The protestant reformation and the scientific reformation occured at the same time in Europe. To what extent were they related and how? Of the two, which had the greater impact on the lives of most Europeans in the 17th century and why?
199600
The scintific reformation had bigger inpact as it started to change many peoples views on God, for the first time science didn't revolve or make reasons for things concerning God, so it made people for the first time in English history actually challenge the existance of any God.
375012
Saying "were" are you talking about European immigration in the 1700 - 1800's - or - European immigrants of today. I have an answer for both but need to know which to say.
171040
De Jaucourt, Denis Diderot... loads of others -- they wrote the world's first Encyclopedia during the Englightenment period (rather than having exactly the same philosophy).  They were supported by Catherine The Great and Frederick the Great among others.\n\nAround the year 1000 there was the Third crusade and the Schism.  Eastern Orthodox Christianity broke with Rome and the Pope, leaving two super religions -- Islam and Roman Christianity.... and so it remained until the 1500s, when there was a second schism -- the Protestant Reformation.\n\nThere was throughout, a feeling of confidence that the Eastern Orthodox Church was a temporary schism, and there was no particular ill-feeling or bad-blood.  The easterners were a small minor group in comparison.  Despite the Crusades and wars between Moslems and Roman Christians, they were united in hatred and suppression of the Jews, and most of the time the two co-existed.\n\nThe biggest event was the Protestant Reformation, this was earth-shattering, and caused a lot of bloodshed and ill-feeling that remains to this day.  The Puritan Pilgrim Fathers that sailed to North America is a perfect example of religious intolerance and persecution that resulted in the catacombs, priest holdes, Huguenots and ripped through mainland European Politics like nothing before or since.\n\nSome believe that THE PROTESTANT V CATHOLIC situation WAS SO BAD that the RESULT WAS to avoid it all and get involved in the SCIENCES and new Philosophies - "The Best of All Possible Worlds" in the age of Reason/ the Enlightenment/ the beginnings of the Scientific Age and The Industrial Revolution/ British Empire of the 1700s.\n\nThis is also the period in which you seem to have an interest -- the Constitution of the United States of America.  \n\nI can assert with some confidence that there would be no Eastern Orthodox Christianity nor Islam involved in this, despite it being based on the Declaration of Arbroath -- a letter to the Pope -- the United States' Constitution is firmly a PROTESTANT form of Christianity, affected to a certain extent (but not as big as you might have thought) by the modern ideas of the Philosophes from France -- religious tolerance, morality over all, reason over all and so forth!\n\nHope this help!
599065
If you protest the teaching of the catholic church and take another route while still believing in the same god you are a protestant, it started in the sixteen century with Martin Luther, who broke off of the catholic church and started a separated church following the teachings of the bible as he thougth was the right way. today there are many denomination and are call protestants: anglicans,bautists,pentecostalts etc...
284097
Good point. The Crusades took place because the Roman Catholic Church forbid the common man from having the Bible, locked it up behind gates and said, "Thus and thus is what God says." From this we got inquisitions, crusades, indulgences and the like.\n\nWhen the reformation translated the Bible into German and English, the average person could stand up to the evil popery and say "No!" for the Bible says thus and thus. Then the killing and fleecing soon stopped.\n___________________________\n\nMaster of Goats - Not true, so watch who you call dim-wit. Members of a synagogue would take turns reading the Torah. It was also part of the writ of becoming a man at 13 to read and comment on the scriptures.
662948
Being a priest in the middle ages wasn't what we consider it now.  It was mostly a politcial position bought for second sons.  Like being a politician today there were some people that took their job seriously, and then there were the people who were spoiled and corrupt.  There was almost no accountablity, so those that broke the Church's rules paid their way out if they got into trouble, or did what they wanted.  The widespread corruption was what eventually lead to the breaking of Church authority.
627137
If you are looking for the first breakaway from the Catholic religion, it wasn't the Protestants that hold that distinction, but Islam, then the Eastern Orthodox. The East-West Schism, known also as the Great Schism (though this latter term sometimes refers to the later Western Schism), was the event that divided Chalcedonian Christianity into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Though normally dated to 1054, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between the two Churches. The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over papal authority—the Pope claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, while Eastern Orthodox today claim that the primacy of the Patriarch of Rome was only honorary, and thus he had authority only over Western Christians—and over the insertion of the filioque clause into the Nicene Creed. There were other, less significant catalysts for the Schism, including variance over liturgical practices and conflicting claims of jurisdiction.\n\nBut for the origins of other Christian denominations and their roots...\n\nReligion:         ANGLICAN\nYear instituted:  1534 A.D. \nInstituted by:    King Henry VIII (Because he was refused a divorce)\nLocation:         England\n\nReligion:         ASSEMBLY OF GOD\nYear instituted:  1914 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Developed from a revival movement in the early 1900's\nLocation:         Hot Springs, Arkansas\n\nReligion:         BAPTIST\nYear instituted:  1607 A.D.\nInstituted by:    John Smyth\nLocation:         Amsterdam\n\nReligion:         CALVINIST\nYear instituted:  1533 A.D.\nInstituted by:    John Calvin (former Protestant)\nLocation:         -----\n\nReligion:         CHRISTIAN REFORMED\nYear instituted:  1857 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Separated from Dutch Reformed Church\nLocation:         -----\n\nReligion:         CHRISTIAN SCIENCE\nYear instituted:  1879 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Mary Baker Eddy\nLocation:         Boston, Massachusetts\n\nReligion:         CHURCH OF NAZARENE\nYear instituted:  1919\nInstituted by:    Union of General Assembly\nLocation:         -----\n\nReligion:         CONGREGATIONALIST\nYear instituted:  1582 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Robert Brown\nLocation:         Holland\n\nReligion:         DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH\nYear instituted:  1628 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Michelis Jones\nLocation:         New York, United States\n\nReligion:         EASTERN ORTHODOX\nYear instituted:  1054 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem\nLocation:         -----\n\nReligion:         EPISCOPALIAN\nYear instituted:  1789 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Samuel Seabury\nLocation:         United States\n\nReligion:         EVANGELICAL\nYear instituted:  1803\nInstituted by:    Jacob Albright\nLocation:         Pennsylvania, United States\n\nReligion:         EVANGELICAL REFORMED\nYear instituted:  1934\nInstituted by:    Union at General Assembly\nLocation:         Cleveland, Ohio\n\nReligion:         FREE METHODIST\nYear instituted:  1860 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Separated from the Methodist Church\nLocation:         Niagara Country, N.Y., United States\n\nReligion:         ISLAM\nYear instituted:  600 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Mohammed\nLocation:         Saudi Arabia\n\nReligion:         JEHOVAH'S WITNESS\nYear instituted:  1872 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Charles Taze Russell\nLocation:         Allegheny, Pennsylvania, United States\n\nReligion:         LUTHERAN\nYear instituted:  1517 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Martin Luther (ex-monk)\nLocation:         Germany\n\nReligion:         MENNONITE\nYear instituted:  1525 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Grebel, Mantz and Blaurock\nLocation:         Switzerland\n\nReligion:         METHODIST\nYear instituted:  1744 A.D.\nInstituted by:    John & Charles Wesley\nLocation:         England\n\nReligion:         MORMON (LATTER-DAY SAINTS)\nYear instituted:  1830 A.D.\nInstituted by:    Joseph Smith\nLocation:         Palmyra, N.Y.,
37241
Well, they are related because science always contradict religion.\n\nIn religion, miracles and unusual things are accepted, but in science, it is always needed to have a reason or understanding of all the events.
215366
There was only one church during the the time of the apostles and stayed that way for a thousand years. Then it split into two- the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. You will find the Church of Jesus Christ when you look for Peter who was the leader of Christians after the resurrection. You will find that church in Rome. Protestants didn't exist until the 16th century!
259207
It's all history - being in the right place at the right time - or wrong. Remember America is the new land of the Puritans. The Puritans didn't leave England because they were persecuted as much as they left because they lost their bid to frame the theology of the Anglican Church. In America they were free to influence the new and growing Protestant population. The underlying themes were church control and strictly dictated morality. \n\nYou have to skip ahead a couple hundred years for the rest. By this time, the Puritan philosophy had entered mainstream American Protestanism:\n"In 1883 a group of Christian bible scholars met for the first time at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, near Niagara Falls and established the principles of Christian fundamentalism. Article XIV of the 1878 Niagara Bible Conference Creed states, 'We believe that the world will not be converted during the present dispensation, but is fast ripening for judgment, while there will be a fearful apostasy in the professing Christian body; and hence that the Lord Jesus will come in person to introduce the millennial age, when Israel shall be restored to their own land, and the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord; and that this personal and premillennial advent is the blessed hope set before us in the Gospel for which we should be constantly looking.'"\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Bible_Conference \n\n"The term fundamentalism was first used in the early 20th century to refer to an American Protestant movement that asserted the literal truth of the Bible (not only against unbelievers but also against "sophisticated" theological interpretation) at a time when Darwinian evolution, secularism, and liberal theology were emerging. The centerpiece of this movement was a twelve-volume publication printed between 1910 and 1915 entitled The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth." \nhttp://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/teaching_resource/tr_fundamentalisms.htm\n\n"In the protestant milieu of the USA, fundamentalism crystallized in response to liberals' eagerness to bring Christianity into the post-Darwinian world by questioning the scientific and historical accuracy of the scripture. Subsequently, the scourge of evolution was linked with socialism, and during the Cold War period, with communism. This unholy trinity came to be regarded as a sinister, atheistic threat to Christian America...Bruce [Chpt. 9 of Caplan 1987] suggests that to understand the success of the Moral Majority, an alliance between the conservative forces of the New Right and the fundamentalist wings on the mainly Southern Baptist Churches, we have to appreciate these fears, as well as the impact of a host of unwelcome changes - in attitudes to 'morality', family, civil and women's rights, and so on - which have, in the wake of economic transformations since the Second World War, penetrated especially the previously insular social and cultural world of the American South." (Caplan 1987: 6)\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism\n\nHere's the official view from the Catholic Church (The Whore of Babylon, according to some fundamentalists):\nhttp://www.catholic.com/library/Fundamentalism.asp\n...and their broadminded take on a few sticking points:\nhttp://www.catholic.com/library/faith_science.asp
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I.Protestant Revivalists\n\na. many problems were associated with industrialization and urbanization:\naa. alcoholism, illiteracy, overcrowded housing, poor health care, abuse of women, declining moral values\nb. many people sought to improve problems\nba. many reform movements began in the early 1800s\nbaa. most reform movements were rooted in religious faith and true to democratic principles of the 2nd Great Awakening\nc. reformers rejected the Puritan belief that God predetermined peoples’ lives and placed them in rigid social ranks\nca. taught the possibility of salvation for all\ncb. called for a crusade against personal immorality\ncc. worked for the reform of society\nd. Charles Grandison Finney\nda. central figure in revivalist movement\ndb. powerful sermons drew enormous crowds\ndc. emphasized individuals’ power to reform themselves\n\nWhen he opened his mouth he was aiming a gun. When he spoke bombardment began. The effects of his speaking were almost unparalleled in modern history. Over half a million people were converted through his ministry ... in an age when there were no amplifiers or mass communications, he spearheaded a revival which literally altered the course of history.\n\ne. Lyman Beecher\nea. taught “good people would make a good country”\neb. father of Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe\n\n II.The Temperance Movement\n\na. early 1800s, Amer. consumed more alcohol than at any other time in our history\nb. opposed alcohol because it tended to make people lose control\nc. valued self-control and self- discipline\nd. believed people should abstain from all alcohol\ne. asked people to sign abstinence pledges promising not to use alcohol\nf. organized the American Temperance Society \ng. wanted states to restrict the sale and consumption of alcohol\nh. alcohol consumption dropped sharply as movement gained strength\n\nIII.Public Education\n\na. Horace Mann led reform\nb. Mann became head of Board of Education in Massachusetts\nba. believed in the right to an education of every human being\nbb. believed a democracy couldn’t survive without an educated society\nc. wanted tax supported public schools\nca. some people didn’t support using tax money for schools\ncb. those with no children didn’t want to pay taxes\ncc. some people didn’t want the government educating their children\nd. Mann established grade levels\ne. established curriculum and teacher training\nf. Mann known as “father of American public schools”\ng. spoke out against slavery\nh. public school children of Mann’s day were taught how to behave, stand in line, wait their turn, and respect authority\ni. textbooks called McGuffey’s Readers not only helped teach reading, but also taught Protestant values like obedience, honesty, and temperance\nj. schools were more popular in the north \nja. few public schools in the South\njb. the South was too spread out\nk. most schools were segregated\nl. opportunities for women were limited\n\n IV.Reforming Prisons\n\na. early 1800s, many states built prisons for the first time\nb. conditions in prisons were typically bad\nc. Dorothea Dix fought for prison reform\nd. led efforts to build hospitals for the mentally ill\n\nThe Anti-Slavery Movement\n\n  I.Growth of the Movement\n\na. first anti-slavery group was the Mennonites\nb. northern states began outlawing slavery\nba. by 1804, northern states had either banned slavery or passed laws to end it gradually\nbb. importation of slaves was banned in 1808\nbc. by 1850, 3.7 mil blacks lived in the US, 12 % were free\nbd. in 1820, the slave pop. in the South was 1.5 mil\nbe. by 1850, 3.2 mil\nc. 1820s, a free black man, David Walker, published a pamphlet Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World\nca. placed it in clothing of sailors going to the South\nd. southern states banned anti-slavery movement and publications\nda. made it illegal to teach slaves to read\ne.1821, Benjamin Lundy founded an anti-slavery newspaper in Ohio called T
278308
QUESTION: Why did the first Protestant, Martin Luther, take out from the bible Hebrews, James, Jude, and Revelation, plus 7 books from the Old Testament—and put them in an appendix without page numbers?\n\nANSWER: Luther deleted those 7 books because they did not suit his doctrines.  He called the book of James “an epistle of straw…”.  The argument that the Jews did not accept them as scripture is based on the fact that they were not written in Hebrew.  That was never the criteria for the 27 New Testament books set forth by the Catholic Church that Protestants accept. Apostolic Teaching was the primary measurement for proving inspiration, not some mans opinions 1100 later.  By accepting Jewish standards for what should be in the Bible, you are accepting an authority that rejected Christ and the message of the New Testament. \n\nQUESTION: Also, why do some Protestants accept some of the 7 sacraments while others only accept only 1 or 2 of them while still others will reject them all?\n\nANSWER: By doing so they diminish the importance of the Incarnation, and the sacramental principle of the Incarnation. When God became man, physical matter was elevated to new heights.  Matter is not evil, as the heretics have taught. Physical matter can be used to convey grace, as “things” were used in the New Testament for healing. Bread, wine, oil and water are found throughout the Old Testament as outward signs of God’s actions. These same elements are used by the Church in the administration of the Seven Sacraments. The Bible shows they were instituted by Christ. \n\nQUESTION: Why do some Protestants insist that the Sabbath be observed on Saturday while other Protestants insist that it is Sunday while still other Protestants will claim that people don't have to go to Church?\n\nANSWER: The “Saturday” Protestants are mostly cults who are anti-Protestant. Christians who say you don’t have to go to a church are socially dysfunctional, or the churches they have been in don't have Real Food, and Real Drink.
583025
Both were part of the early Anabaptist movement in Europe.   Jacob Amman lead a group that broke from the Mennonites in 1693 and they became known as "Amish."\n\nSee source for more information..
65697
Hard to tell, seeing as how much time has passed. I bet Latin America wouldn't be Catholic, since Spain would probably have been taken over as well. \n\nProbably no Protestant Reformation, either. The world would be quite different.
236695
Many of the people who came to America from Europe in the 1700-1800's were people seeking religios freedom that they didn't have in Europe at that time. Much of that religios ferver has been passes through the years to the current Americans.
130795
Please refer to :\nhttp://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_era\nYou'll get all the details you sekk.
203025
Medieval European society was largely dominated by Christianity, mainly starting through the monasteries.  The monasteries served as a repository and place of learning, and as missionaries to the barbarian tribes.  They were also critical to early development of the economy, serving as a form of bank and focal point for the development of towns, and as safe places for merchants and travelers to stay on their journeys.\n\nLater on the Church was well integrated into the feudal system that controlled society for close to a thousand years.  Almost all of the art, and most of the architecture, was religious in nature.  The development of the university grew out of the seminary system.\n\nThe Church also supported the civil government by approving of various Kings and leaders.  The civil government in turn promised to protect the Church.\n\nBasically there is no part of medieval society that wasn't significantly affected by christianity.