P T A (pure terapethic acid, used to make polyester yarns )from where it comes. how is it made? thank you..?
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Terephtalic acid (TPA) (or 1, 4-dicarboxyic benzene) is made from 1, 4- dimethylbenzene (or para-xylene). The xylene is oxidized using a catalyst to yield TPA. The xylene is a petrochemical isolated from crude oil.\n\nTPA is then reacted with ethylene glycol to produce the polyester,  first prepared by DuPont and sold under the name DACRON.
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CHICKEN FEATHERS\nChicken feathers are now being sorted, processed and made into many useful products. Some you really don't want to think about. The processed fibers from chicken plumage have been used in plastics, in paper pulp and textiles. They can also be used to make a polymer film that is made into thin sheets of plastic similar to cellophane. This polymer may first show up in biodegradable candy wrappers and plastic holders for six packs of beverages. It may also be used in plastics for dog food bowls and automobile dashboards. And a process has even been developed to make the quill protein 90% digestible - possibly for use in dietary supplements. So you could soon be eating a chicken quill protein bar wrapped in biodegradable chicken feather plastic wrap. Mmmm, Mmmm good!\nCar Parts from Chickens, Diane Martindale - Scientific American, April, 2000.\n\nPoultry Feathers Made Into Plastic Mulch \nBy Sharon Durham, February 24, 2005\n\nAgricultural Research Service (ARS)* scientists who have developed a method to turn chicken feathers into plastic products are continuing to bring the technology closer to the marketplace. \n\nARS chemist Walter Schmidt developed the technology to clean feathers and separate them into chopped fibers and quill pieces. Now Schmidt and fellow ARS chemist Justin Barone have developed and applied for a patent for a process to convert cleaned and chopped feather material into plastic products on a laboratory scale. Schmidt and Barone work in ARS' Environmental Quality Laboratory in Beltsville, Md. \n\nAccording to Barone, the material is made on traditional plastics processing equipment using chopped chicken feathers and other easily obtainable, naturally derived materials. The feather-derived plastic can be molded just like any other plastic and has properties very similar to commodity plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene. This makes the feather-derived plastic a unique material for packaging or any other application where high strength and biodegradability are desired. \n\nPrevious research by Schmidt and Barone found feather fiber could be added into currently used plastics to make composites. The fibers strengthen the plastic components, and reduce the weight of the material. Currently, the additives and fillers used in plastics by the automobile industry, for example, add significant weight to car parts. Using feather fiber is a viable alternative to these additives. \n\nApproximately four billion pounds of feathers are generated each year during the poultry production process, resulting in a serious solid agricultural waste problem. This new application not only is a solution to an environmental problem, but also cost-effectively enhances the commercial and economic value of feathers.
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Well i can't paste that on here for you...but consult this link; http://www.abb.com/GLOBAL/NOOFS/noofs187.nsf/viewunid/713C646EB0A24CCBC12569EE0036977F/$file/PS.pdf#search='MAKING%20POLYSTYRENE%2C%20process%20flow%20diagram'\n\nIf u can't access via the above link, go to http://www.search.abb.com Then type 'making polystyrene' or :PS Web 2001" Folow the first link...its a pdf file.
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Bluetac (and, for that matter, "3M Clay Cleaning Bars") are made from a mixture of polyisobutylene, resin and fillers, primarily calcium carbonate.\n\nIt gets stickier the more you use it because it slowly absorbs moisture and oils during handling.
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it's an organic acid\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid
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Paper contains acid that was used in making it. Water is a solvent, that when it comes in contact with the paper immediately begins to break down the fibers. Oil, on the other hand is inert, and does not break the fibers down. Just as a sidenote though, ever notice how cotton clothes are harder to rip when they are wet?
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You should google this one, but here's an interesting part \nfrom: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin \n\nManufacturing\n\nHeroin is produced for the black market through opium refinement processes. Unlike drugs such as LSD, the production of which requires considerable expertise in chemistry and access to constituents which are now tightly controlled, the refinement of the first three grades of heroin from opium is a relatively simple process requiring only moderate technical know-how and common chemicals. The final grade of heroin favored in the west is more difficult to produce and involves a potentially dangerous chemical procedure.\n\nFirst morphine is isolated from the crude opium (through being dissolved in water, reacted with lime fertilizer such that it precipates out, and then reacted again with ammonia; what is left is then mechanically filtered to yield a final product of morphine weighing about 90% less than the original quantity of opium). The morphine is reacted with acetic anhydride — a chemical also used in the production of aspirin — in the complicated five-step process used by most refineries in the Golden Triangle. The first step is to cook the morphine at 85°C (185°F) for six hours with an equivalent weight of acetic anhydride. In the second, a treatment of water and hydrochloric acid then purifies the product moderately. When the chemists add sodium carbonate, the particulates settle. Step four involves the heroin being heated in a mixture of alcohol and activated charcoal until the alcohol evaporates. The fifth step is optional, as it only changes the heroin into a finer white powder, more easily injectable; this so-called "no. 4 heroin" is principally exported to the Western markets. In this last, most dangerous step, the heroin (after being dissolved in alchohol), precipates out in tiny white flakes when a mixture of ether and hydrochloric acid is injected; this step is dangerous due to the fact that ether may explode, leveling or severely damaging the refinery (as has happened to a number of such facilities).\n\nThe purity of the extracted morphine determines in large part the quality of the resulting heroin. Most black market heroin is highly impure due to contaminants left after refinement of opium into morphine which then remain in the final product; even if the final product is in the upper range of purity (80 - 99% pure), when the final product reaches the addict, it typically has been cut multiple times, and its purity is down to less than 5%.
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British chemists, John Rex Whinfield and James Tennant Dickson, employees of the Calico Printer's Association of Manchester, patented "polyethylene terephthalate" (also called PET or PETE) in 1941, after advancing the early research of Wallace Carothers. The saw that Carothers's research had not investigated the polyester formed from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Polyethylene terephthalate is the basis of synthetic fibers such as polyester, dacron, and terylene. Whinfield and Dickson along with inventors W.K. Birtwhistle and C.G. Ritchiethey also created the first polyester fiber called Terylene in 1941 (first manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries or ICI). The second polyester fiber was Dupont's Dacron. \n\nAccording to Dupont, "In the late 1920s, DuPont was in direct competition with Britain’s recently formed Imperial Chemical Industries. DuPont and ICI agreed in October 1929 to share information about patents and research developments. In 1952, the companies’ alliance was dissolved... The polymer that became polyester has roots in the 1929 writings of Wallace Carothers. However, DuPont chose to concentrate on the more promising nylon research. When DuPont resumed its polyester research, ICI had patented Terylene polyester, to which DuPont purchased the U.S. rights in 1945 for further development. In 1950, a pilot plant at the Seaford, Delaware, facility produced Dacron [polyester] fiber with modified nylon technology." \n\nDupont's polyester research lead to a whole range of trademarked products, one example is Mylar (1952), an extraordinarily strong polyester (PET) film that grew out of the development of Dacron in the early 1950s. \n\nPolyesters are made from chemical substances found mainly in petroluem and are manufactured in fibers, films, and plastics. \n\nAccording to Dupont Teijin Films, "Plain polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyester is most commonly associated with a material from which cloth and high-performance clothing are produced (e.g., DuPont Dacron® polyester fiber). Increasingly over the last ten years PET has gained acceptance as a material of choice for beverage bottles... PETG, also known as glycolised polyester, is used in the production of cards... Polyester film (PETF) is a semi-crystalline film used in many applications such as videotape, high quality packaging, professional photographic printing, X-ray film, floppy disks, etc. " source Comparison of PETF, PETG and PET \n\nDuPont Teijin Films (founded January 1, 2000) is a leading supplier of PET and PEN polyester films whose brand names incude: Mylar ®, Melinex ®, and Teijin ® Tetoron ® PET polyester film, Teonex ® PEN polyester film, and Cronar ® polyester photographic base film. \n\nNaming an invention actually involves developing at least two names. One name is the generic name. The other name is the brand name or trademark. For example, Mylar ® and Teijin ® are brand names; polyester film or polyethylene terephthalate are the generic or product names
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when you make aspirin ( we do it in the organic chemistry lab) you use the following reactants:\n1)Salicylic acid : this is on aromatic acid, for formula look at : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid\nif it remains at aspirin since it's in small quantities it's not poisonous.\n2)acetic anhydride : it's two acetic acid molecules sticking together. it's dangerous and corrosive. for formula go to :\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_anhydride\nbut it will not remain at the final product since it's too active and will react with water, so washing the aspirin will take care of it.\n3) phosphoric acid : this is a catalyst and will be used an small quantities, and phosphoric acid salts ( phosphates) are not poisonous. \n4) along with aspirin some acetic acid will be produced which is the vinegar and safe to eat.
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Your question confuses me.  It is made in a pharmacutical factory.
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One way to really find out the answer to your question would be to put wool and nylon thread under a microscope.  \n\nBut, even with the naked eye, one can see that a wool thread is spun and will have many little teeny hairs emerging from the body of the thread.  A nylon thread is a synthetic, which should look smooth while compared to the natural fiber.\n\nWhy would the wool be a better thread to use for a sweater or scarf than the nylon?
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carbon fiber.\nit comes as a soft material rolled up like cloth, then they cut it and put it around a mould. It is hardened by putting it under a vacuum, and then in a huge autoclave which cooks the material. the result is strong yet light carbon-fiber
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Wild guess here... a dihydrate of copper chloride.\n\nSecond guess would be copper sulfate, possibly from the manufacturing process.
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It's an iron bearing oxide compound used as an abrasive.\n\nIt's only one of the abrasives in Emery Cloth.\n\nIt's also used as a powder in comercial applications, or in a colodial suspension for lapping compounds..
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If the molecular weight of nylon is too high it can not be spun into yarn.  When acetic acid is added to the reaction mixture, it acts as a chain terminator. A growing chain of nylon polymer has either an amine group or an acid group on the end of it.  If acetic acid reacts with the amine end group, the result is a chain with an unreactive group on the end.  End capping amine group at the chain end with acetic acid.  The chain will be unable to grow anymore so the acetic acid, added in at a specific ratio, acts as a limiting reagent that limits the molecular weight.
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polymerising capro lactam.\n\nYou can try this link for some info on nylon. Otherwise the process goes like this :\n\nLactam > Crusher & Melter > Prepolymeriser > VK tube > Ageing > Granulator > Wet chips > washing tower > washed chips to vacuum dryer > dry Nylon 6 chips
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Tri-sodium phosphate.  TSP is available at Ace Hardware stores (no plug intended, that's just where I found it.)  This is a powder that you mix with water.  It can blister your skin though if you get it on you and don't rinse it off quickly - use latex/rubber gloves.  Mix some up, use it on a small un-noticeable patch of the material you want to clean, and see how it works.  You should just be able to spritz or sponge it on and rinse away the cleaner with the dirt thirty seconds later.