what is phase 2 biotransformation?
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Biotransformation Reaction Phases This allows the substance to "fit" into a second, or Phase II enzyme , so that it can become conjugated (joined together) with another substance . Phase II reactions consist of those enzymatic reactions that conjugate the modified xenobiotic with another substance .
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['Glycolysis: 2 ATP.', 'Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP.', 'Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain/Chemiosmosis): 28 ATP.', 'Fermentation: 2 ATP.']
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In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase.
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The Krebs cycle is the second of three stages of cellular respiration, in which glucose, fatty acids and certain amino acids, the so-called fuel molecules, are oxidized (see Figure). The oxidation of these molecules is primarily used to transform the energy contained in these molecules into ATP.
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The purpose is for cells to grow, develop, and carry on their normal metabolic functions. What is the first phase of interphase?
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Synthesis and decomposition reactions in an organism are called metabolism.
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Glycolysis occurs in Cytosol of the cell. (a) Energy Investment phase: One Glucose molecule (a 6-carbon molecule) is converted to two (3-carbon) molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). 2 ATP molecules are used in this process.
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The eight steps of the cycle are a series of chemical reactions that produces two carbon dioxide molecules, one ATP molecule (or an equivalent), and reduced forms (NADH and FADH2) of NAD+ and FAD+, important coenzymes in the cell.
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The second substrate-level phosphorylation occurs by dephosphorylating phosphoenolpyruvate, catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, producing pyruvate and ATP. During the preparatory phase, each 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken into two 3-carbon molecules.
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The exponential phase is the first phase of PCR amplification. Reaction components are in excess, there is an exact doubling of product each cycle, and the reaction is specific and precise. Real-Time PCR measures the Cq value at this phase of PCR. The linear phase is the second phase of PCR amplification.
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There are three stages of interphase: G1 (first gap), S (synthesis of new DNA ), and G2 (second gap). Cells spend most of their lives in interphase, specifically in the S phase where genetic material must be copied.
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RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins.
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['Reactants of Glycolysis. -Glucose. ... ', 'Products of Glycolysis. -2 Pyruvate. ... ', 'Reactants of Transition Stage. 2 Pyruvate.', 'Products of Transition Stage. -2 CO2. ... ', 'Location of Transition Stage. -Crosses the outer membrane of mitochondria. ... ', 'Cytosol. -Location of Glycolysis. ... ', 'Cytosol: Prokaryotes. ... ', 'Location of Glycolysis.']
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Treatments can affect people in different ways. Phase 2 trials are usually larger than phase 1. There may be up to 100 or so people taking part. Sometimes in a phase 2 trial, a new treatment is compared with another treatment already in use, or with a dummy drug (placebo).
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The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is a good example of an amphibolic pathway because it functions in both the degradative (carbohydrate, protein, and fatty acid) and biosynthetic processes. The citric acid cycle occurs on the cytosol of bacteria and within the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
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Two molecules of pyruvate were produced from glycolysis and converted into two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A, two carbon dioxide, and two NADH + H+ molecules through pyruvate oxidation, an intermediate step between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Lactic acid fermentation has two steps: glycolysis and NADH regeneration. During glycolysis, one glucose molecule is converted to two pyruvate molecules, producing two net ATP and two NADH.