What are the differences and similarities between hydraulics and pneumatics?
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JetDoc is correct in his answer.  \n\nYou should keep in mind that hydraulics uses liquids that are considered non-compressible, while pneumatics use gases which are compressible.  Hydraulics are generally used for applications that require higher pressures.  For example, hydraulics are used for elevators, bulldozer blade adjustments, and the brakes on your car.  \n\nPneumatics are more often seen in lower pressure applications such as actuators on valves and controllers.  (Although you also see pneumatic brake systems).  \n\nThe reason for the difference in applications is due to the difference in compressibility between the two media.
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Valve manufacturers can provide the equivalent length of piping for their valves. The are numerous literature sources that can provide estimates for a variety of valves and fittings. \n\nThe Crane Company published one of the most recognized reference (aka Technical Report  410)
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There are dampers that are designed to dampen the vibrations in a mechanical system. A shock absorber on a car in a good example of this.\n\nThere are dampers that remove or lessen pressure surges in piping systems. Water hammer is an example of a pressure surge.\n\nFinally some types of valves are referred to as dampers. They are common in heating and air conditioning duct work.
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they are exactly the same - just slightly different terminology \n\nepinephrine is the "americanisation" of britsh adrenaline
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We had pneumatic instrumentation in our mill for a long time, and still have some that are pneumatic, but we are using DCS in all systems as they are installed.  The biggest problem in pneumatic is that all instruments now being made are electronic - the old pneumatic instruments are obsolete, and if you can find someone to repair them, the price is high.\n\nSome of the advantages we have of the DCS is that the instruments are more accurate, more stable, easy to configure, and can be easily controlled from a workstation. You can do trend analysis, controlled startup/shutdown, and automate routine functions. Just a few advantages...
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A damper restricts the flow, and can be adjusted to let more through or less through.\n\nA valve will be opened or closed.\n\nThink of it in the same fashion as in an air conditioning system
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Define high pressure. Define high capacity.\n\nAre these reciprocating or centrifugal compressors?
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Well ... nature does love economy! A sphere has the smaller surface area for the same volume that any other three dimensional shape.Also, in regular conditions,  there is no pressure variance inside or around the sphere to cause deformation.
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Hydraulic power is not a power source.  There is no energy storage in a hydraulic system.  Power sources like batteries with electric motors or an internal combustion engine with a gas tank are power sources because they can store energy for use at a later time.\n\nThe great thing about hydraulics is the very high power density (lots of power in a small space) and the flexibility in having both linear and rotary actuators.  The main drawback (at least for me working in robotics) is the need for a real-time continuous power input to run the system.
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they are a four stroke just like gas engines but gas engines are spark ignition and diesel engines are compression ignition, that is whey there is no spark plugs the heat from the piston compressing the air and fuel mixture gets to a point of explosion and boom down goes the piston and over and over it goes and away you go (Intake compression, power, exhaust)
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Anywhere there is a difference in pressure. Examples:\nLow pressure in a vaccum cleaner, higher pressure outside pushes the air into the cleaner. Different pressure in a house compared to outside, when you open a window the higher pressure flows to the lower pressure. Remember that it is always a push and never a suck. Science never sucks!
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CHk this out\n\nhttp://www.autohelm.com/raymarine/SubmittedFiles/Handbooks/Autopilots/cr_pump.pdf\n\nhttp://www.autohelm.com/raymarine/SubmittedFiles/Handbooks/Autopilots/hydraulic_linear_drive.pdf\n\nhttp://www.raymarine.com/raymarine/SubmittedFiles/Handbooks/Autopilots/hydraulic_pump.pdf\n\nhttp://www.rockbreaker.com/parts/PDFs/serv_docs/150-4056%20-%20Testing%20&%20Adjusting%20Pumps%20&%20Valves.pdf\n\nhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/hydraulic-crane1.htm\n\nhttp://www.elevatorcontrols.com/downloads/files/NordicInstBook.pdf\n\nmng.1432@gmail.com
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Hydraulic machines are able to use liquid pressure to transfer energy from one place to another because of the following liquid properties:Liquids are incompressable, liquid pressure acts equally in all directions, changes in liquid pressure are transmitted instantaneosly to all parts of the liguid.. They work because of their ability to magnify the force simply by using a piston of larger area, their ability  to apply a force in any direction at any point and their ability to supply the force to several points simulateneously\ni hoped this help if not just try googling i or something
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try this one\n\nValve Selection Handbook, Fifth Edition : Engineering Fundamentals for Selecting the Right Valve Design for Every Industrial Flow Application (Hardcover)\nby Peter Smith, R. W. Zappe \n\nhttp://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0750677171/sr=8-2/qid=1149712777/ref=sr_1_2/102-7470698-5004951?%5Fencoding=UTF8
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Relief valves are often provided in hydraulic systems that use positive displacement pumps.  The pumps can produce very high pressures using motor-driven pistons and the pressure is limited only by the stall torque of the motor which may be high enough to burst system pipes and vessels.  To prevent system damage, a relief valve is used.  The relief valve usually has a spring holding its valve seated against the system pressure and spring compression can be adjusted (for example on a test stand) to lift when an unsafe pressure is approached.  The relief valve will provide a bypass path back to the pump suction reservoir that can handle enough of the pump capacity to avoid damaging high pressure.  The system may also have a high-pressure alarm to alert the operating staff to take corrective action.
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More power obviously.\n\nYou also get less vibration with multiple cylinders, because they can be designed to balance each other (some going up while others going down, etc.).
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All substances, gases, solids, and liquids, including water, are compressible. Some \nsubstances just require more pressure per change in volume to compress than others. The \nnumerical value of the compressibility depends both on the temperature and on the pressure \ntoo. That is how hard you have to squeeze at one pressure to obtain a certain fractional \ndecrease in the volume is different than at some other pressure. The same for two different \ntemperatures. Under most "normal" lab conditions however solids and liquids are usually \nconsidered to be incompressible.\n\nTechnically speaking, water can be compressed, but very little even at high pressures.  For \npractical design purposes, water is considered an incompressible fluid, that is, its density \ndoes not change with pressure.  The reason anything is compressible is due to how close the \natoms are packed together.  If you think about air, it is highly compressible because there \nis considerable spacing between the atoms, so it is relatively easy to force the atoms closer \ntogether.  When you have a liquid, the atoms are much closer together and considerable \npressure is required to make them any closer.  Solids will compress some as well, but it \ntakes significant pressure.  Temperature also plays a factor in density (and thus \ncompressibility), just ask your chemistry teacher about the ideal gas law.\nI am not sure what your book was using a "water compression system", but hydraulic systems \nare used almost everywhere to transmit power across a system.  What a hydraulic system does \nis put a liquid (usual an oil of some type) under pressure, route that pressurized liquid \nthrough pipes or hoses, and releases the pressure at a place where work needs to be done, \nusually through a motor or cylinder that transfers the pressure into work.  You might want \nto research on hydraulic systems (hydraulic lifts, hydraulic elevators, etc.) to get a better \nunderstanding on how energy can be transferred around in a hydraulic system.