whut is the 1st ionzation energy
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For element X the amount of energy required to remove one of the the outermost electrons to make the ion X+ (hence the name Ionisation)
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Atomic number\n 8\n \nAtomic mass\n 15.999 g.mol -1\n \nElectronegativity according to Pauling\n 3.5\n \nDensity\n 1.429 kg/m3 at 20°C\n \nMelting point\n -219 °C\n \nBoiling point\n -183 °C\n \nVanderwaals radius \n 0.074 nm\n \nIonic radius\n 0.14 nm (-2)\n \nIsotopes\n 4\n \nElectronic shell \n [ He ] 2s 2 2p 4\n \nEnergy of first ionisation\n 1314 kJ.mol -1\n \nEnergy of second ionisation\n 3388 kJ.mol -1\n \nEnergy of third ionisation\n 5300 kJ.mol -1\n \nDiscovered by\n Joseph Priestly in 1774
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yup...energy (Joules) multiplied by time (seconds)
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C\n\nthis is the definition of a strong acid.\n\nIt ionizes completely in water rather than entering into an equilibrium as a weak acid would do.
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the atom is the most basic unit of matter
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This is true in isolated atoms.\n\nIf we put them into the electric fields generated by nearby atoms, especially those of water of crystallisation, the energy levels can change and rearrange the electron orbitals.\n\nTo explain this to our satisfaction would mean solving the equations and getting the answers.  Unfortunately this is known as a many bodied problem and only the simplest of them can be solved.\n\nTake heart in the fact that the energy levels are so close together that we can glibly announce the fact and move on quickly to the next topic!
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In physics and chemistry, a plasma is typically an ionized gas, and is usually considered to be a distinct phase of matter in contrast to solids, liquids and gases. "Ionized" means that at least one electron has been dissociated from a proportion of the atoms or molecules. The free electric charges make the plasma electrically conductive so that it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields.\nExcept near the electrodes, where there are sheaths containing very few electrons, the ionized gas contains ions and electrons in about equal numbers so that the resultant space charge is very small. We shall use the name plasma to describe this region containing balanced charges of ions and electrons.\nMore specifically, a plasma is an electrically conductive collection of charged particles that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces. Plasma typically takes the form of neutral gas-like clouds or charged ion beams, but may also include dust and grains (called dusty plasmas) . They are typically formed by heating and ionizing a gas, stripping electrons away from atoms, thereby enabling the positive and negative charges to move freely.\nPlasma properties are strongly dependent on the bulk (or average) parameters. Some of the most important plasma parameters are the degree of ionization, the plasma temperature, the density and the magnetic field in the plasma region. \nPlasma parameters can take on values varying by many orders of magnitude, but the properties of plasmas with apparently disparatFor plasma to exist, ionization is necessary. The degree of ionization of a plasma is the proportion of atoms which have lost (or gained) electrons, and is controlled mostly by the temperature. Even a partially ionized gas in which as little as 1% of the particles are ionized can have the characteristics of a plasma (i.e. respond to magnetic fields and be highly electrically conductive).\n\nPlasma temperature is commonly measured in Kelvin or electron volts, and is (roughly speaking) a measure of the thermal kinetic energy per particle. In most cases the electrons are close enough to thermal equilibrium that their temperature is relatively well-defined, even when there is a significant deviation from a Maxwellian energy distribution function, for example due to UV radiation, energetic particles, or strong electric fields. Because of the large difference in mass, the electrons come to thermodynamic equilibrium among themselves much faster than they come into equilibrium with the ions or neutral atoms. For this reason the ion temperature may be very different from (usually lower than) the electron temperature. This is especially common in weakly ionized technological plasmas, where the ions are often near the ambient temperature.\n\nTemperature controls the degree of plasma ionization. In particular, plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature relative to the ionization energy (and more weakly by the density) in accordance with the Saha equation. A plasma is sometimes referred to as being hot if it is nearly fully ionized, or cold if only a small fraction (for example 1%) of the gas molecules are ionized (but other definitions of the terms hot plasma and cold plasma are common). Even in a "cold" plasma the electron temperature is still typically several thousand degrees. Plasmas utilized in plasma technology ("technological plasmas") are usually cold in this sense.\nNext to the temperature, which is of fundamental importance for the very existence of a plasma, the most important property is the density. The word "plasma density" by itself usually refers to the electron density, that is, the number of free electrons per unit volume. The ion density is related to this by the average charge state  of the ions through . (See quasineutrality below.) The third important quantity is the density of neutrals n0. In a hot plasma this is small, but may still determine important physics. The degree o
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with each ionization, an electron is removed making the atom more positive. Removing another electron is harder because of the fact that it is more attracted to the nucleous as it becomes less negative.
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If you could find a transition between an inverted state and a ground state of 1 joule, you could probably make a laser of that frequency. At this point, hard gamma rays are the limit we have done.
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I hope this is what you need:\n\nLattice energy is the energy required to completely separate an ionic solid into its gaseous ions. It depends on the ionic charges and on ionic sizes:\n\nE(l) = k * Q1 * Q2 / d\n\nwhere k is a constant (8.99 x 10^9 J·m/C2), Q1 and Q2 are\nthe charges on the ions, and d is the distance between ions.\n\nThe lattice energy increases as distance between the ions decreases and as ionic charges increase.
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Yes.  You just begin to take electrons away from the outermost, least stable orbitals.  In this case the first two electrons will come from the 4s2 shell, and then the one from the 3d.  This will leave you with just [Ar], which is a noble gas, and if you remember back to the beginning of chemistry, elements become ionic (gain or lose electrons) because they all wish to achieve this noble gas configuration.
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A very early form of electric energy was the ancient egyptians made simple batteries from clay pots, copper rods and lemon juice. Probaly for primitive polarity experiments. Electricity was probaly first used practicaly by thomas edison when he created the lightbulb. The cathode ray tube was also a great success, made in the late 19th early 20th century. When they fired electrons in a contained glass tubs a black spot would show up on a far end. This idea eventualy evolved into the television. G.Boole a scientist in the 18th century created a form of math called Boolean Logic, this math has been used in circuit boards and electronics to this day. He also created a computational machine. It was far more mechanical than electronic however.
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A) The potential energy to move charged particle.\n\nThink of it as pressure.
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Yes, it is possible to remove all the electrons if you put the right amount of energy.  For example, 214.4 eV will remove all three electrons from the lithium atom.\n\nI have seen atomic ion to refer to a nucleus without electrons.\n\nThe ionization energy to take all the electrons is either n(th) ionization energy (where n=atomic number) or ultimate ionization energy.
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→ Atomic radius decreases → Ionization energy increases → Electronegativity increases →\n\nIn general, the degree of electronegativity decreases down each group and increases across the periods, as shown below. Across a period, non-metals tend to gain electrons and metals tend to lose them due to the atom striving to achieve a stable octet. Down a group, the nuclear charge has less effect on the outermost shells. Therefore, the most electronegative atoms can be found in the upper, right hand side of the periodic table, and the least electronegative elements can be found at the bottom left. \n\nGenerally speaking, atomic ionization energies decrease down a group of the periodic table, and increase left-to-right across a period. Ionization energy exhibits a strong negative correlation with atomic radius.
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The positive ion is generally smaller, and the negative ion generally larger.  Atoms and their ions differ only in the outer electron shell, so the Coulombic attraction to the nucleus is the same, and equivalent to a point charge at the center of the nucleus with the net charge of the nucleus and all inner electron shells.  But add an electron to the outer shell, and the new electron interacts with the other electrons already in the outer shell, by repulsion.\n\nNegative ions for column VII of the periodic table have a much larger ionic radius than the neutral atom, since the added electron is the first electron in a new shell.
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The bigger the atom,\nthe taller the radius,\nthe taller the distance of the outer electron to the center of the ion,\nthe weaker the electric bond between the outer electron and the ion,\nthe lesser the first ionization energy.\n\nTh