HEAT AND PRESSURE ON EXISTING ROCKS or EVAPORATION OF WATER, LEAVING SOLIDS BEHIND or COOLING AND HARDENING OF MOLTEN ROCK or LAYERS OF MUD ON THE BOTTOM OF A LAKE?
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Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock (magma) cools and solidifies, with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks. This magma can be derived from either the Earth's mantle or pre-existing rocks made molten by extreme temperature and pressure changes. Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them formed beneath the surface of the Earth's crust. The word "igneous" is derived from the Latin ignis, meaning "fire".
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BOTH lowering of ph in lakes or removing mineral.\n\n http://healthandenergy.com/acid_rain.htm
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The 'science guru' is right, but I'll chime in to try and help you wrap your mind around it. \nThe slower magma cools the bigger the crystals in it get. The deeper the magma is in the earth the more it is insulated (like a pizza in one of those pizza delivery bags) and so it cools lots slower the deeper it is.\nThe faster the magma cools the smaller the crystals in it. Since the earth insulates the magma it has to get closer to the surface before it can cool fast enough to have small crystals.\nIf you have two different sizes of crystals then you must have two different rates of cooling.\nThe crystals that can form at higher temps start forming first, of course, and then, when the magma gets pushed up nearer the surface the rest of the material cools quickly into small crystals that surround the larger ones.\nDoes that help?
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Water gives up far more (latent) heat when cooled than soil does.  Therefore the ground around the puddle may drop to well below freezing before the water in the puddle cools and freezes solid.  This could cause the puddle to freeze at the edges first then work inward toward the middle although a thin skim of ice may cover the entire puddle.  As the freezing water advances toward the center of the puddle it pushes any excess air before it and air can collect in the middle from all sides.  This can form a hollow cavity.  Incidently, ice can freeze in large grains and since a mixture of minerals and water freezes at a lower temperature than pure water, minerals are left at the boundaries of the grains.  Later when the ice melts, the boundaries melt first and can produce weak "rotten" ice that easily breaks through when walked on.  In short, an advancing wall of freezing water or a freezing crystal can exclude foreign matter.
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Jetties and sea walls cause sand and silt to be deposited on their down-current side.  Example: The long jetty near the airport.\n\nWetlands are drained for development thus removing the buffer that wetlands provide against storm surges and flooding.  Example: Burnt Bridge Creek area - Lacamas Creek Enterprises Inc. filled approximately 1.2 acres of wetlands
22802
These features you're noting, like rivers and oceans, are on the Earth's surface on a layer called the crust.  Lava is molten rock that exists UNDER the crust in a second layer known as the mantel.  The water doesn't 'cool down' the lava because it is seperated by a thick layer of rock.
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Water and impurities in the water cause friction.
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foam is an insulator material.  This means it does not conduct heat very well.
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of course! as long as there is heat, evaporation can occur. boiling and freezing and melting... evaporation is occuring! and if its below the substance's freezing point, then no. evaporation does not occur when something is soild. as long as there is some form of liquid in the substance, it would turn to gas during the process called evaporation
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1. Sedimentation.\n2. Compaction.\n3. Dewatering/degassing\n4. Lithification by heat and pressure.
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A desert is defined by its low rainfall record, hence why you can get hot, cold and frigid deserts.\n\nDeserts can be caused by a number of factors, for example mountains surrounding the area cause rain to fall on their slopes rather than further inland so creating the arid conditions.(can't think of an example for this but there are several)\n\nThe area may be so far inland that the damp winds from the sea fail to reach it.  When combined with a hot climate severe desert conditions occur. (Death Valley)\n\nThere may be a cold current running along the coast which causes coastal fog and precipitation, preventing it raining inland. (Patagonian Desert)\n\nThe sand is the product of weathering on the rock, the hot temperatures during the day cause the rocks to expand, the rocks are made up of different minerls and colours of crystals (grains) due to colour some expand more than others, this can break the rock surface down. (Intergranular errosion).  The wind picks up the bits and hits them against other rocks, turning the lumps to powder (mechanical errosion).\n\nwhen rain does fall the water scours rock debris off the surface causing the pieces to rub over each other (more mechanical errosion).  When drying out in the heat the water evapourates leaving salt deposits behind, these can dissole minerals in the rock (chemical errosion) and can cause slat pillars which are capable of lifting erroded rock layers off the surface.
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Heat is the measure of internal energy that an object has.  Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object only.  The internal energy flows from the higher level to the lower level.  This is similar to flowing water.  The water in a lake at the top of the hill has more potential energy than the water in the lake at the bottom of the hill.  The water will flow downhill only.  The water flows from the location where it has a higher energy level to the location where it can have a lower energy level.
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a) a lower freezing point than pure water
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thermal eneergy or heat
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They're igneous (made by cooling magma), metamorphic (heat/pressure/chemical change), or sedimentary/stratified (compressed layers).
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This is a purely physical change of state from solid to liquid as a result of energy being added to the system.  There is an increase in entropy of the system.
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You need to think about this in terms of the question, that is what one of these processes involves movement of sediment.\n\nWeathering does involve movement of sediment, since weathering includes lots of processes that break down rocks into smaller particles or even dissolve rocks. Dissolution of limestone by carbonic acid in water is weathering that 'moves' rock. Freeze-thaw weathering of sandstone breaks the sandstone into smaller particles that are carried away by water, gravity, and wind. \n\nDeposition is the end result of the process of moving sediment, and may be the only one that does not answer your question, but because it is part of the process of 'moving' sediment it probably counts. \n\nErosion definitely moves sediment. Soil, sand, and rock are eroded by moving water and transported to new locations. \n\nAbrasion results in 'moving' sediment. Glaciers abrade underlying rock and grind it into small particles. Wind blows sand grains against rock and abrades it and reduces it to smaller particles. \n\nI think the only correct answer here is "all of the above.”