what property controls the ionization of species in water?
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The osmolarity property.
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Lets use the example of salt again. NaCl. What happens is this. Both water molecules and salt molecules are ionized molecules. When salt is added to water, the ionic bond breaks apart as the positively charged Na is attracted to the negatively charged OH in the water and the negatively charged Cl is attracted to the positively charged H in the water.
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NH3 because the rate of ionization in pure water is less than that of the others.
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The time necessary to diffuse H+ ions in the base. Thats it, when u add the necessary amount of acid at once.\n\nUsually when neutralization is carried out the conical flask (or whatever where the base is kept) is kept shaking to increase individual molecular motion. The more motion, the greater chance of H+ ion meeting OH- ion and neutralize each other in a given time interval\n\nH+(aq) + OH-(aq) --> H2O(l)
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Hydronium ions, in an aqueous solution.  H30+
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During electrolysis, the oxygen atom in H20 has 2 pairs of unbonded electrons, and it is these electrons that act as "solvents" breaking the bond between atoms and attacking the postive ion that forms as a result.  So you can visualize a solution as islands of ions surrounded by water ions, with the extra electrons of oxygen surrounding the positive ions and the negative ions surrounded by the hydrogens of water.  \n\nA "strong" electrolyte is one that dissociates almost completely into ions i.e the water molecules break its bond and surround its ions easily.  HCl is a good example.  HF is an exception.  Since F is the element with the strongest electronegativity (4.0) it forms very strong bonds.  And, apparently, water molecules just don't have the ability to break the H-F bond, so very little of HF ionizes in water.    Talking about HF, it is one of the few compounds (and as far as I know, the only compound) that can attack glass (Si03) to form fluorosilicates.
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all the electrons are located in the electronic orbitals of the ion.\n\nYou may find this useful:\n\nhttp://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~chem251/documents/Vollhardt_1.ppt
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I am not sure what you are asking but the answer could be a monoatomic ion. The positive being a cation and the negative being an anion.\n\nYou might ask over at http://forums.mychemistrytutor.com though.
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In physics and chemistry, a plasma is typically an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter in contrast to solids, liquids and gases. "Ionized" means that at least one electron has been dissociated from a proportion of the atoms or molecules. The free electric charges make the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields.\nExcept near the electrodes, where there are sheaths containing very few electrons, the ionized gas contains ions and electrons in about equal numbers so that the resultant space charge is very small. We shall use the name plasma to describe this region containing balanced charges of ions and electrons.\nMore specifically, a plasma is an electrically conductive collection of charged particles that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces. Plasma typically takes the form of neutral gas-like clouds or charged ion beams, but may also include dust and grains (called dusty plasmas) . They are typically formed by heating and ionizing a gas, stripping electrons away from atoms, thereby enabling the positive and negative charges to move freely.\nPlasma properties are strongly dependent on the bulk (or average) parameters. Some of the most important plasma parameters are the degree of ionization, the plasma temperature, the density and the magnetic field in the plasma region. \nPlasma parameters can take on values varying by many orders of magnitude, but the properties of plasmas with apparently disparatFor plasma to exist, ionization is necessary. The degree of ionization of a plasma is the proportion of atoms which have lost (or gained) electrons, and is controlled mostly by the temperature. Even a partially ionized gas in which as little as 1% of the particles are ionized can have the characteristics of a plasma (i.e. respond to magnetic fields and be highly electrically conductive).\n\nPlasma temperature is commonly measured in Kelvin or electron volts, and is (roughly speaking) a measure of the thermal kinetic energy per particle. In most cases the electrons are close enough to thermal equilibrium that their temperature is relatively well-defined, even when there is a significant deviation from a Maxwellian energy distribution function, for example due to UV radiation, energetic particles, or strong electric fields. Because of the large difference in mass, the electrons come to thermodynamic equilibrium among themselves much faster than they come into equilibrium with the ions or neutral atoms. For this reason the ion temperature may be very different from (usually lower than) the electron temperature. This is especially common in weakly ionized technological plasmas, where the ions are often near the ambient temperature.\n\nTemperature controls the degree of plasma ionization. In particular, plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature relative to the ionization energy (and more weakly by the density) in accordance with the Saha equation. A plasma is sometimes referred to as being hot if it is nearly fully ionized, or cold if only a small fraction (for example 1%) of the gas molecules are ionized (but other definitions of the terms hot plasma and cold plasma are common). Even in a "cold" plasma the electron temperature is still typically several thousand degrees. Plasmas utilized in plasma technology ("technological plasmas") are usually cold in this sense.\nNext to the temperature, which is of fundamental importance for the very existence of a plasma, the most important property is the density. The word "plasma density" by itself usually refers to the electron density, that is, the number of free electrons per unit volume. The ion density is related to this by the average charge state  of the ions through . (See quasineutrality below.) The third important quantity is the density of neutrals n0. In a hot plasma this is small, but may still determine important physics. The degree o
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I takes a bit of familiarity.  You need to know which ones will ionize in solution, and how they'll ionize.  Anything that releases a H ion is an acid.\n\nIf you have a specific list, I can try to help; elsewise you're best to look them up individually or study a bunch of inorganic and organic chemistry until you can spot the ionization trends.  In biochemistry, anything with the "-COOH" motif is a carboxylic acid, and is colloquially called an acid.\n\nThere's alos a tendency--though it isn't rock-solid--to write  ionizing substances in a conjugate acid/conjugate base manner.  Generally, things that have H as the first element listed will be acids (H3PO4, HCl, HBr, HI, HF, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, H3BO3, H2CO3, and HClO3 are all acids).  Organic acids are not necessarily going to fit into this scheme.
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Most professional papers that I read refer to it as just water ion (in its charged form).  This a water molecule with an over-all positive charge.  I do not believe that its structure is known, but I could be wrong about this.\nSee example reference below:
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Not only does the electronegitivity difference between the hydrogen and oxygen exist, Its "bent".\n\nOn a water molecule there are 4 electrons not involved in bonding the hydrogen's to the oxygen, those electrons repel the hydrogen and push them closer together. This means it is not a straight line like H-O-H. If it were a straight line it would be non polar because the electronegitivity difference between the 2 hydrogen's and the oxygen would cancel out.\n\nIt is inorganic because it doesn't contain carbon. All organic molecules contain carbon.
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Acidity is based on H+ ion concentration in a water solution.  A molecule has to produce hydrogen ions when placed in water in order to be called an acid. \n\nHF forms some H+ ions and is an acid\nH2O forms some H+ ions in itself (its called autoionization) but the number is lwo (1 x 10^(-7))\n\nCH4 doesn't form any H+ in water (its a covalent gas)\n\nNH3 actually REMOVES H+ from water (when it forms NH4+) so it would have a lower H+ concentration than water and is a base.
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Pure water is *not* a good conductor of electricity.  Dissolved ions are necessary to conduct electricity and at room temperature, there is only 10^-7 mol/L of H+ and OH- in pure water.\n\nDissolving salts (including strong acids) in water greatly increases the conductivity of the solution.\n\nTap water is a modest conductor of electricity because of dissolved ionic minerals and impurities.\n\nHeating water increases its dissociation constant making more H+ and OH- available in solution.
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No, because there are no ions in there.  Add some metals, or salt, or acid/base, and then it will.  In tap water, there are those, so tap water does conduct electricity.
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WOW, you are really doing an over kill if you just want to electrolisize water.\n\nPure water does not conduct electricity.  Water will only conduct when it has ions dissolved in it, the more ions, the better it will conduct.  Tap water does have a small concentration of ions in it,  not much, but enough to make it conduct when you pass 30 volts through it.\nTo increase the conductivity, as you know, you can add some type of electrolyte to the water (like table salt, NaCl).\n\nLet me take a step back right now.\nIf you were to break apart water into pure Hydrogen and Oxygen gas, this only requires a very small voltage, something around 1.5 volts or there abouts (I can look this number up if it is that important to you).  One you have obtained the minimum voltage, it is the current passing through the water the controls the speed of electrolysis.\nAll the voltage over the minimum is called the "over voltage".\n\nWhen you apply a greater voltage than is necesary to the water, you increase the likely hood of reducing/oxidizing things other than water.  Without going into too much detail about the chemistry of it all, you are producing Hydrogen gas at your cathode (-), but at the anode (+), you are probably not producing pure Oxygen, more likely it is Chlorine gas since the Cl- ion is easier to oxidize than the Oxygen in the water.  When you add NaCl to the water, you are only making it easier for it to produce Cl2 gas since it concentration increases.\nThe choice of electrolyte is important as it determines exactly what gasses you will be producing.  In this case, the Cl- ion from the salt is keeping you from making Oxygen gas.  Cl2 gas is very corrosive (not to mention deadly).\n\nThe type of electrode is also very important as some metals will corrode very easily during electrolysis while others are relaitively inert.  Carbon (graphite) and inert metals like platinum, gold and silver (<-- $$$) and popular choices for the anode which is prone to corrosion.  However, for the cathode, you have much greater latitude since the electrode is said to be protected by virture of its charge.\nPersonally, I use carbon-graphite electrodes because of their relative inexpensiveness, however, they do tend to errode over time and need replacing.  When the graphite electodes erode, they leave a fine black powder in suspention in the water which can be filtered out.\n\nLong story short, that slime is most likely the remnants of your electodes corroding away.  Have you noticed you anode betting corroded?\n\nWhat I would do if I were you,\n-switch to graphite electrodes\n-reduce the input voltage in the cell to less than 10 volts (ideally less than 5)\n-use a NaOH electrolye in DI water
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mercury vapor in the tube is subject to electricity which causes it to ionize.  ionization is the electrons jumping away from the atom and the returning. elecricity provides this "jump" and the energy is then released upon returning to the atom.  this release is in the form of ultraviolet rays which when they hit a "fluorescent" coating on the inside of the tube causes it to glow ( voila ! tube light )