What do the parameters CRP,IGA and IGG mean?
198894
These are all indicators in the blood of infection or inflammation due to infection.  CRP and IGA are proteins, IGG is an antibodies that indicate the presence of an infection.\n\nCRP is a protein found in the blood. It is a marker for inflammation, meaning its presence indicates a heightened state of inflammation in the body. Inflammation is a normal response to many physical states including fever, injury and infection, and is now believed to play a role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular disease.\n\nIGA:A type of immunoglobulin present in blood and body secretions which may aid in fighting infections.\n\nIGG: One of many antibodies present in blood serum which is usually indicative of a recent or remote infection. IgG is most prevalent about 3 weeks after an infection begins.
526336
what is meant by the two kit algorith, I think the concept is that we need to rule out false positives after the first test (A good screening test is sensitive but not specific, ELISA in this case) there are multiple reasons for this, the second test, western blot is highly specific. Once confirmed then we can jump up to expensive and detailed things like virus levels  or treatment etc, hope this answers your query, good luck
47533
http://abstracts.aspb.org/pb2004/public/P28/7904.html\n\nhttp://www.nio.org/jsp/analytical.jsp
218121
Not sure if this will help, but check out this paper:\nhttp://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6871/full/415536a.html\n\nThis is the abstract:\n\nActivation of naive CD4+ T-helper cells results in the development of at least two distinct effector populations, Th1 and Th2 cells1. Th1 cells produce cytokines (interferon (IFN)-, interleukin (IL)-2, tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)- and lymphotoxin) that are commonly associated with cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular pathogens, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions4, and induction of organ-specific autoimmune diseases5. Th2 cells produce cytokines (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) that are crucial for control of extracellular helminthic infections and promote atopic and allergic diseases4. Although much is known about the functions of these two subsets of T-helper cells, there are few known surface molecules that distinguish between them. We report here the identification and characterization of a transmembrane protein, Tim-3, which contains an immunoglobulin and a mucin-like domain and is expressed on differentiated Th1 cells.
523202
Hi Vicki,  I found out a year ago that I was a celiac, now I am feeling so much better, finally found out whats wrong with me. I have had to change a lot of things in my life but its worth it, I didn't have any rashes, mainly a permanent stomach ache and aching joints, lethargy and moodiness.  I have found replacement recipes for all my favourite glutenous recipes. I am also a vegetarian so it makes it difficult to eat out, except at various India, or Thai restaurants.  So now I cook so much more than before, wheat is just about in everything and I have been caught a few times eating the stuff and suffering afterwards. If you would like exchange recipes feel free to email me. And I hope you feel better soon :0)
396337
I believe the answer is B\n\nMicrobodies are associated with lysosomes or other organelles inside the cell.
228528
basically, it means an acute exacerbation of a chronic condition. ie, asthma is chronic, and you can have an acute exacerbation. Diabetes is chronic, and you get acute exacerbations (like acidosis). chronic kidney failure can get acutely worse (acute on chronic kidney failure) etc etc
150564
I'm a bit puzzled by the question. Typically, the relationship is the other way around. Hypogammaglobulinemia is often associated with chronic giardiasis in humans. This has led to the hypothesis that antibodies, particularly of the IgA isotype, are required to control Giardia infections. In other words, having hypogammaglobulinemia can make you susceptible to giardiasis.\nHowever, they may be getting at the idea that Giardia infection, along with others, can *unmask* a previously unsuspected predisposition to immune problems. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is an immune defect characterized by primary hypogammaglobulinemia. Most of the time, clinical manifestations that reveal CVID are recurrent bacterial infections, but other infections (like Giardia, a parasite) can do it. If people get infected, they can't clear the infection, and they eventually get picked up with hypogammaglobulinemia.\nAlternately, it may be that the chronic infection causes a problem with the lymphoid tissue in the gut, producing a deficit of IgA. If you go to the link before and search for 'giardia hypogammaglobulinemia' you get a reference (number 2, I think) which might say that - but I'm not sure because you have to pay to access the full text article and I don't care enough to do that. You might be able to get access free through your campus library.
570468
I had something simular and it took 4 blood tests to determine that I had Mono.   You could also check if you have celiac disease or maybe you have atypical depression
582820
antibody immune response.\n\nits an antibody, its foreign; new to the body.
293976
Antantibodies against antigen are produced by subpopulation of B - cells (B-lymphocytes) activated by antigen against which antibodies are produced.\n\nAntibodies are produced mainly against proteins which contains highly antigenic epitopes. Some polysaccharides may be highly antigenic. (but not starch ...)
302295
If I remember clearly, selective immunoglobulin M deficiency (SIgMD) is a rare form of dysgammaglobulinemia characterized by an isolated low level of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM). For clinical diagnosis of this condition, IgM concentrations are usually found to vary from 40 mg/dL to undetectably low levels, where the (normal) reference range 45-150 mg/dL. \n\nSo your IgM will basically have to fall anywhere below 40mg/dL.
242079
a) Sensitivity = P(Test + | Has disease), so out of the people who have the disease, 93.4% would test positive for it.\n\nSpecificity = P(Test - | Doesn't have disease), so out of the people who don't have the disease, 98.6% would test negative for it.\n\nb) This is again a Bayes' Rule problem\nP(T+|D) = 0.934\nP(T-|ND) = 0.968\nP(D) = 0.002\n\nP(D|T+) = P(D)P(T+|D)/(P(D)P(T+|D) + P(ND)P(T-|ND))\n= (0.002)(0.934)/(0.002(0.934) + 0.998(0.968))
173898
Here is a very good, highly detailed, lavishly illustrated introduction to immunology (click the word "Immunology" on \nthe left).  Since you are in your third year of med school, you shouldn't have any trouble working your way through this.\n\nhttp://www.cehs.siu.edu/fix/medmicro/index.html
96838
High performance liguid chromatography (HPLC), very high density acrylamide gels, such as 16-20%, immunopurification using specific anitbodies are among the most common.
166755
It might be a good idea to get tested for Celiac Disease.  Gallbladder dysfunction is common with this condition.  \n\nCeliac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that damages the lining of the small intestine.  It is caused by an allergic reaction to the protein in common grains (wheat, rye, and barley) called glutens/gliadins.  \n\nThe damage to the small intestine results in decreased production of a very important hormone called Cholecystokinin (CCK).  CCK is the hormone that causes the gallbladder to contract.  Therefore, it is critical to proper gallbladder function.  Poor gallbladder function is therefore common with Celiac Disease.\n\nCeliac Disease is very common. Current estimates are that 1 person in every 100 has it.  Sadly, most medical doctors know very little about this very common disease.  As a result, only about 3% of people with CD in the U.S. get properly diagnosed.\n\nOne reason for the low level of recognition of the disease by doctors is that they do not understand the many, many different ways the disease can 'present' itself.  They are only trained to recognize what is called the 'classic presenting signs and symptoms'.  Unfortunately, MOST people with the disease do not 'present with the classic signs and symptoms'!  So, the condition is rarely recognized.\n\nAsk your doctor for a referral to someone who specializes in Celiac Disease.  The diagnosis can usually be made by simple blood tests (by docs that know what they are doing).  Occassionally, a stool sample test is needed to make the diagnosis.\n\nSince your doc likely is unknowledgeable about this common disorder, you may want to 'educate' him/her.  The medical journal "Gastroenterology" published an entire supplemental issue on this subject in April 2005.  It is available from their website.  Note: many leading medical journals have published review articles on CD in the last two years in an effort to get the medical world to 'start paying attention' to this common disorder.\n\nBest wishes and good luck!
309365
1. as far as your gall bladder problem, several studies have shown that fatty meals may not play as much of a role in the colicky type of pain associated with either stones or a malfunctioning gall bladder, however all the patients I treat and including myself who has what is called "cholelithiasis" find that certain meals will set off an attack. It is probably a good idea when you eat to have several small meals per day rather than the traditional three meals. Smaller portions throughout the day may help with your gall bladder pains.\n2. Now for your diagnosis of IBS. This is usually a diagnosis of exclusion which means you must rule out other more ominous causes, ie. Crohn's Disease, Ulcerative Colitis both can be detected with a colonoscopy. Additionally, you should be tested for what is called "gluten sensitivity" and "celiac sprue". There are blood tests that can shed light on these disorders such as a test called "gliadin antibodies". Your GI doctor may also want to take some biopsies of your colon during the colonscopy so a Pathologist can microscopically determine what type if any inflammation is going on and what the mucosal lining of the intestine looks like. Flattening of the mucosa may be indicative of some of the diseases I mentioned previously. \n3. When you go out to eat, the problem is that if you are allergic to peanuts, many times they will cook with peanut oil and there may even be remnants of peanuts or the oil in preparing your food. This can be very dangerous. I had a patient several years ago who was allergic to peanuts and ate out at McDonalds I believe and there were trace amounts of peanuts or peanut oil which threw him into anaphylactic shock; thank goodness he survived. So you have to be very very careful and let the restaurant know that you are allergic to peanuts, oils, or any by product of peanuts. \nI hope this helps you. You should speak to a Gastroenterologist and have a colonoscopy and some blood work to check for the antibodies. Gluten sensitivity usually goes hand in hand with wheat allergies. There are newer medications that will help with irritable bowel syndrome. Zelnorm is the one that comes to mind. For some reason when it first came to market it was only for women, I assume because most cases of IBS are in females, but more recent studies show that it can be effective in relieving the symptoms of IBS in men too.\nRegards,\nWarren Shaffer, M.D.