What two mechanisms are used to generate ATP from glucose in muscle cells?
337759
Kreb cycle and glycolysis - is what I initially answered\n\nHowever, if it is a standard test/textbook question the questioner is asking, then the answer is probably going to be 2 different mechanisms/pathways. It probably is going to be AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC metabolism.
1166624
False. One glucose enters glycolysis. That glucose is then converted to 2 pyruvate which then go onto become Acetyl CoA to enter the Kreb cycle. The Kreb cycle then spins twice creating CO2, 2-ATP, and 6-NADH & 2 FADH. These protons are then sent to the electron transport chain to produce ATP.
335741
This is basic biochemistry.  All cells (really, all bacteria, all fungi, all plants, all animals) use glucose or other simple sugars as a main source of fuel for energy generation.  (Some will argue that plants actually produce glucose, they both produce and consume it).  The process of glucose breakdown is glycolysis, and it generates energy in the form of ATP, and converts molecules such as NADH to NAD+.  This electron loss gets passed through the electron transport chain  in the mitocondria to generate more ATP.  \n\nCarbohydrates include complex and simple sugars.  Simple sugars can be broken down directly in cells, there are specific receptors that bring in the sugar.  Complex carbs such sucrose (a disaccryide, or a molecule containing two simple sugars) just contain more than one simple sugar in a chain.  They are broken down in the gut by specific enzymes that break the chain and release simple sugars.  Starch is a form of a carbohydrate, but not digestable to mammals, because we lack the enzyme to break it down.  Some bacteria don't though, and they live inside the gut of some mammals such as cows, and when cows eat grass, the starch is broken down by the bacteria and some of it is released into the gut.  So thats why mammalian herbavours exist.  \n\nFat metabolism.  Fats are long carbon chain connected at one end, usually three are connected to glycerol, this is called a triglyceride, and is a perferred form of storage.  Fats are broken down by chopping the carbon chain and generating energy.  Fat burning is slow and fat is a backup fuel source; the primary being simple sugars. \n\nProtein metabolism.  Proteins are digested by proteases in the gut, and the free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream, where they can enter cells.  Cells can utilize amino acids for energy, but it's not that efficient.  Instead cells utilized amino acids for building new proteins; including the 'essential' amino acids, those that can't be generated by mammalian cells (we lack the enzymes).  So some amino acids are absolutely critical for our well-being.  \n\nLow carb diets simply don't have much carbs, and force the body to switch to fat to burn (in theory).  In reality it doesn't work too well.  During initial exercise, muscles use glycogen, a stored form of glucose, for energy. Also fat is utilized, and a bit of protein.  After 2 hours of exercise (or so, depending on the person), muscle glycogen is depleted, and body must use fat and glucose and protein.  If you do not intake glucose during this exertion, your performance will rapidly drop off; you can only burn so much fat at a time.  So the best advice for fat burning is exercise (at 60-70% max heart rate) for an hour or two, 3, 4x a week, and keep hydrated with water or gatoraid.  \n\nHigh carb diets make it easier for long term exercise by increasing the amount of muscle glycogen.
742243
Dont you mean how a molecule of glucose releases energy in a cell....any which way you look at it...refer to Kreb's Cycle in your Biology textbook!
1040122
During intense exercise, such as sprinting type activities, when the rate of demand for energy is high, lactate is produced faster than the ability of the tissues to remove it and lactate concentration begins to rise. This is a beneficial process since the regeneration of NAD+ ensures that energy production is maintained and exercise can continue. Contrary to popular belief, this increased concentration of lactate does not directly cause acidosis, nor is it responsible for muscle pain or "burning". This is because lactate itself is not capable of releasing a proton, and secondly, the acidic form of lactate (lactic acid) cannot be formed under normal circumstances in human tissues. Analysis of the glycolytic pathway in humans indicates that there are not enough hydrogen ions present in the glycolytic intermediates to produce lactic or any other acid.\n\nThe acidosis that is associated with increases in lactate concentration during heavy exercise arises from a separate reaction. When ATP is hydrolysed, a hydrogen ion is released. ATP-derived hydrogen ions are primarily responsible for the decrease in pH. During intense exercise, oxidative metabolism (aerobic) cannot produce ATP quickly enough to supply the demands of the muscle. As a result, glycolysis (i.e. anaerobic metabolism) becomes the dominant energy producing pathway as it can form ATP at high rates. Due to the large amounts of ATP being produced and hydrolysed in a short period of time, the buffering systems of the tissues are overcome, causing pH to fall and creating a state of acidosis. This may be one factor, among many, that contributes to the acute muscular discomfort experienced shortly after intense exercise.\n\nAlthough it is not firmly established, it is possible that lactate may contribute to an acidotic effect via the strong ion difference, however this has not been well investigated in exercise physiology research and so its contribution is still uncertain.
909638
ATP is not made up of cells.  ATP (Adenosine triphosphate\n) is basically the power source of cells.  Cells convert ATP to ADP to get the energy necessary to conduct cell functions.  Photosynthesis reverses the processes (turns ADP to ATP)
1029231
a build up of lactic acid in your muscle also refereed to as a runner stitch-essential this is what your body uses for fuel in the first twenty minutes of exercise , then  the body starts to use  ATP- energy sources. Essential the body uses an anaerobic metabolism that leads to an aerobic metabolism
702949
The contraction phenomenon in muscular cells are mostly due to interaction of two elements, ie, Actin and Myosin. Their interaction are powered by some molecules called ATP. The ATP is produced in some cellular structures called mitochondria. The role of food for human is to produce energy. Energy is produced by hydrolyzing of ATP.
145055
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy. It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2. The reducing potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP via an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is by oxidative phosphorylation, ATP molecules are made due to the chemiosmotic potential driving ATP synthase. Respiration is the process by which cells obtain energy when oxygen is present in the cell.\n\nTheoretically, 36 ATP molecules can be made per glucose during cellular respiration, however, such conditions are generally not realized due to such losses as the cost of moving pyruvate into mitochondria. Aerobic metabolism is rather more efficient than anaerobic metabolism. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and at the cell membrane in prokaryotic cells.\n\nGlycolysis\nMain article: Glycolysis \nGlycolysis is a metabolic pathway that is found in all living organisms and does not require oxygen. The process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, and makes energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced but two are consumed for the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to destablise the molecule for cleavage into two triose sugars. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis four phosphate groups are transfered to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP and two NADH are produced when the triose sugars are oxidised. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:\n\nGlucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi + 4 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 2 NADH + 4 ATP + 2 H2O + 4 H+ \n\nOxidative decarboxylation\nMain article: Oxidative decarboxylation \nProduces acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. This oxidation reaction also releases carbon dioxide as a product.\n\nKrebs cycle/Citric Acid cycle\nMain article: Citric acid cycle \nWhen oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, and gets oxidised to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidise the equivalent of one glucose molecule two acetyl-CoA must be metabolised by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2 are created during this cycle, .\n\nOxidative phosphorylation\nMain articles: Oxidative phosphorylation , Electron transport chain , Electrochemical gradient, and ATP synthase\n\nIn eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. It comprises of the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the inner membrane by oxidising the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesised by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP.\n\nTheoretical yields\nThe yields in the table below are for one glucose and molecule being fully oxidised to carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidised by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.
931275
Substrate-level: production of ATP molecules via transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate high-energy substrate directly to ADP.\n\nOxidative: production of ATP molecules from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain\n\nGylcolysis and Krebs cycle use substrate-level phosphorylation.  Electron transport chain uses oxidative phosphorylation.\n\nAlso, check out the link for a complete explanation: http://www.csun.edu/~hcbio029/BIOL315/Substrate_vs_oxidative.pdf#search='substrate%20oxidative%20phosphorylation%20difference'
706797
TRUE\nFirst of all all living cells do not produce energy from glucose only,but also from fats and proteins(during starvation).\nAnd then,most of the energy released is lost as heat energy.The remaining energy is stored as ATP( which is like a 'battery').Just as a battery can be 'plugged on' to different objects to produce light(torch),sound(tape recorder),etc so also the ATP can also be used as and when required to provide energy for locomotion,to produce light(glow worm),electricity(ray fish) etc.
59980
thats a pretty loaded question there...the best I can summarize is:\nglycolysis:\nglucose + 2ATP + 2NAD+ +4ADP + 2Pi= 2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H20\nthis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell\n\nKreb's/TCA/Citric Acid Cycle:\n3 NADH + FADH2 + 2CO2 for each turn of the cycle\nthis happens in the mitochondria\n\nETC:\nhappens in the mitochondrial matrix but is hard to explain without diagrams...basically you get +2.5ATP for each NADH that goes through and +1.5 ATP for each FADH2 that goes through
920961
Step 1 - ATP is invested by adding a P to glucose\n          Step 2 - Glucose-6-P is convertedinto Fructose-6-P\nStep 3 - A second ATP is invested \nStep 4 - The 6 carbon molecule issplit into two three carbon molecules.\nStep 4.5 - Dihydroxyacetone -P is converted into 3-P-glyceraldehyde\nStep 6 - every subsequent step occurs 2xNADH is produced as another P is added\nStep 7 - (2) ATP is recovered\nStep 8 - The P is moved from the 3-carbon to the 2-carbon\nStep 9 - A structural change is made\nStep 10 - (2) ATP is recovered\nStep 11 - NADH is produced anda CO2 is produced\n2 pyruvate are made from the process
288380
i assume "respiration" in your context refer to cellular respiration..\n\ncellular respiration in simple terms breaks down glucose and produce energy in forms of adenosine triphosphates.(ATPs). ATPs are the energy currency in the body and the breakdown of ATPs provide the energy needed for other metabolic processes, including digestion. Looking at it another way, digestion of complex nutrients like carbohydrates produces glucose, which is the respiratory substrate..\n\nDiffusion - oxygen required for aerobic respiration enters individual cells by diffusion. Waste products of aerobic respiration such as co2 leave the cells by diffusion into the bloodstream.  in general, diffusion is a passive process which does not require energy from ATPs, be it facilitated diffusion or simple diffusion, both are exergonic processes.\n\nthe circulatory system would carry the materials needed for aerobic respiration, eg oxygen and glucose to the individual cells, oxygen in form of oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells. The circulatory system also carries the waste products, eg co2 away for excretion. \nThe circulatory system requires the pump, i.e. the heart to work, and the cardiac muscles require ATPs from respiration for contraction.\n\nhope u can see that they are all interrelated now..=)
757424
In simplest terms, photosynthesis is an anabolic pathway and uses light energy to generate ATP which in turn is used for biosynthesis to make glucose storing the energy derived as glucose. It also consumes CO2 and produces O2. While respiration is a catabolic pathway deriving energy from complete metabolism of glucose to CO2 and water using oxygen in the process.
77610
Biological systems have enzymes (and a handful of other reagents) which will use O2 and sugar to make energy--specifically, hexokinase (HK), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), phosphofructokinase (PFK), aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase (TIM), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM), endolase, and pyruvate kinase (PK).  The process undergone is called glycolysis.  The result is that glucose is consumed, making two pyruvate molecules (which in some systems can then enter the Citric Acid Cycle aka Kreb's Cycle) and ADP is turned into ATP, which is an energy source.\n\nAnd after memorizing this and subsequently forgeting all this useless detail some years ago, I nearly ralphed on my book reading this just now.  Bad memories.
281770
Cells get most of their energy when they break down a glucose molecule in the mitochondrion. This results in the end production of 36 ATP, the energy currency of the cell.