what is the gene sequence of HAL1 gene present in construct of agrobacterium tumefacians?
347973
A novel and conserved salt-induced protein is an important determinant of salt tolerance in yeast.\nR Gaxiola, I F de Larrinoa, J M Villalba, and R Serrano\nEMBO J. 1992 September; 11(9): 3157–3164. \n\nMHFKDLGLHDYTLKNLMYENNCCKFYDAVD\nENNISYVLKFVPSDVTSEGDTFPFVDRFQV\nKEGVFLVYSSNDFGKEGTDYFTYTGSGGNE\nVHISGTSSEAGIKPQFIETCHPKHLKRGTK\nEQEDINSSTSKKSAVINNFSGEKTPNPRPQ\nSSNISERETYVGILNVKCKNKNSSKIRSEK\nLVSSVIETKHTPGLASILSKEGTTYPNNAD\nGKHISIVNPSSKIYHSSHKQIVKTPIPKSG\nLSPIERCPFNGQNIKCYSPRPLDHESPQRD\nFNNNFQLRILKSSVLQRRQSTQNS
572408
The bases that are used to compose the sequence of the code is similiar amongst all species i.e. Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine. \n\nIt is the sequence of these nucleotide bases which differs significantly amongst species. This is what determines the different functions within each of those organisms. \n\nHope that helps!
801993
If this is a true genomic sequence, you can only start at a start codon, which is ATG.\n\nBut, this appears to be a template sequence, so we'll do transcription now:\n\nThe corresponding mRNA is:\nAUG AAU GGC UCU AAG AAG AAA UAG\n\nAUG is a valid start codon.  And by the way, that's methionine (Met or M).\n\nNow the rest:\nAAU=Asparagine (Asn or N)\nGGC=Glycine (Gly or G)\nUCU=Serine (Ser or S)\nAAG=Lysine (Lys or K)\nAAG=Lysine again (Lys or K)\nAAA=Lysine again (Lys or K)\nUAG=Stop codon\n\nSo the end sequence is Met-Asn-Gly-Ser-Lys-Lys-Lys, or in single-letters, MNGSKKK.
361439
Introduction\nThe possibility of human cloning, raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" (Nature 385, 810-13, 1997), aroused worldwide interest and concern because of its scientific and ethical implications. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of "cloning" --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. \n\n\nWhat is cloning? Are there different types of cloning?\nWhen the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. The following three types of cloning technologies will be discussed: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. \n\n\nRecombinant DNA Technology or DNA Cloning \n\nThe terms "recombinant DNA technology," "DNA cloning," "molecular cloning,"or "gene cloning" all refer to the same process: the transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element such as a bacterial plasmid. The DNA of interest can then be propagated in a foreign host cell. This technology has been around since the 1970s, and it has become a common practice in molecular biology labs today. \n\nScientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Genome Project researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. \n\nTo "clone a gene," a DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is isolated from chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same restriction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab, it is called a "recombinant DNA molecule." Following introduction into suitable host cells, the recombinant DNA can then be reproduced along with the host cell DNA. See a diagram depicting this process. \n\nPlasmids can carry up to 20,000 bp of foreign DNA. Besides bacterial plasmids, some other cloning vectors include viruses, bacteria artificial chromosomes (BACs), and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). Cosmids are artificially constructed cloning vectors that carry up to 45 kb of foreign DNA and can be packaged in lambda phage particles for infection into E. coli cells. BACs utilize the naturally occurring F-factor plasmid found in E. coli to carry 100 to 300 kb DNA inserts. A YAC is a functional chromosome derived from yeast that can carry up to 1 MB of foreign DNA. Bacteria are most often used as the host cells for recombinant DNA molecules, but yeast and mammalian cells also are used.\n\n\nReproductive Cloning\n\nCelebrity Sheep Has Died at Age 6\n\nDolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashion
866554
There are more than two, depending on specifically what you are doing.\n\nGenerally transformation is of bacteria. The two major methods for doing this are plasmid transformation and phage transformation. (see link below)\n\nThere are additional methods used on eukaryotic cells.\n The Shotgun approach coats minuscule particles of gold with the DNA you want transferred and shoots them into the cells. Insertion is random.\n\n Some plants are amenable to agrobacterium mediated transformation. This is much more precise than the shotgun approach. (see link below)
677350
Wow, this answer is gonna be a long one...   There are numerous studies of the charting of the positions of genes on a DNA molecule or chromosome and the distance between genes of Escherisia Coli. It basically comes down to good old conjugation and transduction.  Having sequenced the E. coli K-12 genome, scienctists are creating a knockout of every gene, a clone of every ORF, and an extensive gene expression data set under a variety of physiological conditions. These clones and data sets are made available freely to the community.  Scienctists have also sequenced six additional enterobacterial strains which are pathogens closely related to E. coli K-12, and many plasmids. The comparative genomics aim of this effort is to characterize the gene pool of horizontally transferred elements and virulence determinants known as the pathosphere.\n\nI put a reference on it so be sure to check it out yourself. \n\nA mutator gene, mutD5, whose phenotype is conditional, has been identified in Escherichia coli. By P1 transduction it has been shown to lie at about 5.7 min on the chromosome, being co-transduced with proA and argF. In rich medium, streptomycin- and nalidixic acid-resistant mutation frequencies are 50 to 100 times higher than those in minimal medium. In minimal medium, the mutD5-induced mutation frequencies are still 50 to 100 times above co-isogenic wild-type (mut+) levels. Similar results were obtained with all markers tested. Mutant frequencies can be raised by thymidine in the medium at concentrations as low as 0.04 μM, or by the endogenous generation of thymidine from thymine plus a deoxyribosyl donor. Deoxyadenosine, various ribonucleosides, thymine, and 2-deoxyribose do not stimulate mutation. None of these effects are related to growth rate, since growth rate and mutation rate can be decoupled completely.\n\nThe gntP gene, located between the fim and uxu loci in Escherichia coli K-12, has been cloned and characterized. Nucleotide sequencing of a region encompassing the gntP gene revealed an open reading frame of 447 codons with significant homology to the Bacillus subtilis gluconate permease. Northern (RNA) blotting indicated that the gntP gene was monocistronic and was transcribed as an mRNA with an apparent molecular size of 1.54 kb. The transcriptional start point was determined by primer extension analysis. The gntP gene was found to be under catabolite repression and was not induced by gluconate. Also, expression seemed to be stringently controlled. Several observations indicated that the GntP protein is an inner membrane protein; it contains characteristic membrane-spanning regions and was isolated predominantly from the inner-membrane fraction of fractionated host cells. A topology analysis predicted a protein with 14 membrane-spanning segments. The inability of a mutant strain to grow on gluconate minimal medium could be relieved by introduction of a plasmid encoding the gntP gene. Finally, the kinetics of GntP-mediated gluconate uptake were investigated, indicating an apparent Km for gluconate of 25 microM.
899777
http://www.microbesonline.org/operons/gnc205922.html
570732
Please define what you are asking for.  That is a DNA sequence.  The complementary strand would have the sequence 3' GTCCAT 5' , but I'm not sure what you want.
126519
This project will build a phylogenetically-structured database focusing on gene duplication events and will use a gene-tree database to address functional outcomes of major genome duplication events in dicot plants.\n\nPlant genomics research is poised to provide direct benefits to the agricultural industry. Genetically engineered varieties are already a major component of the US crops of corn, cotton, and soybean. The long-term trend toward increased exploitation of this technology is inevitable. This provides a mechanism for the agricultural industry to lead the world in innovative products that will ensure a more secure world food supply.\n\nTo make this potential a reality, geneticists and molecular biologists must be able to identify genes and manipulate them to achieve desired traits in crops. However, crop plant genomes are complicated in a way that makes this search difficult. One major source of complication is the polyploid ancestry that many or most crop plants have experienced in their evolutionary history. Polyploidy is the phenomenon of an entire doubling of the chromosomal complement, such that each gene occurs in two copies. Many of these duplicates are subsequently lost and some become specialized for new roles; this can occur within a species or through the hybridization of closely related species.\n\nThis source of complexity in plant genomes hampers the effectiveness of efforts at crop improvement by plant geneticists, breeders, and molecular biologists. Sorting out the multiple similar copies in a family of recently duplicated genes to find the one which has retained the desired function is a basic requirement for many kinds of genetic research aimed at crop improvement. In this proposal, Drs. B. Sobral (PI) and A. Dickerman (co-PI) have been funded by the USDA to develop an informatics system that will help sort out these multiplicities. This informatics effort will be complemented by laboratory data generation to find all copies of genes in targeted families and identify which are still functional. The analytical system developed here will be used in collaborative research with plant scientists on the Virginia Tech campus ( Dr. John McDowell ) and at Cornell University ( Dr. Steven Tanksley ) to address genes with direct importance to potential genetic manipulations in crops.\n\nObjectives\n\n    * Build a phylogenetically structured database focusing on gene duplication events.\n    * Build a database to store published phylogenetic trees that bear on agricultural plants. For each tree we would infer reasonable branch-lengths using maximum likelihood on the sequences used to build the tree or a larger set of sequences.\n    * Analyze homology among genes from the core crop species. This will include many members of multi-gene families for which orthology/paralogy relationships are unclear.\n    * Fit gene trees relating the homologous gene sequences onto the structure of the species tree to infer the relative time depths of gene duplication events. The goal is to discover ancient polyploid events and resolve orthology/paralogy relationships in the duplicate genes resulting from the event in descendant species. Use gene-tree database to address functional outcomes of major genome duplication events in dicot plants.\n    * Catalog evidence of specific polyploid events in the history of plants. This includes the search for as yet unknown events as well as adding details to known polyploidies.\n    * Determine how frequently genes are lost versus maintained after a complete genome duplication. We will estimate rates for gene deletion, loss of function through non-sense mutations, amino-acid sequence divergence, and nucleotide divergence.\n    * Determine whether classes of genes can be defined that are lost either faster or more slowly than average. In particular, we will look for differences between metabolic enzyme genes versus signal transduction genes. We will also ask, where possible, whether there is
698858
FIrst, using redundant coding, you find the gene by using redundant PCR primers which have the codons coding for the amino acid sequence.  Actually, nowadays, because the human genome is known, you can input the amino acid sequence to the NIH site (and others) and the codon sequence (and gene) which codes for that protein will be determined.  You use specific primers to pull out copies of the gene, and insert them into bacterial vectors- insert coding vectors with the gene into bacteria, and allow the bacteria to produce it in quantity-  Purify it through HPLC, and there you go.
827921
threonine\n\nthere should be a table in your textbook with mRNA codons and corresponding AA's.
1101757
I Googled the name Hamed Shateri Najafabadi and found links to a few papers written by this person.  The papers generally deal with the evolution of the genetic code.  It seems he also won a silver medal in the 2002 World Biology Olympiad.
50529
Rhizobium bacteria are in the root nodules or legumes.
771405
40.\nhttp://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/b000602.txt
617029
Yes, you can use it for over expression.  Make sure your plasmid has the proper self cloning sequences, one plasmid per cell won't do you much good.  \n\nPrecautions?  \n\nMake sure your gene is pure, as in not having anything that might ruin your experiment. Test culture your target bacterium first to weed out the non functionals and then cultivate the good ones, the ones that produce your targe protein.  You might need to assay for this stuff though, unless there's one of the specialized agars that will detect your target protein.
394440
chk out these sites these should help\n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14512027&dopt=Abstract\n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12080092&dopt=Abstract\n\nhttp://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/abstract/16/12/1540\n\nhttp://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/16/12/1540\n\nhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Promoter.html\n\nhttp://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:iflXFJ1TVFwJ:www.fccc.edu/research/labs/yen/Mustkov.pdf+function+of+an+Insulator+gene&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7\n\nmng.1432@gmail.com
43181
GGATCGA\n\nGuanine pairs with adonine and cytosine pairs with thymine.