what are the bias in research?
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Definition and scope of bias. Bias is defined as any tendency which prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question 6. In research, bias occurs when “systematic error [is] introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others” 7.
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An understanding of the basic elements of research is essential for good research practices. Among the most important elements to be considered are variables, associations, sampling, random selection, random assignment, and blinding.
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Researchers conducting systematic reviews use explicit methods aimed at minimizing bias, in order to produce more reliable findings that can be used to inform decision making” (Cochrane, 2014). Systematic reviews are also a type of journal article, published alongside primary research articles in scholarly journals.
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Many authors will use a neutral tone if they are writing about factual events. ... The tone shows you an author's opinion, while mood is the feeling and atmosphere of the text. What is Bias? Bias in writing can be defined as: ● A prejudice against something an author is writing about.
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Ethical Issues in Psychology It is therefore often a matter of judgment whether the research is justified or not. For example, it might be that a study causes psychological or physical discomfort to participants, maybe they suffer pain or perhaps even come to serious harm.
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Bias creates an association that is not true, but confounding describes an association that is true, but potentially misleading.
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Some biases are completely innocent: "I have a bias toward French wines." But most often, bias is used to describe unfair prejudices: "The authorities investigated a case involving bias against Latinos." It is also a verb meaning "to show prejudice for or against," as in "They claimed the tests were biased against ...
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['It is not a statistically representative form of data collection. ... ', 'It relies upon the experience of the researcher. ... ', 'It can lose data. ... ', 'It may require multiple sessions. ... ', 'It can be difficult to replicate results. ... ', 'It can create misleading conclusions.']
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Decision making is shaped by individual personality and behavioral characteristics. Subjective biases can influence decisions by disrupting objective judgments. Common cognitive biases include confirmation, anchoring, halo effect, and overconfidence.
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Research into studies of media bias in the United States shows that liberal experimenters tend to get results that say the media has a conservative bias, while conservative experimenters tend to get results that say the media has a liberal bias, and those who do not identify themselves as either liberal or conservative ...
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There are basically two types, namely, null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. A research generally starts with a problem. Next, these hypotheses provide the researcher with some specific restatements and clarifications of the research problem.
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Hindsight bias is a psychological phenomenon in which one becomes convinced that one accurately predicted an event before it occurred. It causes overconfidence in one's ability to predict other future events.
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Bias is stated as a penchant that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation; basically the formation of opinion beforehand without any examination. Selection is stated as the act of choosing or selecting a preference; resulting in a carefully chosen and representative choice.
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A sample is "biased" if some members of the population are more likely to be included than others. A sample is "unbiased" if all members of the population are equally likely to be included.
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['Effect of Extraneous Factors: ... ', 'Time Gap Makes Research Irrelevant: ... ', 'Cost Consideration: ... ', 'Problem of Rapid Change: ... ', 'Problem of Trust and Accuracy: ... ', 'It is not Problem Solving Technique but an Aid to Solve the Problem: ... ', 'Subjective or Biased Result: ... ', 'It cannot Eliminate Risks Inherent in Decision-making:']
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['Bias 1 – Reward and Punishment Super-Response Tendency.', 'Bias 2 – Liking/Loving Tendency.', 'Bias 3 – Disliking/Hating Tendency.', 'Bias 4 – Doubt-Avoidance Tendency.', 'Bias 5 – Inconsistency-Avoidance Tendency.', 'Bias 6 – Curiosity Tendency.', 'Bias 7 – Kantian Fairness Tendency.', 'Bias 8 – Envy/Jealousy Tendency.']
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['The Dunning-Kruger Effect. ... ', 'Confirmation Bias. ... ', 'Self-Serving Bias. ... ', 'The Curse of Knowledge and Hindsight Bias. ... ', 'Optimism/Pessimism Bias. ... ', 'The Sunk Cost Fallacy. ... ', 'Negativity Bias. ... ', 'The Decline Bias (a.k.a. Declinism)']