What is Asset/Liability modelling?
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This question can have a number of answers, depending upon which context it refers to.  \n\nFor example, imagine a life insurance company receives premiums on a regular and predictable basis.  They invest most of this money in the equity market.  Then they have to pay out money on life insurance policies as people die.\n\nHow much will they have to pay out?  Well, it depends upon your assumptions.  If you assume that people will more or less live as long as they usually have in the past, then you can use tables of numbers that let you estimate how much money will probably need to be paid out over time.  this is an estimate and cannot be certain, and so some assumptions and mathematical models are used.  Hence the word "modelling".\n\nThe money they have to pay out is their "liability".\n\nTheir assets are whatever they bought with the premiums they received, as in stock.  Will the stock market grow enough so that stock can be sold to pay out on the life policies? That depends on  how you model the returns of the stock market.\n\nIn the past, actuaries assumed that stocks will make as much money as they usually have in the last 20 years or so.  Unfortunately they may be wrong.  Another model that is safer to use is that of "risk neutral valuation" which is a model used in option pricing.  it is also the model used by banks to value their assets and liabilities.\n\nhope that example explains the idea.
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In accounting, accounts payable are debts resulting from purchasing assets or receiving services on credit or on an open account. You have accounts payable when you have not yet paid for the assets or services you have received.\n\nAlso Known As: A current liability on your balance sheet.\nExamples: Money that you owe to your suppliers and other creditors will be recorded as transactions in the account payable ledger.\n\n Banking Accounts Payable \n \n Accounts Payable \n A list of a firm?s current business debts or liabilities that must be paid in the future (usually within 1 year.)
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People say it does not exist:\nhttp://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/developingworld/model.html\n\nPeople trying to model:\nhttp://www.iwgvt.org/files/04Olsen.doc\n\nI saw a better and easier model before but couldnt find it sorry. Try searching Political economy class notes or reading lists.
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Which specific models?  CAPM, DCF, Comps, what?
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it is assets MINUS liabilities equal equity\n\nassets = liabilities + equity\n\nevery debt(s) must have matching credit(s)
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Asset management and investment banking are basically opposites of one another.  Asset management = "Buy Side" and Investment Banking = "Sell Side".  These are the terms that are used on Wall Street.\n\nHere's an example that may help you to understand the difference.  (keep in mind these numbers are totally made up!)\n\nLet's say that IBM wants to buy Intel for $500 million dollars but they don't have the cash to do this...so what do they do?  Well, one thing they can do is go to their trusty investment bankers (Morgan Stanley, Bear Stearns, etc.) and say "Hey investment banker, how do we get this $500 million dollars"?  So the investment bankers will do some work (due diligence, research, etc) and come up with the idea that IBM should sell $500 million of debt.  So then the bankers do some more work and the Company pitches the deal to potential accounts (clients, investors,etc).  This is why investment banking is called the sell side.\n\nOk, so now we know that Morgan Stanley has done its work and IBM is ready to sell $500 million of bonds.  Well, who do they sell to?  This is where asset management comes in (and asset management is a very broad term).  Basically asset managers are people that manage money for institutions, individuals, companies, etc.  The figure out where to invest money.  In this IBM example, asset managers who invest in corporate bonds (like IBM) might be interested in buying some of the issue (the issue = $500mm that IBM is seeking).  This is the reason asset management is oftern referred to as the buy side.\n\nThere are other differences between investment banking and asset management since the example I gave you is a very narrow focussed answer...but I think it should give you at least somewhat of an idea as to the difference.
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Many approaches:\n\n1) Discount cash flow method. Work out all the projected free cash flows of the company and then do a dcf on it. The key is not in doing up the model - the key is in your assumptions (as in all models);\n\n2) Multiples - look for a listed company in a similar industry and use a EBITDA multiple to find out an approx value. Check yahoo finance - it is rather good for info finding;\n\n3) Asset valuation method - not as accurate as the above but add up all the assets of the company. Note that the sum may be worth more than each piece if all is functioning together well;\n\n4) replacement value - check out the market values of all the assets and value that. \n\n5) Net Asset Value - Assets minus liabilities for a really general ballpark figure. \n\nI generally use 1 & 2. 3-5 are just very general guides.
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You will determine your net asset value, which would be your share of the assests minus your share of the liabilities. Which would be your physical assests, your accounts receivables, you account payables etc.\n\nTo this you will add intandibles such as good will. Your periodic sales or profit figure should help you estimate this number. It make also depend upon how desperate the  buyers is to buy ur business.\n\nHope this helps
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bad nature debt accounting
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Accounting for intangibles is a quite complex issue. It depends on the accounting standards of the country. But, the general orientation is that mostly "acquired" intangibles are capitalised (i.e. accounted in the balance sheet), "home grown" intangibles, such as brands are expensed to the Income statement.\n\nOnce an intangible is capitalised it becomes an "intangible asset", and is amortised over time. The example in the previous answer is not precise. Goodwill, is only a part of the value paid over the real value of the company acquired. The rest of the premium should be accounted for the revaluation of the assets of the acquired company.\n\nIn short, accountants determine the value of the intangible assets based on a "transaction" between the buyer and the seller. Broadly speaking, "home grown" intangibles do not carry value, and thus not accounted on the balance sheet. In reality, some development costs and software can be valued, even though no transaction exists.\n\nGoodwill, patents, and trademarks can qualify as intangible assets if they satisfy the criteria for recognition as explained above. Human capital is a good example of showing the difference between intangibles and intangible assets. Normally, firms do not show their employees on their balance sheets, although they're firms' most valuable assets. The reason they're not accounted is the lack of objective criteria for measuring their value to the firm. Yet, there are some models in academic literature, which try to associate value to the employees. Football clubs, however, can account for their human capital, who are the players. Because, they have an objective measure of the fair value, which is the transfer fee paid as stated in a  transaction. Therefore, they can account for their players on their balance sheets.
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Its not easy to provide every details here, it's just a birds eye view,simply in financial reporting you prepare entries than trial balance and than put those figures in income statement where you get net profit after that you go for final phase of preparing balance sheet in which you analyze assets,liabilities and owner's equity.For all of these and especially for NGO consult any financial accounting books for technical details and procedures.
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Those are two diferent questions. And the answers depends on your country law and the company that calculates that.  \n\nHere some examples of how they're calculated in my country.\n\nCalculate actuarial gains? \n\nFor example, for an insurance company, you first calculate the present value of the insurance (without gains or administrative costs) and after that you calculate the commercial value of the insurance:\n\nCV=  PV /  (  1 +  G  + AC)\nwhere CV= commercial value\n           PV=present value\n            G= percent of gains\n            AC= percent of administrative costs.\n\nIn almost all actuarial procedures, you calculate first the expected value of the service, and after that the commercial value , just adding the percents that you want to get paid for gains or administrative costs.\n\nIn pension plan Assets, you calculate the value of the pension, and for estimate the unexpected returns (or lost) you use the variance of the pension (that can be calculated in an actuarial form, or just as a variance using old info).\n\nThis is a good page:\n\nwww.soa.org
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Hands down, the right answer is Investors FastTrack's Momentum Model by FTALpha using Exchange Traded funds.\n\nhttp://www.fasttrack.net/newhelp/Trading_sector_funds.asp
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The basic accounting equation is:\n\nassets = liabilities + owner's equtiy\n\nSo, mathematically speaking, they have to be equal.
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Valuation of financial derivatives (options, futures, forwards, etc)\nReal hard math, but real good money.
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Asset Based Lending \n  \n   Asset based lending or asset based financing refers to loans secured by a wide variety of assets. Businesses can obtain asset based lending by using the liquid, current assets of the company (such as accounts receivable and/or inventory) or the fixed assets of a business (such as plant, property, and equipment) as collateral. \n\nAsset based financing relies on the value of the underlying collateral to minimize the loan's credit risk. Asset based loans also can include equipment loans and real estate mortgages. Commercial finance is the term most commonly affiliated with the industry group of asset based lenders that provides all types of asset based loans to business and commercial borrowers. Asset based lenders are sometimes referred to as secured lenders. \n \n \n DEPENDING ON THE COUNTRY YOU ARE LIVING THE FEATURES WILL VARY. BEST IS TO CALL ANY BANK WHO GIVES SUCH LOAN & GET DETAILS. U CAN ALSO TRY THEIR WEBSITE.\n\nBYE & BEST OF LUCK
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(book) sheldon natenburgs "option pricing and volitility"-the math involved in an option pricing model isnt as important if you know what you want out of the options. risk management? options are the way to go-countless strategies