can someone help me with the molecular biology of agrobacterium and Ti-plasmids?
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Agrobacterium is a genus of bacteria that causes tumors in plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the most commonly studied species in this genus. Agrobacterium is well known for its ability to transfer DNA between itself and plants, and for this reason it has become an important tool for plant improvement by genetic engineering.\n\n\nA. tumefaciens causes crown-gall disease in plants. The disease is characterised by a tumour like growth or gall on the infected plant, often at the junction between the root and the shoot. Tumors are incited by the transfer of a DNA (T-DNA) segment from the bacterial tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid. The closely related species, A. rhizogenes, induces root tumors, and carries the distinct Ri (root-inducing) plasmid. Although the taxonomy of Agrobacterium is currently confused it can be generalised that 3 biovars exist within the genus, A. tumefaciens or biovar 1, A. rhizogenes or biovar 2, and A. vitis or biovar 3. Strains within biovars 1 and 2 are known to be able to harbour either a Ti or Ri-plasmid, whilst strains of biovar 3, generally restricted to grapevines, can harbour a Ti-plasmid. Non-Agrobacterium strains have been isolated from environmental samples which harbour a Ri-plasmid whilst laboratory studies have shown that non-Agrobacterium strains can also harbour a Ti-plasmid. Many environmental strains of Agrobacterium do not possess either a Ti or Ri-plasmid. These strains are avirulent.\n\nThe plasmid T-DNA is incorporated into the genome of the host cell by homologous recombination, and the virulence (vir) genes on the T-DNA are expressed, causing the formation of a gall. The T-DNA carries genes for the biosynthetic enzymes for the production of unusual amino acids, typically octopine or nopaline. It also carries genes for the biosyntheis of the plant hormones, auxin and cytokinins. By altering the hormone balance in the plant cell, the division of those cells cannot be controlled by the plant, and tumors form. The ratio of auxin to cytokinin produced by the tumor genes determines the morphology of the tumor (root-like, disorganized or shoot-like).\n\n[edit]\nAgrobacterium in biotechnology\nThe ability of Agrobacterium to transfer genes to plants has been exploited for genetic engineering for plant improvement. A modified Ti or Ri plasmid can be used. The plasmid is 'disarmed' by deletion of the tumor inducing genes, the only essential parts of the T-DNA are its two small (25 base pair) border repeats, at least one of which is needed for plant transformation. A team of researchers led by Dr Mary-Dell Chilton were the first to demonstrate that the virulence genes could be removed without adversely affecting the ability of Agrobacterium to insert its own DNA into the plant genome (1983).\n\nThe genes to be introduced into the plant are cloned into the T-DNA region of the disarmed plasmid, together with a selectable marker (such as antibiotic resistance) to enable selection for plants that have been successfully transformed. Plants are grown on media containing antibiotic following transformation, and those that do not have the T-DNA integrated into their genome will die.\n\nTransformation with Agrobacterium can be achieved in two ways. Protoplasts, or leaf-discs can be incubated with the Agrobacterium and whole plants regenerated using plant tissue culture. A common transformation protocol for Arabidopsis is the floral-dip method: the flowers are dipped in an Agrobacterium culture, and the bacterium transforms the germline cells that make the female gametes. The seeds can then be screened for antibiotic resistance, and plants that have not integrated the plasmid DNA will die.\n\nAgrobacterium does not infect all plant species, but there are several other effective techniques for plant transformation including the gene gun.
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Here ya go!  Good luck!\n\nhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTANAT.html
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http://www.microbesonline.org/operons/gnc205922.html
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I hope the following will help:\n\nhttp://www.colpos.mx/agrocien/Bimestral/2005/ene-feb/art-8.pdf
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REFER TYHIS WEB ADDERESS\nhttp://www.genwaybio.com
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You'll have to be more specific as to which chemicals you want to know about.  The building blocks of Genes are Organic Structures / chemicals as are the individual nucleic acids and nitrogenous bases.     \n\nPlease see my sources for more information.
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HEY CAN U PLZ TELL ME IN A BIT DETAIL WAT U NEED FOR UR PROJECT . I HAVE GOT A BIT INTREST IN AGRICULTURE . IF U CAN TELL ME WAT U MAINLY NEED THEN I CAN HELP U . I M ONLINE NOW U CAN ALSO CHAT WITH ME .OK
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I would summarize, but I wouldn't want to leave out any detail you're seeking:\n\nHere are some lecture notes on the subject:\nhttp://soma.npa.uiuc.edu/courses/bio303/Lecture29_111504.pdf\n\nHope that helps-
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cellular and molecular biology
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I think you might be refering to plasmids.\nA plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria. A plasmid will often include genes which encode a protein that confers resistance to antibiotics. They can be transferred fromn one bacterium to another and replicate separately from the bacterial genomic DNA. One bacterium can contain many copies of a particular plasmid.\n\nLook it up & see if it is relevant to your enquiry.
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http://www.api-pt.com/pdfs/2005Amicro.pdf\nhttp://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/PathogenDescriptions/Enterobacteriaceae.htm\nhttp://www.indstate.edu/thcme/micro/pdf/chapter13.pdf\nhttp://www.austincc.edu/microbugz/images/03pvulgaris.jpg
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try to search from these websites, i hope it helps,good luck\n\nhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/TOC.html\n\nhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html\n\nhttp://www.learner.org/channel/courses/biology/textbook/index.html
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www.dnaftb.org\nhttp://www.dnai.org/\n\nHope u like my answer
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http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/bacdico/aa/alcaligenaceae.html\n\nhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8708376&dopt=Abstract
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well, hope these help:\n\nhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A388217\n\nhttp://www.chemistrysurvival.com/
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This organism was first isolated from grapevines in 1897 by Fridiano Cavara at a research institute in Naples, Italy. \n\nIn the early 20th Century, pioneering work on the Crown Gall disease (=plant cancer caused by a bacterium) was done by Erwin F. Smith. Smith and his colleague C.O. Townsend isolated the organism in 1907. They didn't actually call it Agrobacterium at the time.\n\nThe species was placed in the genus Agrobacterium in 1942 by Harold J. Conn\n \nA researcher named Armin C. Braun was awarded a prize in 1949 for his research on crown gall (caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
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Check them out here:\nhttp://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm \n\ncorrectly spelled: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic