Convert the string to UTF-8 encoding
@param $string

@return string
432502
private function convertToUTF8($string)
    {
        $encoding = mb_detect_encoding($string, mb_detect_order(), false);

        if ($encoding == "UTF-8") {
            $string = mb_convert_encoding($string, 'UTF-8', 'UTF-8');
        }

        $out = iconv(mb_detect_encoding($string, mb_detect_order(), false), "UTF-8//IGNORE", $string);
        return $out;
    }
422506
public function _encodeEntities($string)
    {
        $string = mb_convert_encoding($string, 'UTF-32', 'UTF-8');
        $t      = unpack("N*", $string);
        $t      = array_map(function ($n) {
            return "&#$n;";
        },
            $t);

        return implode("", $t);
    }
1007223
public static function encode(String $string) : String
    {
        $secBadChars = self::$scriptBadChars;

        if( ! empty($secBadChars) )
        {
            foreach( $secBadChars as $badChar => $changeChar )
            {
                if( is_numeric($badChar) )
                {
                    $badChar = $changeChar;
                    $changeChar = '';
                }

                $badChar = trim($badChar, '/');

                $string = preg_replace('/'.$badChar.'/xi', $changeChar, $string);
            }
        }

        return $string;
    }
45105
public static function encode($string)
    {
        return is_null($string) ? self::NULL : strtr($string, self::$encodeMap);
    }
419582
public static function iconv_fallback_utf16le_utf8($string) {
		if (substr($string, 0, 2) == "\xFF\xFE") {
			// strip BOM
			$string = substr($string, 2);
		}
		$newcharstring = '';
		for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($string); $i += 2) {
			$charval = self::LittleEndian2Int(substr($string, $i, 2));
			$newcharstring .= self::iconv_fallback_int_utf8($charval);
		}
		return $newcharstring;
	}
80405
public static function toUTF8($str)
    {
        if (!is_null($str) && false === mb_detect_encoding($str, 'UTF-8', true)) {
            $str = utf8_encode($str);
        }

        return $str;
    }
183094
private static function mbStringToArray($string)
    {
        $stop   = mb_strlen($string, 'utf-8');
        $result = array();

        for ($idx = 0; $idx < $stop; $idx++) {
            $result[] = mb_substr($string, $idx, 1, 'utf-8');
        }

        return $result;
    }
761902
static public function utf8ToAscii($string) {
        if (!preg_match('/[\x80-\xff]/', $string)) {
            return $string;
        }

        $string = self::arabicToArabicChatAlphabet($string);

        if (self::seemsUtf8($string)) {
            $chars = array(
            // Decompositions for Latin-1 Supplement
            chr(194) . chr(170) => 'a', chr(194) . chr(186) => 'o',
            chr(195) . chr(128) => 'A', chr(195) . chr(129) => 'A',
            chr(195) . chr(130) => 'A', chr(195) . chr(131) => 'A',
            chr(195) . chr(132) => 'A', chr(195) . chr(133) => 'A',
            chr(195) . chr(134) => 'AE',chr(195) . chr(135) => 'C',
            chr(195) . chr(136) => 'E', chr(195) . chr(137) => 'E',
            chr(195) . chr(138) => 'E', chr(195) . chr(139) => 'E',
            chr(195) . chr(140) => 'I', chr(195) . chr(141) => 'I',
            chr(195) . chr(142) => 'I', chr(195) . chr(143) => 'I',
            chr(195) . chr(144) => 'D', chr(195) . chr(145) => 'N',
            chr(195) . chr(146) => 'O', chr(195) . chr(147) => 'O',
            chr(195) . chr(148) => 'O', chr(195) . chr(149) => 'O',
            chr(195) . chr(150) => 'O', chr(195) . chr(153) => 'U',
            chr(195) . chr(154) => 'U', chr(195) . chr(155) => 'U',
            chr(195) . chr(156) => 'U', chr(195) . chr(157) => 'Y',
            chr(195) . chr(158) => 'TH',chr(195) . chr(159) => 's',
            chr(195) . chr(160) => 'a', chr(195) . chr(161) => 'a',
            chr(195) . chr(162) => 'a', chr(195) . chr(163) => 'a',
            chr(195) . chr(164) => 'a', chr(195) . chr(165) => 'a',
            chr(195) . chr(166) => 'ae',chr(195) . chr(167) => 'c',
            chr(195) . chr(168) => 'e', chr(195) . chr(169) => 'e',
            chr(195) . chr(170) => 'e', chr(195) . chr(171) => 'e',
            chr(195) . chr(172) => 'i', chr(195) . chr(173) => 'i',
            chr(195) . chr(174) => 'i', chr(195) . chr(175) => 'i',
            chr(195) . chr(176) => 'd', chr(195) . chr(177) => 'n',
            chr(195) . chr(178) => 'o', chr(195) . chr(179) => 'o',
            chr(195) . chr(180) => 'o', chr(195) . chr(181) => 'o',
            chr(195) . chr(182) => 'o', chr(195) . chr(184) => 'o',
            chr(195) . chr(185) => 'u', chr(195) . chr(186) => 'u',
            chr(195) . chr(187) => 'u', chr(195) . chr(188) => 'u',
            chr(195) . chr(189) => 'y', chr(195) . chr(190) => 'th',
            chr(195) . chr(191) => 'y', chr(195) . chr(152) => 'O',
            // Decompositions for Latin Extended-A
            chr(196) . chr(128) => 'A', chr(196) . chr(129) => 'a',
            chr(196) . chr(130) => 'A', chr(196) . chr(131) => 'a',
            chr(196) . chr(132) => 'A', chr(196) . chr(133) => 'a',
            chr(196) . chr(134) => 'C', chr(196) . chr(135) => 'c',
            chr(196) . chr(136) => 'C', chr(196) . chr(137) => 'c',
            chr(196) . chr(138) => 'C', chr(196) . chr(139) => 'c',
            chr(196) . chr(140) => 'C', chr(196) . chr(141) => 'c',
            chr(196) . chr(142) => 'D', chr(196) . chr(143) => 'd',
            chr(196) . chr(144) => 'D', chr(196) . chr(145) => 'd',
            chr(196) . chr(146) => 'E', chr(196) . chr(147) => 'e',
            chr(196) . chr(148) => 'E', chr(196) . chr(149) => 'e',
            chr(196) . chr(150) => 'E', chr(196) . chr(151) => 'e',
            chr(196) . chr(152) => 'E', chr(196) . chr(153) => 'e',
            chr(196) . chr(154) => 'E', chr(196) . chr(155) => 'e',
            chr(196) . chr(156) => 'G', chr(196) . chr(157) => 'g',
            chr(196) . chr(158) => 'G', chr(196) . chr(159) => 'g',
            chr(196) . chr(160) => 'G', chr(196) . chr(161) => 'g',
            chr(196) . chr(162) => 'G', chr(196) . chr(163) => 'g',
            chr(196) . chr(164) => 'H', chr(196) . chr(165) => 'h',
            chr(196) . chr(166) => 'H', chr(196) . chr(167) => 'h',
            chr(196) . chr(168) => 'I', chr(196) . chr(169) => 'i',
            chr(196) . chr(170) => 'I', chr(196) . chr(171) => 'i',
            chr(196) . chr(172) => 'I', chr(196) . chr(173) => 'i',
            chr(196) . chr(174) => 'I', chr(196) . chr(175) => 'i',
            chr(196) . chr(176) => 'I', chr(196) . chr(177) => 'i',
            chr(196) . chr(178) => 'IJ',chr(196) . chr(179) => 'ij',
            chr(196) . chr(180) => 'J', chr(196) . chr(181) => 'j',
            chr(196) . chr(182) => 'K', chr(196) . chr(183) => 'k',
            chr(196) . chr(184) => 'k', chr(196) . chr(185) => 'L',
            chr(196) . chr(186) => 'l', chr(196) . chr(187) => 'L',
            chr(196) . chr(188) => 'l', chr(196) . chr(189) => 'L',
            chr(196) . chr(190) => 'l', chr(196) . chr(191) => 'L',
            chr(197) . chr(128) => 'l', chr(197) . chr(129) => 'L',
            chr(197) . chr(130) => 'l', chr(197) . chr(131) => 'N',
            chr(197) . chr(132) => 'n', chr(197) . chr(133) => 'N',
            chr(197) . chr(134) => 'n', chr(197) . chr(135) => 'N',
            chr(197) . chr(136) => 'n', chr(197) . chr(137) => 'N',
            chr(197) . chr(138) => 'n', chr(197) . chr(139) => 'N',
            chr(197) . chr(140) => 'O', chr(197) . chr(141) => 'o',
            chr(197) . chr(142) => 'O', chr(197) . chr(143) => 'o',
            chr(197) . chr(144) => 'O', chr(197) . chr(145) => 'o',
            chr(197) . chr(146) => 'OE',chr(197) . chr(147) => 'oe',
            chr(197) . chr(148) => 'R',chr(197) . chr(149) => 'r',
            chr(197) . chr(150) => 'R',chr(197) . chr(151) => 'r',
            chr(197) . chr(152) => 'R',chr(197) . chr(153) => 'r',
            chr(197) . chr(154) => 'S',chr(197) . chr(155) => 's',
            chr(197) . chr(156) => 'S',chr(197) . chr(157) => 's',
            chr(197) . chr(158) => 'S',chr(197) . chr(159) => 's',
            chr(197) . chr(160) => 'S', chr(197) . chr(161) => 's',
            chr(197) . chr(162) => 'T', chr(197) . chr(163) => 't',
            chr(197) . chr(164) => 'T', chr(197) . chr(165) => 't',
            chr(197) . chr(166) => 'T', chr(197) . chr(167) => 't',
            chr(197) . chr(168) => 'U', chr(197) . chr(169) => 'u',
            chr(197) . chr(170) => 'U', chr(197) . chr(171) => 'u',
            chr(197) . chr(172) => 'U', chr(197) . chr(173) => 'u',
            chr(197) . chr(174) => 'U', chr(197) . chr(175) => 'u',
            chr(197) . chr(176) => 'U', chr(197) . chr(177) => 'u',
            chr(197) . chr(178) => 'U', chr(197) . chr(179) => 'u',
            chr(197) . chr(180) => 'W', chr(197) . chr(181) => 'w',
            chr(197) . chr(182) => 'Y', chr(197) . chr(183) => 'y',
            chr(197) . chr(184) => 'Y', chr(197) . chr(185) => 'Z',
            chr(197) . chr(186) => 'z', chr(197) . chr(187) => 'Z',
            chr(197) . chr(188) => 'z', chr(197) . chr(189) => 'Z',
            chr(197) . chr(190) => 'z', chr(197) . chr(191) => 's',
            // Decompositions for Latin Extended-B
            chr(200) . chr(152) => 'S', chr(200) . chr(153) => 's',
            chr(200) . chr(154) => 'T', chr(200) . chr(155) => 't',
            // Euro Sign
            chr(226) . chr(130) . chr(172) => 'E',
            // GBP (Pound) Sign
            chr(194) . chr(163) => '',
            // Vowels with diacritic (Vietnamese)
            // unmarked
            chr(198) . chr(160) => 'O', chr(198) . chr(161) => 'o',
            chr(198) . chr(175) => 'U', chr(198) . chr(176) => 'u',
            // grave accent
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(166) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(167) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(176) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(177) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(128) => 'E', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(129) => 'e',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(146) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(147) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(156) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(157) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(170) => 'U', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(171) => 'u',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(178) => 'Y', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(179) => 'y',
            // hook
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(162) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(163) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(168) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(169) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(178) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(179) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(186) => 'E', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(187) => 'e',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(130) => 'E', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(131) => 'e',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(136) => 'I', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(137) => 'i',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(142) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(143) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(148) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(149) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(158) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(159) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(166) => 'U', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(167) => 'u',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(172) => 'U', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(173) => 'u',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(182) => 'Y', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(183) => 'y',
            // tilde
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(170) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(171) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(180) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(181) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(188) => 'E', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(189) => 'e',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(132) => 'E', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(133) => 'e',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(150) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(151) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(160) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(161) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(174) => 'U', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(175) => 'u',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(184) => 'Y', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(185) => 'y',
            // acute accent
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(164) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(165) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(174) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(175) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(190) => 'E', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(191) => 'e',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(144) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(145) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(154) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(155) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(168) => 'U', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(169) => 'u',
            // dot below
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(160) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(161) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(172) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(173) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(182) => 'A', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(183) => 'a',
            chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(184) => 'E', chr(225) . chr(186) . chr(185) => 'e',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(134) => 'E', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(135) => 'e',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(138) => 'I', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(139) => 'i',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(140) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(141) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(152) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(153) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(162) => 'O', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(163) => 'o',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(164) => 'U', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(165) => 'u',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(176) => 'U', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(177) => 'u',
            chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(180) => 'Y', chr(225) . chr(187) . chr(181) => 'y',
            // Vowels with diacritic (Chinese, Hanyu Pinyin)
            chr(201) . chr(145) => 'a',
            // macron
            chr(199) . chr(149) => 'U', chr(199) . chr(150) => 'u',
            // acute accent
            chr(199) . chr(151) => 'U', chr(199) . chr(152) => 'u',
            // caron
            chr(199) . chr(141) => 'A', chr(199) . chr(142) => 'a',
            chr(199) . chr(143) => 'I', chr(199) . chr(144) => 'i',
            chr(199) . chr(145) => 'O', chr(199) . chr(146) => 'o',
            chr(199) . chr(147) => 'U', chr(199) . chr(148) => 'u',
            chr(199) . chr(153) => 'U', chr(199) . chr(154) => 'u',
            // grave accent
            chr(199) . chr(155) => 'U', chr(199) . chr(156) => 'u',
            // always replace ringel-S, even outside German locale
            // (this is an addition to the WordPress code)
            chr(195) . chr(159) => 'ss',
            );

            // Used for locale-specific rules
            $locale = Zend_Registry::get('config')->app->locale;

            if ('de_DE' == $locale) {
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(132)] = 'Ae';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(164)] = 'ae';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(150)] = 'Oe';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(182)] = 'oe';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(156)] = 'Ue';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(188)] = 'ue';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(159)] = 'ss';
            } elseif ('da_DK' === $locale) {
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(134)] = 'Ae';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(166)] = 'ae';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(152)] = 'Oe';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(184)] = 'oe';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(133)] = 'Aa';
                $chars[chr(195) . chr(165)] = 'aa';
            }

            $string = strtr($string, $chars);
        } else {
            // Assume ISO-8859-1 if not UTF-8
            $chars['in'] = chr(128) . chr(131) . chr(138) . chr(142) . chr(154) . chr(158)
                . chr(159) . chr(162) . chr(165) . chr(181) . chr(192) . chr(193) . chr(194)
                . chr(195) . chr(196) . chr(197) . chr(199) . chr(200) . chr(201) . chr(202)
                . chr(203) . chr(204) . chr(205) . chr(206) . chr(207) . chr(209) . chr(210)
                . chr(211) . chr(212) . chr(213) . chr(214) . chr(216) . chr(217) . chr(218)
                . chr(219) . chr(220) . chr(221) . chr(224) . chr(225) . chr(226) . chr(227)
                . chr(228) . chr(229) . chr(231) . chr(232) . chr(233) . chr(234) . chr(235)
                . chr(236) . chr(237) . chr(238) . chr(239) . chr(241) . chr(242) . chr(243)
                . chr(244) . chr(245) . chr(246) . chr(248) . chr(249) . chr(250) . chr(251)
                . chr(252) . chr(253) . chr(255);

            $chars['out'] = "EfSZszYcYuAAAAAACEEEEIIIINOOOOOOUUUUYaaaaaaceeeeiiiinoooooouuuuyy";

            $string = strtr($string, $chars['in'], $chars['out']);
            $double_chars['in'] = array(
                chr(140), chr(156), chr(198), chr(208), chr(222),
                chr(223), chr(230), chr(240), chr(254)
            );
            $double_chars['out'] = array('OE', 'oe', 'AE', 'DH', 'TH', 'ss', 'ae', 'dh', 'th');
            $string = str_replace($double_chars['in'], $double_chars['out'], $string);
        }

        $array_ignore = array('"', "'", "`", "^", "~", "+");
        $string = str_replace($array_ignore, '', $string);

        return trim($string, "\n\t -");

        //$locale = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, 0);
        //$localeChanged = false;
        //if ($locale == 'C' || $locale == 'POSIX') {
            //$localeChanged = true;
            //setlocale(LC_ALL, 'nl_NL');
        //}
        //$str = iconv('UTF-8', 'ASCII//TRANSLIT//IGNORE', $str);
        ////if IGNORE is not kept, illegal characters could go into the output string
        ////This way some of the characters could be simply disregarded
        //if ($localeChanged) setlocale(LC_CTYPE, $locale);

        ////the output of iconv will generate some extra characters for those diacritics in
        ////utf8 which need to be deleted:  ë => "e
        //$array_ignore = array('"', "'", "`", "^", "~", "+");
        //$str = str_replace($array_ignore, '', $str);

        //return trim($str, "\n\t -");
    }
607476
public static function encodeUtf8ToFileSystem($string){
		if (preg_match('//u', $string) && strtoupper(substr(php_uname('s'), 0, 7)) === 'WINDOWS') {
			return iconv('utf-8', 'cp1252//IGNORE' ,  $string);
		}
		return $string;
	}
262617
protected static function strLen($string){
    $encoding = function_exists('mb_detect_encoding') ? mb_detect_encoding($string) : false;
    return $encoding ? mb_strlen($string, $encoding) : strlen($string);
  }
535237
public static function strToLower($string)
    {
        $string = str_replace(self::$upperTR, self::$lowerTR, $string);

        return mb_strtolower($string, 'UTF-8');
    }
1303744
public function escape($string)
    {
        $string = mb_convert_encoding($string, 'UTF-8', 'UTF-8');
        $string = str_replace('{{', '', $string);
        $string = str_replace('}}', '', $string);

        return htmlentities($string, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8');
    }
1008381
public static function str_to_hex($string) {
        $hex = '';

        for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($string); $i++) {
            $hex .= dechex(ord($string[$i]));
        }

        return $hex;
    }
796100
private function convertToWindowsCharset($string)
    {
        $charset = mb_detect_encoding(
            $string,
            "UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-15",
            true
        );

        $string = mb_convert_encoding($string, "Windows-1252", $charset);
        return $string;
    }
476359
protected function _encodeString(&$string)
    {
        // Escape these characters with a backslash:
        // " \ / \n \r \t \b \f
        $search  = array('\\', "\n", "\t", "\r", "\b", "\f", '"');
        $replace = array('\\\\', '\\n', '\\t', '\\r', '\\b', '\\f', '\"');
        $string  = str_replace($search, $replace, $string);

        // Escape certain ASCII characters:
        // 0x08 => \b
        // 0x0c => \f
        $string = str_replace(array(chr(0x08), chr(0x0C)), array('\b', '\f'), $string);

        return '"' . $string . '"';
    }
1047138
public function toUTF8($string)
    {
        /**
         * (8x except 85, 8C) + (9x except 9C) + (BC, BD, BE)
         */
        static $macchars = "\x81\x82\x83\x84\x86\x87\x88\x89\x8A\x8B\x8D\x8E\x8F\x90\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96\x97\x98\x99\x9A\x9B\x9D\x9E\x9F\xBC\xBD\xBE";

        if (mb_convert_encoding(mb_convert_encoding($string, 'UTF-32', 'UTF-8'), 'UTF-8', 'UTF-32') == $string) {
            $mac = mb_convert_encoding($string, 'windows-1252', 'UTF-8');
            for ($i = strlen($mac); $i;) {
                if (strpos($macchars, $mac[ -- $i]) !== false) {
                    return(iconv('MACINTOSH', 'UTF-8', $mac));
                }
            }

            return($string);
        } else {
            for ($i = strlen($string); $i;) {
                if (strpos($macchars, $string[ -- $i]) !== false) {
                    return(iconv('MACINTOSH', 'UTF-8', $string));
                }
            }

            return(iconv('windows-1252', 'UTF-8', $string));
        }
    }
1035634
public static function convertEncoding($string)
    {
        $to     = 'UTF-8';
        $from   = self::WEB_SERVICE_CHARSET;
        $str = false;
        
        if (function_exists('iconv')) {
            $str = iconv($from, $to . '//TRANSLIT', $string);
        } elseif (function_exists('mb_convert_encoding')) {
            $str = mb_convert_encoding($string, $to, $from);
        }

        if ($str === false) {
            $str = $string;
        }

        return $str;
    }