how does comparative anatomy and embryology support evolution?
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Embryology. Embryology is a branch of comparative anatomy which studies the development of vertebrate animals before birth or hatching. Like adults, embryos show similarities which can support common ancestry. ... Comparative embryology reveals homologies which form during development but may later disappear.
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The term anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form and structure of animals. Physiology deals with the study of functions of the body or any of its parts. A thorough knowledge of the structure of an animal imparts a lot of information about the various functions it is capable of performing.
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Before Ecdysozoa, one of the prevailing theories for the evolution of the bilateral animals was based on the morphology of their body cavities. There were three types, or grades of organization: the Acoelomata (no coelom), the Pseudocoelomata (partial coelom), and the Eucoelomata (true coelom).
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Analogous structures have different evolutionary ancestries but they have the same function. Examples of these types of structures are the wings of birds, bats and insects. Homologous structures are the opposite; they have similar ancestries and common traits but maybe not have the same function in an organism.
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Vertebrates are differentiated by having a vertebral column. As chordates, all vertebrates have a similar anatomy and morphology with the same qualifying characteristics: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.
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['Four limbs (or descended from ancestors with four limbs)', 'Various adaptations of the skeleton and muscles that enable proper support and movement on land.', 'Adaptations to the cranial bones that allows the head to remain stable while the animal moves.']
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Convergent evolution is the process where two or different species develop similar traits, in spite having the different ancestor. An example is wings of birds, bats, insects. Whereas Divergent evolution gives rise to new species which may be similar in function but morphologically different from their ancestors.
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Edward Tyson is regarded as the founder of modern comparative anatomy. He is credited with determining that whales and dolphins are, in fact, mammals.
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Cladograms give a hypothetical picture of the actual evolutionary history of the organisms. Phylogenetic trees give an actual representation of the evolutionary history of the organisms. All the branches in a cladogram are of equal length as they do not represent any evolutionary distance between different groups.
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Ontogeny is about the development of an individual. Phylogeny is about the evolutionary history of a population, and how it is related to others. Recapitulation is discredited idea that the development of an embryo followed the evolutionary history of that organism.
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Vestigial Structures in Evolution Vestigial structures are often homologous to structures that function normally in other species. Therefore, vestigial structures can be considered evidence for evolution, the process by which beneficial heritable traits arise in populations over an extended period of time.
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Studying the structures that develop during an embryo's various stages of growth is called embryology and can be used to show the genetic similarities that suggest certain patterns of evolution. Most embryos look similar in their early stages, but as they develop, the differences between species become more obvious.
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Anatomy studies the presence of structures while morphology studies the relationships of structures. Anatomy is a subdivision of morphology, whereas morphology is a branch of biology.
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While anatomy is the study of organs, their topography and structure but not at microscopic level (histology). ... Morphology studies the container (i.e. the shape and structure of the body, its patterns, colors, etc.), while anatomy studies its contents.
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With the exception of the phylum Porifera (sponges), all animals have tissues that derive from embryonic germ layers. Those with two embryonic germ layers are diploblastic; those with three embryonic germ layers are triploblastic.
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Objectives. The field of comparative embryology aims to understand how embryos develop, and to research the inter-relatedness of animals. It has bolstered evolutionary theory by demonstrating that all vertebrates develop similarly and have a putative common ancestor.
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A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny (/faɪˈlɒdʒəni/)—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.