what is meant by confounding in psychology?
14728
Confound. Confounding is when a researcher does not control some extraneous variables that may influence the results...the only variable that should influence the results is the variable being studied. ... This is a very serious problem since the researcher can't really claim that he/she established cause and effect.
429693
Confounding occurs when two variables systematically covary. Researchers are often interested in examining whether there is a relationship between two or more variables. ... Confounding variables are at the heart of the third-variable problem in correlational studies.
1166342
In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "common response variable", "confounding factor", ...
1223404
Confounding in medical trials A definition: "A confounder is a factor that is prognostically linked to the outcome of interest and is unevenly distributed between the study groups" Confounding leads to an error in the interpretation of a measurement.
442863
Prospective studies usually have fewer potential sources of bias and confounding than retrospective studies. A retrospective study looks backwards and examines exposures to suspected risk or protection factors in relation to an outcome that is established at the start of the study.
67936
The independent variable meaning in an experiment is the variable that is to be manipulated and observed. In an independent variable psychology experiment, for instance, it refers to the factor that influences the value of the variable that depends on it.
848204
Correlation indicates the the two numbers are related in some way. Causation requires more proof that there is no lurking variable that creates the relationship.
136460
An independent variable is a variable believed to affect the dependent variable. Confounding variables are defined as interference caused by another variable. Extraneous variables are defined as any variable other than the independent and dependent variable.
410103
Bias. Bias is a systematic error that leads to an incorrect estimate of effect or association. Many factors can bias the results of a study such that they cancel out, reduce or amplify a real effect you are trying to describe.
165682
A correlation between variables, however, does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of the other variable. Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; i.e. there is a causal relationship between the two events.
1452060
A confounding variable would be any other influence that has an effect on weight gain. ... Amount of food consumption is a confounding variable, a placebo is a confounding variable, or weather could be a confounding variable. Each may change the effect of the experiment design.
651490
The fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or over-attribution effect) is the tendency for people to over-emphasize dispositional, or personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing situational explanations.
541053
There are two types of variables that can lower internal validity: extraneous variables, which are any factors that are in the experiment but not being studied, and confounding variables, which are related to the independent variable and affect the dependent variable.
58584
Confounding is one type of systematic error that can occur in epidemiologic studies. ... Confounding is the distortion of the association between an exposure and health outcome by an extraneous, third variable called a confounder.
1015970
Confounding: A confounding design is one where some treatment effects (main or interactions) are estimated by the same linear combination of the experimental observations as some blocking effects. In this case, the treatment effect and the blocking effect are said to be confounded.
1419319
Inferential statistics are what psychologists use to decide whether hypotheses are supported or not by the results of any study. T-tests compare scores in two different groups, whereas analysis of variance, or ANOVA, tests compare three or more different groups.
733661
In a psychology experiment, the experimental group (or experimental condition) refers to the group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable. These participants receive or are exposed to the treatment variable.