Describe a biochemical, nutrient cycle its aspects and its pathways.
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Possible scenario of the evolution of the mitochondrion in Kinetoplastida. A facultative anaerobic, 'pluripotent' ancestral eukaryote was formed by endosymbiosis of a facultative anaerobic α-proteobacterium by an archaebacterial host. It has been proposed [118] that different capacities of the original symbiont were lost in different eukaryotic lineages, leading to different types of organelles (aerobic mitochondria, anaerobic mitochondria, hydrogenosomes). In Kinetoplastida, the original hydrogenase, anaerobic terminal oxidases and the capacity to synthesize quinones of low redox potential were lost. Indications for the retainment of the PFO have been reported, but its presence still requires unequivocal confirmation. The kinetoplastid mitochondrion acquired an AOX and its metabolism became partially fermentative (see text). Abbreviations: AOX, alternative oxidase; ASCT, acetate:succinate CoA transferase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; PFO, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase; terminal oxidase O, O2-dependent terminal oxidase; terminal oxidases A, terminal oxidases using 'anaerobic' electron acceptors.\n\n\nhttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=317351&rendertype=figure&id=F9
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Mutation\n\nGrowth\n\nReproduction/division\n\nStarvation\n\nPoisons\n\nOsmotic changes
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As Beare85 said, the matter comes in as nutrients or food. Metabolism consists a series of reactions that happens in the body and in cells, taking in food (potato, beef and so on), brakes them down into the smallest biological molecules (particles such as proteins, carbohydrates, fat, and other minerals and vita mines, while storing the energy of those bonds), then uses them as building blocks for their functions. In the body, a lot of the breaking down happens in the digestive system, and is spread through the body in the blood. Cells absorb nitriente mostly as building blocks already. Cells are mostly proteins, lipids (fat) and water. It all comes from food.
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Principal factors in the rate of enzymatic reactions are the concentrations of enzyme and substrate and the availability of required cofactors.
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1. Glycolysis\n2. lactate\n3. 8\n3. fermentation\n6. FADH2 and NADH
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study of the substances found in living organisms, and of the chemical reactions underlying life processes. This science is a branch of both chemistry and biology; the prefix bio- comes from bios, the Greek word for “life.” The chief goal of biochemistry is to understand the structure and behavior of biomolecules. These are the carbon-containing compounds that make up the various parts of the living cell and carry out the chemical reactions that enable it to grow, maintain and reproduce itself, and use and store energy.\n\nA vast array of biomolecules is present in the cell. The structure of each biomolecule determines in what chemical reactions it is able to participate, and hence what role it plays in the cell's life processes. Among the most important classes of biomolecules are nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.\n\nNucleic acids are responsible for storing and transferring genetic information. They are enormous molecules made up of long strands of subunits, called bases, that are arranged in a precise sequence. These are “read” by other components of the cell and used as a guide in making proteins.\n\nProteins (see Protein) are large molecules built up of small subunits called amino acids. Using only 20 different amino acids, a cell constructs thousands of different proteins, each of which has a highly specialized role in the cell. The proteins of greatest interest to biochemists are the enzymes (see Enzyme), which are the “worker” molecules of the cell. These enzymes serve as promoters, or catalysts, of chemical reactions.\n\nCarbohydrates (see Carbohydrate) are the basic fuel molecules of the cell. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in approximately equal amounts. Green plants and some bacteria use a process known as photosynthesis to make simple carbohydrates (sugars) from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Animals, however, obtain their carbohydrates from foods. Once a cell possesses carbohydrates, it may break them down to yield chemical energy or use them as raw material to produce other biomolecules.\n\nLipids are fatty substances that play a variety of roles in the cell. Some are held in storage for use as high-energy fuel; others serve as essential components of the cell membrane.\n\nBiomolecules of many other types are also found in cells. These compounds perform such diverse duties as transporting energy from one location in the cell to another, harnessing the energy of sunlight to drive chemical reactions, and serving as helper molecules (cofactors) for enzyme action. All these biomolecules, and the cell itself, are in a state of constant change. In fact, a cell cannot maintain its health unless it is continually forming and breaking down proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids; repairing damaged nucleic acids; and using and storing energy. These active, energy-linked processes of change are collectively called metabolism. One major aim of biochemistry is to understand metabolism well enough to predict and control changes that occur in cells. Biochemical studies have yielded such benefits as treatments for many metabolic diseases, antibiotics to combat bacteria, and methods to boost industrial and agricultural productivity. These advances have been augmented in recent years by the use of genetic engineering techniques.
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Biochemistry\n\nThe chemistry of biology, the application of the tools and concepts of chemistry to living systems. \n\nBiochemists study such things as the structures and physical properties of biological molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; the mechanisms of enzyme action; the chemical regulation of metabolism; the chemistry of nutrition; the molecular basis of genetics (inheritance); the chemistry of vitamins; energy utilization in the cell; and the chemistry of the immune response.\n\nFields closely related to biochemistry include biophysics, cell biology, and molecular biology. Biophysics applies to biology the techniques of physics. Cell biology is concerned with the organization and functioning of the individual cell. Molecular biology, a term first used in 1950, It overlaps biochemistry and is principally concerned with the molecular level of organization. \n\nThe science of biochemistry has also been called physiological chemistry and biological chemistry
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http://www.soils.agri.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil3612/Symbiotic_Nitrogen_Fixation/Specificity.htm\nhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag152\nhttp://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~gaud/bio326/class/ecosyst/Ncycling2.html
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The citric acid cycle is also called the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the Krebs cycle. It is the final common catabolic pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules. Two carbons enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA and two carbons leave as CO2. In the course of the cycle, four oxidation-reduction reactions take place to yield reduction potential in the form of three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2. A high energy phosphate bond (GTP) is also formed.
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Here's a link for the nitrogen cycle that has a diagram. \nhttp://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/envqual/wq0252.htm\nBasically nitrogen goes from plants to animals to the ground from waste and is broken down by bacteria.\n\nHere's a good link that explains the phosphorous cycle. Basically, the phosphorous cycle is when phosphorous is in water from broken down rock sediment and in plants, is consumed and used in animal, then is returned to the environment through decomposers.\n\nThe carbon cycle is when carbon from the air is used by plants and animals in respiration and returned to the environment in respiration and decomposition.\n\nHere's another link that may help.\nhttp://neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov/STAFF/brianc/phospho.html
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Step 1 - ATP is invested by adding a P to glucose\n          Step 2 - Glucose-6-P is convertedinto Fructose-6-P\nStep 3 - A second ATP is invested \nStep 4 - The 6 carbon molecule issplit into two three carbon molecules.\nStep 4.5 - Dihydroxyacetone -P is converted into 3-P-glyceraldehyde\nStep 6 - every subsequent step occurs 2xNADH is produced as another P is added\nStep 7 - (2) ATP is recovered\nStep 8 - The P is moved from the 3-carbon to the 2-carbon\nStep 9 - A structural change is made\nStep 10 - (2) ATP is recovered\nStep 11 - NADH is produced anda CO2 is produced\n2 pyruvate are made from the process
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Glycolysis.\n\nOne molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid generating energy in the form of ATP and NADH. This is one of the most common metablic pathways known, being found in the majority of living organisms.
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Cyclins are so named because their concentration varies in a cyclical fashion during the cell cycle; they are produced or degraded as needed in order to drive the cell through the different stages of the cell cycle.
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http://www.biotopics.co.uk/life/7chars.html
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The main mechanism of energy production in the body is through the formation and oxidation of adenosine triphosphate, ATP.  Cells convert carbohydrates (which we eat) into ATP, and then oxidize the molecules later to access the energy in their chemical bonds.
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1.PHOTON PARTICLES                   (Solar energy)\n 2.ADENOSINE TRI PHOSPHATE (ATP)       (Chemical energy)\n 3.FOOD (GLUCOSE)         (Potential energy)
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Photosynthesis, Respiration, Acid Rain, Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Ozone, Methanol, Carbonic Acid...\n\nThe sources listed are very good, some may be over your head, but, look them over.