copyright intellectual-property
Who can claim copyrights on Machine Learning models?
<p>Consider the following:</p>

<ul>
<li>person A owns a lot of data</li>
<li>person B develops an algorithm that can be trained on this <em>kind</em> of data to produce a ML model that can make statistical predictions</li>
<li>person C develops a software that implements said algorithm</li>
<li>person D uses A's data, transforms it a little (cleaning, formatting, aggregations…) so that it fits the B's algorithm's expected input format, and trains it using C's software</li>
</ul>

<p>I imagine it all depends on the license of the data / algorithm / software, but my question is who, via those kind of licenses (or in which conditions) has at least a partial claims on commercial benefits resulting in using the final model?</p>

<p>Person A has to have created the data to hold copyright; for most kinds of data this has no legal effect because facts are not protected by copyright. A mineable database probably does not have the necessary creative elements for copyright. An algorithm is not protected by copyright (it might be patented). Person C's program is copyrighted. The product created by D is probably copyrighted, depending on what degree of creativity is involved in their transformation. If the transformation is automatic then no, but if creative judgments are applied to the output of the program then maybe. Though the resulting product is another database of facts, and the facts cannot be protected.</p>

<p>In terms of "using the model", only C and possibly B have any control. If it is necessary to validate the software using A's data and A has kept the data secret, C might negotiate with A to use the data, in order to complete his program, and that could give A some interest in the program. </p>

<p>At this point in time, there appears to be not even a consensus on the question <em>if</em> a ML model can be copyrighted. Copyright protects creative works of various kinds, but it is not clear what type of work an ML model would be. Arguably, an ML model is produced by a non-creative automated process, which automatically excludes it from copyright protection. And if there is no copyright, then there is no copyright owner.</p>
