Under what conditions are you able to get the greatest amount of gene expression?
340852
This is dependent on the type of organism, the stage in the lifecycle of the organism, and a wide variety of environmental factors such as temperature, availability of nutrients, presence of toxic compounds, and organism-specific biological signalling compounds which play a role in regulating gene expression.\n\nTo take a simple organism such as a bacterium, it is a reasonable assertion that levels of gene expression are highest under conditions that are optimal for reproduction (optimal temperature and moisture conditions, high availability of nutrients, low concentrations of toxic compounds).  This is because during asexual reproduction, proteins are required both as building materials for replication (e.g. cell wall constituents, structural proteins, enzymes required for metabolism etc.) and for the actual process of replication (proteins involved in DNA replication and protein synthesis etc.).\n\nOf course, without knowing the specific organism you are referring to it is not possible to answer your question except in broad terms.  You might try looking at a text book such "Biological Science" by R.Soper (Cambridge University Press).
745603
The expressed gene is the one that shows up.  I have brown hair, but say I have a gene for blonde hair and one for brown.  The expressed gene is brown.
135420
Store genes on chromosome\n \nOrganize genes into chromosomes to allow cell division.\n\nTransport regulatory factors & gene products via nuclear pores \n\nProduce messages ( messenger Ribonucleic acid or mRNA) that code for proteins \n\nProduce ribosomes in the nucleolus \n\nOrganize the uncoiling of DNA to replicate  key genes\n\n\n\n...and it's nucleus (777 above)
824039
Not sure if this will help but try the link below\n\nhttp://www.answers.com/topic/gene
530269
Stepwise-First you identify a gene of interest. Then, usually through years of work, you identify some function of the gene.  One way to identify this is to knock the gene out, a process called, approriately, gene knockout.  Knock out the gene in a cell line, or more interestingly, in an embryonic mouse- Now, if the embryo develops, you examine the animal, the tissue, the cellular funtions, and try to determine what has changed with the gene gone.  You can also overexpress the gene, so that it makes much more gene product, and see what happens then.  Once you have some handle on the function of the gene overall, you can make small mutations in it to determine exactly which part of the resultant protein does what.  Outside of scientific investigation, genetic engineering is used to make more viable or resistance plants (for example, put a gene that confers resistance to high salt, that you took from a plnat that grows in salty conditions, and put it into a strain of rice- now the rice can grow in high salt). It is also used to produce pharmaceuticals, such as antibodies- take a gene for an antibody out of the animal that makes it, put it in a bacteria or yeast, and then make tons of the stuff cheaply.
626941
transcriptional control\n\ntranscription factors are the key regulators of which genes are expressed in cells. transcriptional control in the various differentiated cell types allows each type of cell like epithelial, muscle or neuron to express different amounts of the possible proteins. thus, eventually developing into specialized organs with specific roles and functions.
263985
Electroporation is a new gene delivery method to increase gene transfer and expression in vivo. It is thought to be based on formation of membrane pores followed by DNA electrophoresis into the cells.
767384
Most of the cells in your body are identical in terms of genetic content (DNA/chromosomes).\n\nThe huge variety of cells is due to the fact that as we develop from a fertilized egg into an embryo and beyond, there are different signals passed around constantly that direct cells to divide and grow in certain ways such that a human being is the end result.  Throughout life, these "molecular instructions" are maintained so that our cells stay the proper type.  (Sometimes, improper maintenance of these directions can lead to cancer.)\n\nExpression of genes (that is, transcription from DNA to mRNA, and then translation to protein) will of course dictate how the process goes.  Different proteins exist in each different cell type due to variable expression.
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Its hard to see yes but if you think about it like this it makes sense.  It would be impossible to have different genes in each specialized cell.  This is because what do we start out as?  One cell.  The we go through a duplication stage where we make more cells identical to that cell.  So all of the cells in our bodies have the same DNA.  In order to specialize, our cells have to vary in gene expression because all of our cells have the same genetic material.
576339
Defination of epistasis - A double mutant where one mutation masks the phenotype of another mutation.\n\nNote that epistasis is not the same thing as dominance. With epistasis a mutation in one gene masks the expression of a different gene. With dominance, one allele of a gene masks the expression of another allele of the same gene.\n\nFor instance, a mutant gene that causes complete baldness would be epistatic to a mutant gene that determines hair color. Likewise, a mutation preventing an early step in a biochemical pathway will be epistatic to a mutation that prevents a step later in the same pathway (that is, an "upstream" mutant phenotype will obscure a "downstream" mutant phenotype). Two examples of how tests of epistasis can be used to analyze biochemical reactions are shown below. \n\n\n\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nQUESTION: Two mutations were isolated with different effects on proline utilization: the mutation put-1020 makes cells constitutively express the putP gene at high levels, while the mutation put-1222 prevents expression of the putP gene. To determine if these two mutations affect different "regulatory pathways" or if they both affect the same "regulatory pathway", the double mutant was constructed. The phenotype of the put-1020 put-1222 double mutant is constitutive expression of the putP gene. Suggest a simple explanation for these results. What results would you expect if the two mutations affected different pathways? \n\nANSWER: The put-1020 is epistatic to put-1222. The simplest explanation of these results is that both the put-1020 mutation and the put-1222 mutation affect the same regulatory pathway. If the two mutations affected independent regulatory pathways then the phenotype of the double mutant would probably be intermediate between the two extremes observed in the single mutants. \ncontinues here:\nhttp://www.sci.sdsu.edu/~smaloy/MicrobialGenetics/topics/genetic-analysis/epistasis.html
327006
You're trying to say you have a synthetic chromosome. I would check all the experiments for contamination, and check the cells for endogenous expression before jumping to that conclusion. There are a lot of hurdles to leap, as mentioned in the other posts.
13980
Sorry, none of these work. You have to make do with what your genes gave you. By the way, big or small, all that matters is how you use it and all will be well.
162036
If your body is in good health, you can maximize your genetic growth cycle through taking the proper blend of amino acids and B-vitamins. \n\nIt is also important to include B-6, biotin, inositol and folic acid in the supplemental program.  It has been found that certain minerals including magnesium, sulfur, silica and zinc are also very important toward maintaining healthy hair.\n\nBeta-carotene is also essential to hair growth.  This is because beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A as the body needs it, helps maintain normal growth and bone development, protective sheathing around nerve fibers, as well as promoting healthy skin, hair and nails.  \n\nBeta-carotene is found in green and yellow vegetables and fruits.\n\nProtein Is Important\n\n Since hair is protein, a diet that is too low in protein may cause some thinning in hair or a retardation in the growth cycle.  The converse is true,  If you eat a protein-rich diet it will often result in improved hair growth.\n\nSome nutritional experts suggest the dietary utilization of calves liver, brewer's yeast, wheat germ and a daily dose of two tablespoons of granulated lecithin to maximize hair growth, strength and beauty.\n\nOther good food sources for protein include fish, eggs, beans and yogurt.  Soy protein has also been found to be helpful in stimulating hair growth. \n\nOne study of the results of soy on the hair found that it not only strengthened the hair but caused it to grow. A great source of soy is tofu.\n\nGrowth Blockers\n\nExcessive stress and some medications are conclusively known to retard hair growth.   If you have a medical condition and your physician has prescribed medications it is imperative that you follow your doctor's orders regardless of the impact to your hair,\n\nWarning:  Always consult your doctor BEFORE you undertake any new type of vitamin, mineral program or herbal program of any type to make sure it does not interfere with any medical treatment you may currently be on.\n\nHowever, if you are under severe stress it is helpful to reduce the stress as much as possible.  Consider meditation or relaxation as a way to cut back on any major stress in your life.  Your hair will love your for it.\n\nAnother secret hair helper is rest and sleep.  It has been discovered that to grow faster, hair needs an adequate amount of sleep (7-9 hours are suggested).\n\nHair Growing Supplements\n\nEat right, exercise, reduce stress, rest, gets lots of sleep and your are well on your way to maximizing your hair growth potential.
246421
cloning\nstem cells\ngenetic manipulation
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it can be in the gene expression region, and even though the protein coding sequence is unaffected, the gene may never get expressed into a protein at all because of an upstream mutation
135811
gene I think is what you are looking for. Not sure the question makes sence.
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You're right, the information under Wikipedia's Growth Hormone Treatment section is very vague. However, it does tell you that the gene for the growth hormone is inserted into bacteria, which mass produce the protein.\n\nFrom that, we can surmise what you could potentially do to mass produce growth hormone.\n\nFirst, of all, you need the gene. That's simple. You get a bunch of pituitary cells and then create some primers that bind upstream and downstream of the actual gene.\n\nThese primers should consist of approximately 25 base nucleotides, and should bind before the gene and after the stop codon.\n\nYou then use PCR to amplify it up. That technique can be found in any old Molecular Biology textbook, though the Maniatis book (referenced below) is very good and detailed on this.\n\nNow the best thing to do next is to put your gene of choice into a plasmid (a circular piece of DNA) that expresses an antibiotic resistance gene, and right in front of a gene promoter that is always switched on (and obviously, one that forces the bacteria to produce vast quantities of the hormone).\n\nThat's very simple. Use a nuclease to cut your plasmid. (It's best to use two nucleases, to cut out a small section of the plasmid DNA out). Use the same nucleases to cut the ends of your extract gene (making sure the nuclease that cuts upstream of your extract DNA is also the same nuclease that cuts at the "upstream" part of your plasmid and vice versa). That means you have to find a nuclease that cuts at the right places, which may require a bit of searching.\n\nBecause both have been cut by the same enzyme, they'll have sticky ends that match. They'll anneal naturally and because you used the same enzyme to cut upstream of both plasmid and extract gene, the gene will anneal the right way round instead of backwards. (If it anneals backwards, the gene won't work). Use a DNA ligase to join up the backbone and voila, you've got a plasmid that should express antibiotic resistance and your hormone gene.\n\nTransform it into bacteria, possibly using heat shock. Select for the bacteria that express the antibiotic gene (as it should also express the growth hormone), by putting it on to an agar plate with the antibiotic in and lots of goodies and nutrients for the bacteria.\n\nOnly the ones with the plasmid will survive and they'll form little colonies on a plate. Now you've got to check that your plasmid contains the gene. After all, the insertion of your gene into the plasmid could have failed.\n\nThat's simple. All you have to do is take a little bit from a colony, break it open and use a pair of primers that bind at the 5' end and the 3' end of the gene, and do a PCR. If the gene is there, you'll get a product. If not, you won't.\n\nThen, you do a Western blot, to make sure the protein is actually being made. You could have skipped the above PCR step, but there was the chance that some rogue growth hormone could have infected your samples. Doing the PCR, shows you that any protein is there because the bacteria is making it from the gene you put into it, and not because it just happened to be on some of your apparatus.\n\nI'll refer you to the sources below, as a Western blot is a long detailed procedure that'll make this answer insanely long.\n\nAfter you've done that and proved to yourself that the bacteria has your gene and is making your protein, you grow it up in a huge vat full of nutrients. Siphon some off every now and then, and extract the protein.\n\nYou need do nothing more, except keep growing the bacteria, making sure it's always there and that the antibiotic selection is always on. If it isn't, the bacteria will eventually reject the plasmid, as it won't be of any use to it.\n\nThere you have it. It may not be the exact same protocol as what industry uses, but it will get you similar results.