what are the etiology pathophysiology and risk factors for preeclampsia?
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Pathophysiology of preeclampsia and eclampsia is poorly understood. Factors may include poorly developed uterine placental spiral arterioles (which decrease uteroplacental blood flow during late pregnancy), a genetic abnormality on chromosome 13, immunologic abnormalities, and placental ischemia or infarction.
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Gestational diabetes raises your risk of high blood pressure, as well as preeclampsia — a serious complication of pregnancy that causes high blood pressure and other symptoms that can threaten the lives of both mother and baby.
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In women 40 years or over, the risk of pregnancy complications, such as high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes, increases. The rate of birth abnormalities or genetic conditions in the baby also increases.
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Preeclampsia can cause your blood pressure to rise and put you at risk of brain injury. It can impair kidney and liver function, and cause blood clotting problems, pulmonary edema (fluid on the lungs), seizures and, in severe forms or left untreated, maternal and infant death.
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Bleeding also is a risk because preeclampsia can affect cells called platelets, which are needed for your blood to clot. Additionally, many women experience headaches and vision abnormalities due to changes in the brain. Once preeclampsia has been diagnosed, it can be “cured” only by delivery of the baby.
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Women with gestational hypertension have high blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy. There is no excess protein in the urine or other signs of organ damage. Some women with gestational hypertension eventually develop preeclampsia. Chronic hypertension.
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['Preterm labor. ... ', 'Chronic health conditions. ... ', 'Taking certain medicines to treat health conditions, like high blood pressure, epilepsy and blood clots. ... ', 'Infections. ... ', 'Problems with the placenta. ... ', 'Not gaining enough weight during pregnancy.']
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['Placental Insufficiency.', 'Placental Abruption.', 'Fetal Infection.', 'Genetic Abnormalities of the fetus.', 'Congenital Anomalies of the fetus.', 'Fetomaternal Hemorrhage.', 'Umbilical Cord Complications.']
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['Premature birth.', 'The placenta partially or completely peeling away from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery (placental abruption)', 'Low birth weight.', 'Congenital disorders.', 'Schizophrenia.']
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Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are classified into 4 categories, as recommended by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy: 1) chronic hypertension, 2) preeclampsia-eclampsia, 3) preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension, and 4) gestational ...
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Cardiovascular Changes During Pregnancy. Pregnancy is associated with a 20% decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR), which likely triggers the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system to retain sodium and increase plasma volume.
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['maternal nutritional status.', 'exposure to chemicals, and possibly illicit drugs.', 'maternal infections (e.g. rubella)', 'physical factors, such as ionizing radiation and hyperthermia (45)', 'chronic maternal diseases (e.g. diabetes)']
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Postpartum Preeclampsia. Postpartum preeclampsia is a condition that can happen after childbirth. This rare condition will cause the woman to have high blood pressure and high levels of protein in her urine.
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['Placental abruption. The early detachment of the placenta from the uterus.', 'Placenta previa. ... ', 'Overdistended uterus. ... ', 'Multiple pregnancy. ... ', 'Gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. ... ', 'Having many previous births.', 'Prolonged labor.', 'Infection.']
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['fetal-maternal blood group incompatibility.', 'prematurity.', 'breastfeeding.', 'certain drugs.', 'maternal gestational diabetes.']
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In the early-onset subtype, it has been hypothesized that placental hypoperfusion is caused by shallow invasion of fetal trophoblast in early pregnancy, leading to fetal growth restriction in early-onset preeclampsia.
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['infections, such as rubella or herpes simplex virus.', 'premature birth.', 'low birth weight.', 'birth injuries.', 'drug and alcohol use while pregnant.', 'jaundice and Rh factor problems.', 'maternal diabetes.', 'high blood pressure while pregnant, called preeclampsia.']