are looking at (structure).
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A parfocal is a type of lens, used in some microscopes.  The basic idea is, as you change objectives (and thus, magnification) the image should pretty much stay in focus.  In most microscopes, changing the magnification means you have to re-focus.  Parfocals are a convenient solution.
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Coarse adjustment is used to focus the image on the microscope under low or medium power by using larger motions of the lens. (Note: Coarse adjustment should never be used during High power)\n\nFine adjustment is used to focus the image on the microscope of only high power by using very tiny motions of the lens.
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A good dissection microscope with magnification ranges from 5x to 40x is what you are looking for.  Magnifications higher than 40x are useless for most work.  Binocular microscopes are a must for intense study.  One with its own light source is also a must.  Unlike regular microscopes, the light source on a dissection microscope should shine above the specimen not underneath. \n \nAs to brands, most companies that work with optics (Olympus, Nikon, Leica, etc) also make microscopes.  Just be warned, if you are thinking about a professional dissection microscope for your daughter, be ready to dish out anywhere from $500 to $2000 depending on the quality and features... shop around.
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Electron microscopes are used to magnify details up to 500,000 times their normal size. However, due to diffraction, even the best optical microscope (the kind you are probably used to using) is limited to a resolution of 0.2 micrometers. (One micrometer is 0.000001 meter.)
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When you used an optical microscope in biology class they usually have paramecia and amoeba that are alive and in a slide with a bubble for them to swim in. Most of what you see in biology study involves living cells.\n\nMost of what professionals see are dead cells that are stained to highlight certain features.\n\nOnly electron microscopes must only look at dead cells.
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Well, I don't think it was discovered, but rather developed (or invented)... here's a quote:\n\nPrior to 1930, all microscopes were optical. In 1931, German physicist Ernst Ruska developed the electron microscope that used a beam of moving electronics to illuminate an object instead of light. Magnetic lenses or electric coils produce magnetic fields to deflect the electrons in the same manner that glass lenses bend light rays. The specimen has to be in a vacuum, however, because electrons cannot travel through air. Electron microscopes give point-to-point resolutions of less than 0.2 nanometers. This high resolution permits the direct visualization of many molecules and some atoms.
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the lens of the microscope are very sensitive and the oil and dirt from your fingers can easily scratch them. you can use lens paper to clean them but before wiping, blow off any dirt by using a can of compressed air found in camera stores.
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The Focal Length (distance from the Focal Point to the lens) is VERY different.  The Focal Point of a Telescope may be very far away.  But the Focal Point of a Microscope may be only a fraction of an inch away.\n\nAlso, the Telescope has a much larger aperature (lens diameter) to allow it to capture the tiny amount of natural light at the Focal Point.  A microscope usually illuminates the Focal Point with artificial illumination.\n\nHere's a good discussion of Focal Point and Focal Length:
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(m)\n\nField of View or Field Diameter is very important in microscopy as it is a more meaningful number than "magnification".  Field diameter is simply the number of millimeters or micrometers you will see in your whole field of view when looking into the eyepiece lens.  It is just as if you put a ruler under the microscope and counted the number of lines.  \n\nThe chart below will tell you (approximately) what to expect when looking through a microscope with varying combinations of eyepiece and objective lenses.  As an example (in green below), a dual power stereo microscope with 10X eyepiece lenses and 1X and 3X combinations of objective lenses, would have total powers of 10X and 30X and your field of view would be 20 mm and 6.7 mm respectively.  \n\nThis means that an object 20 mm (2 cm, or about 3/4 inch) wide would fill up the whole viewing area at 10X and an object about 6.7 mm wide would fill up the whole area at 30X.  As you can see, having the highest power may not be best for your particular application.  When you move to greater magnifications, you sacrifice field of view.
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Sorry, i don't know what is Surgeory Microscope...\nBut i can give you some sites to find. Hope it can help you...
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Leeuwenhoek Microscope, pretty sure this is it. If you want a pic of it and description  visit the site i found on it.
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Interferometry involves always at least two wave sources, one to be examined, and the other, with well-known, but controlled variable characteristics, for comparision of influence to the interference of those two waves. This is usualy used for detemination of radiance from a distant stellar objects in space. \n\nIf there are two controlled wave sources, thay can be used for examination of various phenomena that include interference. For instance, the two kinds of waves can be used for detection of inner cracks in massive materials, in a very easy but not very easily explainable way. Also, there is a specific kind of use of interferometry in microscopy of extremely small objects, like molecules of organic compounds. Two, or even trhee and four different waves are used for acquiring the 3D picture of a certaune object, such a macromolecule (in depth of a preparate) or metal crystal "grain" (superficial examination).\n\nInterferometry is widely used in medicine, for making 3D view of interior organs, by use of 2 ultrasound sources and a computer that decodes gathered informations and makes the 3D view. Thus, many bones deformations, tumors on organs and obstructions of the blood vessels can be seen, without a CT scanner or magnetic resonance device, which are many times more expensive than two-probe ultrasound apparatus.
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If you mean the three types of microscopes then it is optical, light and electron.
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electron microscope works by passing a beam of electrons through specimen, it's much powerful than a light microscope that passes a beam of light through the specimen. with the light microscope you can even study live specimen, which is impossible with the electron microscope.