Will everything be solid at absolute zero temperature?
343972
NOOOOOOOOOO!!!!!!!!!!\nAbsolute zero simply means that all EXCESS energy from the system will have been removed - the system will still have ground-state energy!\nThink of the quantum harmonic oscillator, E = (n+1/2)hw/2pi\nEven if n=0 (lowest energy state for the oscillator) there is still some energy.\nIf you model the vibrations of atoms as independent harmonic oscillators, you will see that all molecular motion DOES NOT STOP at absolute zero.\n\nFurthermore, whether something is solid depends not only on the temperature, but also on the pressure.\nExperiments have shown that liquid helium stays liquid until all the way to about 0.0001 kelvin (about the lowest temperature ever reached) at atmospheric pressure, (but displays superfluidity) but that increasing the pressure will cause it to solidify at some temperature.\n\nI am sorry to get so side-tracked answering this question, but i felt that the misconceptions of the other answerers must be addressed.\nIn answer to your question, no, not everything will be solid at absolute zero.
30315
Well absolute zero is -273.15 C or so, and we have gotten very close to that (within about a tenth of billionth of a degree C). We cannot get any colder than absolute 0. \n\nThere is such a thing as negative temperature, but this is not a case of something being colder than absolute zero, but "hotter than infinite temperature". See the attached web pages.
204277
No, nothing has to melt before it evaporates.  The factors that control the states of matter are pressure and temperature. in a vaccum water will evap at cool temps, in high temps water will evap, in extreme temperatures under extremes vac. solids are liable to sublimate into gas.  It can happen under the right conditions, solid CO2 goes from solid to gas at room temp under 1atm of pressure
269371
There is no theoretical highest temperature, except that all matter would turn into pure energy at some point above 10^26 Kelvins. Beyond that, there is no absolute highest temperature.
175159
Solid\nCopper melts at 1083ºC
16969
It's a solid, so it's already frozen. Heat it up enough, and it will melt.
605145
no...it cant get colder than absolute zero....thats why its called absolute....molecules dont move forward or backward ....you should think of them as energy particles....electrons dont really move around a nucleus either....dont think of them as planets around the sun they are more like energy fields.  the more negative the charge the more "electrons"....if there is any movement....even if it were possible to move backwards it would be warmer....movement causes friction and, therefore, heat.  it you cant get less than nothing.
44241
Yes, you can. Let me give you more details: Diamonds melt approximately between 7,000 and 8,000 Kelvin degrees.\nSee http://www.comppub.com/publ/ICCN2002/298.pdf (page 2, top right):\n"Changes in energy and atomic number density of Fig. 2 definitely show that the melting of diamond lattice occurred between 7,000 and 8,000K. apparently at 10.000 Kelvin degrees. "\n\nAnother possibility is to heat the diamond at very high pressures (up to 30 GPa.) using a laser beam.\nHave a look at http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000309000001000651000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes\n\nHope this helps.\nCheers,\nalphabravotango
483739
Absoultue zero in terms of Kelvin is impossible to obtain because there can never be nothing
219628
Well theoretically, above absolute zero. But practically, we can't reach absolute zero, so reactions can occur at any temperature humans can reach. We achieved to reach couple nano kelvins but we still have decades to reach absolute zero, if it is possible.
577412
Oh wow. Is that your experiment or what? Honestly, I don't think it's possible to convert carbon dioxide from a gaseous phase to solid phase by adding water followed by freezing.\n\nCO2 (g) + high pressure -> CO2 (s)\n\nYou need to have a high presure machine that would compact the CO2 molecules so tightly they bind the molecules together and become solid.\n\nCO2 + extremely low temperature -> CO2 (s)\n\nEither that (the abovementioned) or you gotta use very, very low temperatures to bring down the energy level in the CO2 molecules so much so that they only vibrate in position instead of bouncing all over.\n\nEither way, I see neither method stamped with a DIY. And what's this thing about carbon power concept? \n\nAnyway, I hope my answer has helped you to a certain extent c",) Happy Chemistry-ing!!!
212537
Well considering temperature is just a measure of the speed of the particles moving in a substance, the lowest temperature would be where there is no motion in the particles of a substance. This is called absolute zero which is measured as −459.67°F. This has never been acheived by scientists but they have come to within several thousanths of a degree away from it.
310335
You can never get to -273 C or 0 Kelvin.  But if you could, the pressure would be zero.  It would be difficult to measure since the pressure gauge itself is likely to emit heat (specifically thinking of an ion gauge).  If there was any pressure, then you would not be at 0 K since you would not be at the lowest energy state.  The only exception I can think of is if you only had one molecule in the container then the concept of temperature and pressure becomes ambigious.
301398
Absolute zero is important because it is very likely to be the lowest temperate possible, and is most likely unobtainable. Knowing it is useful because it makes calculations involving temperature simple to deal with. Personally I wouldn't want to try anything like quantum thermodynamics using celcius or fahrenheit because the temperatures below zero would most likely turn out to be a lot tougher to deal with.
440521
no it is not safe to assume ice is at 0C.  0C is just the temperature where ice freezes/melts.  If you were to place ice into a -80C freezer the ice's temperature would be -80C.  For calculating heat...the ice must be heated to 0C then break the enthalpy of fusion (melt a solid), then heated to 100C, break enthalpy of vaporization(evaporate a liquid), then heat till the final temperature. So in the end it is not safe to assume ice is at 0C.
14337
i never really thought about it and so i was just going to say that temperature doesnt matter because its a vacuum and is dealing with the pressure... but when i thought about it... come to think of it, i do have an answer for you.  the temperature would be zero kelvin, absolute zero.\n\n in an absolute vacuum, the pressure would be 0 if there were no particles, because the more particles you cram into one place, the more pressure there is because p=F/A pressure equals the force of the particles divided by the area of the wall of the container, so with no force of particles(since there are no partiles), the pressure would be zero.  in an absolute vacuum, there are no particles.  Now, if the pressure is zero, then according to the formula PV=nRT (which is just the ideal gas law formula,) if P(pressure) equals 0, i think that means that T(temperature in Kelvin)would also be 0 which would mean that the temperature would be at absolute zero(which is defined as the temperature where all matter stops moving.. not that this would make a difference because there are no particles there because it's an absolute vacuum.  \n\nThis is what i suspect and to confirm my beliefs,  it is consistent with the fact that someone else said that outer space was 3K, and although it's very close to an absolute vacuum, there are a few particles and atoms of gas floating around there, and so it is not quite an absolute vacuum, and the temperature is 3K, meaning it's not quite at absolute zero.  so it stands to reason that since temperature decreases when pressure decreases, that in an absolute vacuum the temperature would be absolute zero, 0 kelvin.\n\ni hope this is a "good answer" and that i made sense while i took you through my reasoning :)
330911
A system cooled by liquid nitrogen