The "true to type" propagation of a selected genotype using in vitro culture techniques<~~~ what does it mean?
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all off spring plants will be similar to that of parent plant in all characters .even the delicate characters like taste ,colour shape of fruit ,smell are 100%similar.\n\nthis true to type nature is obtained by going for vegetative or asexual propagation methods like budding, grafting, stem cuttings, root cuttings, leaf cuttings etc.
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I don't like your teacher.  I think he/she is looking for B. genes, but then he/she should not have put chromosomes as an alternative choice.  Mendel's theory of independent assortment was only true because the genes he studied were on separate chromosomes.  It could be argued that what he was actually studying was chromosomal inheritance.
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http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e02/form.htm
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There have been hundreds of thousands of such experiments done. Moreover you can easily do them yourself using some nutriemt agar and an incubator with a few hundred dollars to pay someone to do the genetic workup.\n\ntalk.origins is your one stop shop for these types of quetsions. The site is highly reputable, well refernces, cites peer reveiewed science journals and most importantly lists literally hundreds of experimenst that show exactly what you describe.\n\nI've attached a couple link to pages that list a dozenor so such mutation studies, but the site has many hundreds of others.
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hybridization.com\n\nor just type the keyword and the information you needed wud appear..
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You would get two different genotypes and phenotypes.\nIf you were crossing a tall, heterozygous plant, Tt with a short plant, tt, you would get 50% Tt and 50% tt.
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Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered,a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics.\n\nA transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methodology.
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You can check out this site, it explains a step by step technique:\n\nhttp://www.pall.com/biosepra/34696_7290.asp
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The base of a banana plant is a rhizome (known as a corm). Corms are perennial, with a productive lifespan of 15 years or more.\n\nSo you see that the corms are a special type of rhizome. So what you have read in the past & what you are reading now are not contradictory.\n\nThe main or upright growth of a banana plant is called a pseudostem, which, when mature, will obtain a height of 2–8 m (varies between different cultivars), with leaves of up to 3.5 m in length. Each pseudostem produces a single bunch of bananas, before dying and being replaced by a new pseudostem.\n\nSince they do not produce seeds, bananas are vegetatively propagated by means of 'suckers' which develop from buds on the underground rhizome. Each sucker is genetically identical to its parent plant. This means that each banana cultivar consists of a group of genetically identical plants (a clone). Variation between clones results from mutations in the vegetative cells of the plant. In all there are some 300 cultivars of Musa, all differing slightly in various characteristics such as height, disease resistance or colour and type of pulp.\n\nTo Wai I:- I searched about it & found that chupon is a kind of tree. I am not too sure but I think you should not confuse yourself with a special type of  stem & a tree having it. Many other plants may posses the same characteristic.You may try this link :\n\n\nhttp://www.windsorplywood.com/tropical_woods/chupon.html
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Sure.  You say that the cells are competent.\n\nJust clone your cDNAs into your plasmids, and then perform transformation (chemical or electrical, your choice).\n\nElectrical transformation's more fun, though I have caught a specimen on fire that way.\n\nBacteria aren't picky about which plasmids they intake, just make sure that the plasmid contains a bacterial replication promoter so that the bacteria knows to duplicate it while performing mitosis.\n\nAlso, plasmids in excess of 12kb length have trouble getting into bacteria, so be warned.\n\nHope this helps.
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1 is false. It is the other way around. Genotype determines phenotype.
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There are both culture-dependent and culture-independent ways of doing this...\n\nCulture-dependent: you can centrifuge a soil sample and then plate out the supernantant onto various types of agar.  If you are looking for bacteria, you can use agars that enrich for certain species like Streptomyces or Actinomyces Isolation Agar, or you can use more general agar like Tryptic Soy Agar.  Just be sure to include cyclohexamide in the media to prevent fungi from taking over!  If you are looking for viruses, you will have to do a virus/phage prep from the soil supernant and then plate onto lawns of bacteria or fungi, depending on what types of viruses you are looking for.  If you are looking for fungi, you can use the same supernatant but use media for fungi enrichment, such as Potato Dextrose Agar or Worts Agar.\n\nCulture-independent:  you can isolate DNA from the soil and do sequence analysis to see what kind of bacterial/viral/fungal commuunity there is in the soil.  There are various kits you can buy to do this, dependding on which organism's DNA you want.  This is a much faster method than growing them on agar, but you miss out actually seeing the organisms, as well as enumerating them.
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Might want to be slightly more specific in the question.\n\nCloning, can refer to the copying of a complete individual. Or it can mean a single cell's complete genome has been copied for use in a gene library so that a specific gene can be separated out and studied.\n\nGenetic engineering, is manipulating the genes of a plant or animal, so that deleterious phenotypes, or even advantageous phenotypes can be bread in or out. Say like making a tomato last longer or stay nice and shiny red.
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To start with, You need more information as to the Parental genotype for each question, \nFor example in question (a) since you have only mentioned full dominance, we can either assume both parents will be A/A x A/A. However this cross is useless because you know there will not be variation in the F1 progeny because both are dominant. thus the ratio is 100% all dominant A/A.\nThe second assumption is to cross a dominant parent A/A with a recessive parent a/a. If that's the case then you choose one gamete from each parent to form the F1 as follow\n\nParental Genotype        A/A    x    a/a\nGametes                          A     x    a\n\nF1                                         A/a\n\nfrom here, if you need to get genotype and phenotype ratio for your F2, you need information as to what kind of cross you want do. You can self the F1 or you can testcross with a recessive parent. In either case the ratio is different\n\nSelf-cross                  A/a    x      A/a\nGametes              1/2 A , 1/2 a    x   1/2 A , 1/2 a\n\nF2  punnet square\n..............1/2  A..........1/2 a\n\n1/2 A......1/4 A/A........1/4 A/a\n\n1/2 a.......1/4 A/a........1/4 a/a\n\nPhenotypic ratio of F2:  1/4 A/A; 2/4 A/a; 1/4 a/a = 1:2:1\nGenotypic ratio of F2:  (1/4 A/A + 2/4 A/a); 1/4 a/a = 3:1\n\n\n\nTest-cross                  A/a    x      a/a\nGametes              1/2 A , 1/2 a    x   1/2 a , 1/2 a\n\nF2  punnet square\n..............1/2  A..........1/2 a\n\n1/2 a......1/4 A/a........1/4 a/a\n\n1/2 a.......1/4 A/a.......1/4 a/a\n\nPhenotypic ratio of F2:  1/2 A/a; 1/2 a/a = 1:1\nGenotypic ratio of F2: same as genotypic ratio\n\nquestion (a) is not formulated in a clear way. for example. question (a) should have mentioned something like this:\n\na) The F2 of monohybrid cross with both parents full dominance, or 1 parent full dominance, 1 parent recessive.\n\nIs hard to work in genetics problems when the problem lacks crucial information. let me know if there is more information that you did not write down on your question.
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http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/plantdiseasefs/450-604/450-604.html
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It's called genotype by environment interaction and it's one of the most important principles of genetics.  You really can't say what genetics are "best" without considering the environment and vice versa.  So in short, neither is better, they work together.
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I gave a lecture on this recently and have had first hand experience with this technology in a lab, so let me give you a brief and easy summary to take with you about this topic about Recombinant DNA Technology:\n\nIn order to clone you need 2 things: Bacterial DNA (the circular form called a "plasmid"), and the DNA you want to clone (be it human, mouse, plant, other species etc)\n\nThen you will need to cut the Bacterial DNA with enzymes called "endonucleases" that work like scissors. (So imagine a circle and I take a pair of scissors and cut the circle at some point in it, b/c I want to insert the foreign DNA (non native DNA) where I had cut.) I will have to do the same with the foreign DNA and have endonucleases cut OUT the particular piece i want cloned. \n\nThen we can put the two pieces together, the cut circular plasmid DNA from the bacteria, and the CUT out piece of foreign DNA. \n\nWhen we put the two pieces together it is called "ligation", and it is done as a reaction in a tube with enzymes inside that "glue" the "sticky ends" of the bacteria DNA to the foreign DNA. \n\nAfter the reaction normally done in a 16 deg. Celsius water bath, we now will have "circular" plasmids with our Foreign DNA inserted into the bacterial DNA (the circle DNA)\n\nThen we would re-insert this DNA back into the bacterial host (that the circle DNA first came out of) in a process called "transformation", this is where the broth from the water bath we just discussed is grown in a growth medium at 37 deg. celsius so that the bacteria can grow and produce MORE of those circle plasmids with our foreign DNA inserted into it. \n\nThen we would "plate" these onto agar plates, and let them grow in incubators at 37 deg. Celsius over night until we get small colonies of bacteria on the plate. \n\nEach "mound" of bacteria (small like white dots on the plate) contains millions of copies of our gene (inserted in the circular plasmid DNA of the bacteria). \n\nNow we can take these small colonies, and harvest them further, by putting them in large Erlenmeyer flasks to be grown in the same "growth broth" over night on a shaker for 37 deg. celsius. \n\nAfter of which we can harvest, and purify that culture so that only the circular plasmids remain (this is a long and convuluted process so we won't go into it in detail here), and from there you can store those in a 4 deg. Celsius fridge and keep it in stock for further research purposes. \n\nHope that helps!