I'm working on a project for school, and I need to know ASAP if a British castle around 40 A.C.E would have galss windows, if they were just open, or if they used something else. Thanks!
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100 A.D.\nThe Roman connection\nThe Romans also did much to spread glassmaking technology. With its conquests, trade relations, road building, and effective political and economical administration, the Roman Empire created the conditions for the flourishing of glassworks across western Europe and the Mediterranean. During the reign of the emperor Augustus, glass objects began to appear throughout Italy, in France, Germany and Switzerland. Roman glass has even been found as far afield as China, shipped there along the silk routes.\n\nIt was the Romans who began to use glass for architectural purposes, with the discovery of clear glass (through the introduction of manganese oxide) in Alexandria around AD 100. Cast glass windows, albeit with poor optical qualities, thus began to appear in the most important buildings in Rome and the most luxurious villas of Herculaneum and Pompeii.\n\nWith the geographical division of the empires, glass craftsmen began to migrate less, and eastern and western glassware gradually acquired more distinct characteristics. Alexandria remained the most important glassmaking area in the East, producing luxury glass items mainly for export. The world famous Portland Vase is perhaps the finest known example of Alexandrian skills. In Rome's Western empire, the city of Köln in the Rhineland developed as the hub of the glassmaking industry, adopting, however, mainly eastern techniques. Then, the decline of the Roman Empire and culture slowed progress in the field of glassmaking techniques, particularly through the 5th century. Germanic glassware became less ornate, with craftsmen abandoning or not developing the decorating skills they had acquired.\n\n11th century\nSheet glass skills\nThe 11th century also saw the development by German glass craftsmen of a technique - then further developed by Venetian craftsmen in the 13th century - for the production of glass sheets. By blowing a hollow glass sphere and swinging it vertically, gravity would pull the glass into a cylindrical "pod" measuring as much as 3 metres long, with a width of up to 45 cm. While still hot, the ends of the pod were cut off and the resulting cylinder cut lengthways and laid flat. Other types of sheet glass included crown glass (also known as "bullions"), relatively common across western Europe. With this technique, a glass ball was blown and then opened outwards on the opposite side to the pipe. Spinning the semi-molten ball then caused it to flatten and increase in size, but only up to a limited diameter. The panes thus created would then be joined with lead strips and pieced together to create windows. Glazing remained, however, a great luxury up to the late Middle Ages, with royal palaces and churches the most likely buildings to have glass windows. Stained glass windows reached their peak as the Middle Ages drew to a close, with an increasing number of public buildings, inns and the homes of the wealthy fitted with clear or coloured glass decorated with historical scenes and coats of arms.\n\n\nPossibly, but high quality didn't emerge until 1,000 years later.
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After reading some of the earlier replies to this question, I think I (or someone else with expertise in meteorology) must respond. First, DO NOT WASTE PRECIOUS TIME OPENING THE WINDOWS OF YOUR HOME!!! This is an old-wives tale, passed down by those who do not understand the pressure-loading upon walls during tornadic events. The inside of a tornado is low pressure, much lower than in your home. As a tornado passes near or over the home, pressure builds on the inside of the walls, out. Due to the depth of the low in a tornado, this pressure builds up much earlier than will any damage from in-blown debris will occur. In fact, if the windows are going to blow out, they will do so whether you go around opening them or not. Opening the windows also does not alleviate the pressure build-up along the walls, since unless you own clerestory windows (for which you can't open anyway) and your entire house is glass, the pressure will still build up along the walls regardless. Opening the windows is only a time-waster, and will offer no real protection from anything. At best, from the time those sirens go off, you have 15 minutes to get to cover - you do NOT have time to waste opening windows.\n\nSecond, unless you are a trained storm spotter or experienced chaser (and, since you're asking this question, you aren't) DO NOT try and "film" the tornado. Quite frankly, every civilian who does this not only puts their own lives at risk, but they also selfishly endanger the lives of EMS and civil defense workers. I personally think that every good-timing yahoo who tries to film the tornado, and lacks the knowledge to do so safely, should be mandated to make the calls to the families of the police, fire, and EMS heroes who sacrifice in the line of duty to save the idiots.\n\nAnother misconception that needs to be dispelled before someone suggests it, is DO NOT seek refuge under an overpass if you're caught outside in a tornadic event. Five or six years ago, there was some infamous footage of a t.v. camera crew taking cover under an overpass when they themselves were caught outside while taping the storm (yet another example of point 2 above). They luckily survived, and because they did, many people who watched the tape believed (falsely) that this was a good tactic. If you examine the equation of vorticity, you will note that the wind speed actually increases as the circumference of the confining area decreases- in other words, the wind speed and force actually increases under overpasses. At least a few souls that I know of found this out the hard way. If you're caught outside, the best thing you can do to protect yourself is to lie smooshed-down, as flat as you can, into the nearest gulley or ditch; cover your head and neck with your arms so that you have at least some protection from debris. Hopefully, this tactic will shield you from debris, and may reduce the suction force since wind speeds slow down considerably in the boundary layer due to friction forces.\n\nIf you're in your car, abandon it and follow the procedure in paragraph 3 - you do not have the experience to know how to drive around a tornado and stay (relatively) safe. If you're in an apartment or trailer, either seek shelter in the storm shelter the property managers have (hopefully) put on-site or follow either the outdoor procedures (trailer park residents) or the following house advice (apartment dwellers). If you're in an apartment which does not have a shelter, or a house, seek shelter either (ideally) in a basement or in a window-less, centrally-located bathroom - or if all else fails, closet. You need windowless because you want to avoid flying glass and debris, and central because most tornados that strike are F3 or lower, which will only typically take the outer walls, and leave inner rooms intact. Bathrooms offer more protection than closets, because of the plumbing in the walls (of course, this only really applies if the plumb
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Check this link:\n\nhttp://www.wunderground.com/cgi-bin/findweather/getForecast?query=glasford+IL\n\nscroll down about 1/4 page to "History & Almanac" section on left. Use that to get the information you want. Have fun!!
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hell yeah! I was at a friends place (this was when i was a kid) and suddenly all the kitchen cupboard dooors were slamming open and shut.. and the weird thing is that the house was closed up... so no wind inside.. explain that one.
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I was just doing this topic in geography...OK got my book here, but I'm not sure if this is what your loOKing for:\n\nok...typical characteristic of an inner city area...\n\nduring the industrial revolution factories and houses for workers were built around the city centre.  This zone of old factories and housing is called the inner city.  Today many of the old factories have closed and some of the houses have been demolished.  This area is often refered to as a zone of change and is undergoing urban renewal.\n\nOK...are services low, middle or high order?\n\nServices in the inner city area are mostly high order services, such as jewellers and furniture shops.\n\nOK...is the housing mainly terraced?\n\ntwo or three storey terraced houses, or four or five storey tenemant blocks.\nso yes housing is mainly terraced.\n\nOK...how old is the housing...is the housing run down...\n\nyes the housing is probably quite old (not sure of the dates, sorry), but alot of it would have been demolished and re-newed.\nif there is some housing that hasn't been restored, yes it will be run down (an example would be London docklands back before it was restored, just ask if you want my stuff on that).
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Well take a look at what's still left of ancient cultures. It all depends on the building materials. I think 20,000-50,000 years would be enough time for things to be knocked down and destroyed but it's all really in how the structure is preserved.
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I am an American...was born and raised in Michigan....I am currently living in England about 45 min from London.  Its alright...it rains alot....but there is alot of history here and its really cool to see some of the old castles.  The Tower Of London is great but Stonehenge really wasn't that impressive.
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Its all about the age and looks of the property and whether putting stone cladding and double glazing on it would ruin the effect of the neighbourhood, and parish councils have a say in it too. And we all know about them, family run committees who think they have the right to tell people what to do with their own property. People who think their more important than the rest of the village, you know, nosey gits
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Yeah, I'd've said like Stained Glass.  Or those windows made up of lots of very small square or diamond panes connected together using strips of lead.
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We use math while driving (speed, distance), cooking, making purchases, regulating temerature in our home, putting gas in our cars, wow this list is endless.\n\nEver see a house that looked wrong?  Most likely there was something mathematically out of balance with the placement of the windows & doors on the front of it.\n\nGood luck with your project!
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http://images.google.com/images?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rls=GWYA,GWYA:2005-31,GWYA:en&q=Branwen
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according to this site there is\n\nhttp://www.gizmag.co.uk/go/3130/
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i cant remember one been abandoned in england for years
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Perhaps you are thinking of Brady Castle.\nhttp://www.dupontcastle.com/castles/brady.htm
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yeah limited at the moment\n\nhttp://www.wallbangers.co.uk/home.php
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which monastries? if youre talking christian, then they were built in th early middle ages to house communities of monks and nuns. They were also there as inns and guesthouses for pilgrims, and hospitals for the sick, as well as libraries. By contrast, buddhist monastries and such were more for contemplation and solitude, less worldly use. They were built by masons, in christian case on behalf of the monk by pios community members, not sure for the eastern ones
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Glass has been around for a long time and it is possible that someone fashioned a "lens" and did tricks with it (and was burned at the stake?).  More likely, tricks were done with campfire light and shadows on cave walls to form rabbits, gulls (or dinosaurs?).  Still a great way to entertain children, right?