united-states copyright intellectual-property attorney-fees
Lawyer says bumping software’s minor version would cost $2k to “refile” copyright paperwork. Is this typical?
<p>I work at a small company as a software engineer. I have very little knowledge of copyright law, so forgive me for my naïveté.</p>
<p>Recently, my company started filing paperwork and handing over several versions of our application’s source code to a lawyer so that we can… I don’t know, be protected by filing for a copyright? I am not directly involved with the copyright discussions, so my understanding is all secondhand.</p>
<p>Our software uses a 4-part version number:</p>
<pre><code>{major}.{minor}.{autogenerated}.{autogenerated}
</code></pre>
<p>The major version is pretty locked in at “2”, while the minor gets manually bumped periodically when new significant features get added.</p>
<p>We were told by the lawyer that if we bump from “2.4…” to “2.5…” that they would have to refile the copyright or whatever, and that just doesn’t quite pass the smell test to me. Is the copyright really that fragile? Do all companies have to pay $2k (what the lawyer quoted us) to refile anytime they want to bump their minor version numbers? Just wondering if y’all can tell me if this is the norm or if we should push back/not worry about “refiling”.</p>

<p>The cost of filing a copyright for an updated filing would generally be the same as the original one. The amount of work isn't much different and there are good reasons why every new version of software sold on a large volume commercial basis should always have a new copyright registration for a new version of the software, which are essentially the same reasons you copyright the original version of the software in the first place. As noted by @DavidSiegel in a comment:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A work is protected the moment it is &quot;fixed in tangible form&quot;, but one
cannot sue for infringement unless the work is already registered
under 17 USC 411. Statutory damages, often important, are not
available unless the work is registered before the infringement
occurs, or within 3 months of publication, under 17 USC 412.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>$2,000 is on the high side for the work in the Colorado market where I do most of my work, but it isn't unheard of or terribly beyond the norm. I can think of at least five plausible and defensible reasons for a fairly high charge for a fairly simple job.</p>
<p>This said, sometimes people just charge more than the going rate for work for no good reason, and in a free market, people are allowed to do that, at the risk that someone will go to the competition instead at some point.</p>
<p><strong>One reason: value billing</strong></p>
<p>Many lawyers do that kind of work on a flat fee basis, spreading the significant costs they incur in putting together an efficient system over many cases. They can do the work efficiently but want to charge a rate competitive only with lawyers who aren't so efficient and have to figure things out from scratch each time.</p>
<p><strong>A second possible reasons: diseconomies of scale</strong></p>
<p>Part of what may be going on is that if you have a big bureaucratic law firm, there are significant firm wide costs to every new matter (which, for example, has to be cleared through a conflict check firm-wide and involves quite a few administrative set up costs), especially if the firm charges high hourly rates.</p>
<p>In firms with those kinds of economics, even a project that only takes two hours at $400+ per attorney hour to do the core legal work, would be hard for the firm to make a profit on, because there might easily be $1,200 in anticipated setup and shut down, and tail case monitoring costs.</p>
<p>While some of those costs could, in theory, be streamlined when doing repeat work like the job suggested in the question, large or high cost bureaucratic firms aren't necessarily bothered to provide discounts in those circumstances to repeat customers because they see that kind of job as nickel and dime work that distracts them from working on their core competency of high-end big litigation cases, and big transactions like mergers of medium and large sized companies.</p>
<p>It would probably be possible for a small, more nimble firm that doesn't see this kind of job as a distraction to get the fee for this down to $500-$1000.</p>
<p>This cost issue with small transactional matters is one of the reasons that it is quite common to see the intellectual property department of large firms break off from the large firm bureaucracy (I recall it taking immense efforts just to requisition new office supplies when I worked in one because there was so much red tape involved), to form vastly smaller &quot;boutique&quot; intellectual property speciality law firms (e.g. 5-25 lawyers breaking off from a 100-500+ lawyer law firm) to prevent that kind of cost creep for smaller matters. The economics of high end intellectual property transactional work is different than a lot of big law firm work because a lot of intellectual property transactional work is high volume, low dollar transactions for repeat clients, which makes the friction associated with big law firm bureaucracies outweigh their benefits.</p>
<p><strong>A third possible reason: price for this job doesn't matter much in the context of a larger attorney-client relationship</strong></p>
<p>On the other hand, if you have a big company that normally uses a big inefficient law firm for its work (since most of its legal work involves life or death of the company grade issues where winning is much more important than keeping legal fees to a minimum), and it has a low volume of intellectual property filings, it may be more efficient for that big company to simply pay a bit more than it could if it really tries to get its costs down to a bare minimum, to just continue to use its regular law firm for this bit of work.</p>
<p>The cost of vetting an alternative law firm may not be worth it for a big company. Bidding out the small project might save a few thousand dollars a year of legal fees, but if the big company normally has hundreds of thousands of dollars a year of legal fees anyway, this may not be a big deal for that big company client.</p>
<p><strong>A fourth possible reason: a bigger ability to make malpractice right</strong></p>
<p>Also, keep in mind that if the software has very high economic value, a big part of your $2000 flat legal fee for the work may be paying for the malpractice policy to make the client whole in the unlikely but inevitable event for a screwed up filing that has high stakes to the client in the rare cases where it happens.</p>
<p>For example, I recall a malpractice case my office once handled where a big firm failed to file a key document in the real estate records resulting in a $20 million dollar mortgage losing its priority when the borrower default on the loan made by the client due to a miscommunication between a junior lawyer and a paralegal over who was going to get that job done that resulted in neither person doing it. This resulted in an immense loss to the client (they only recovered about $2 million and would have recovered the full amount if this document had been filed on time as the law firm agreed it would). It doesn't happen often, but it happens.</p>
<p>In the same vein, if your software product generates $20 million a year in revenues and a small, lower charging firm screws up in a way that materially impairs the copyright protection available for that product (e.g. causing statutory damages to be unavailable when large statutory damages would otherwise almost surely have been awarded), a small law firm's malpractice policy and the responsible lawyer's assets may not even begin to cover the harm done, but a big law firm's malpractice policy, which is far more expensive and makes everything that the big law firm does much more expensive to clients, might easily be able to cover that loss.</p>
<p><strong>A fifth possible reason: the lawyer is reluctant to do the work</strong></p>
<p>An alternative explanation is that the lawyer could do the work, but isn't really bothered to do it unless its very lucrative, since the lawyer sees it as a distraction or just doesn't like you as a client.</p>
<p>If this is the reason, then the lawyer is setting a high charge to encourage you to go elsewhere, without saying anything that would cause you to lose face or that would damage the long term lawyer-client relationship in a future case that is bigger or more in the usual vein of the work that the lawyer is looking to do going forward.</p>

<p>The US copyright office <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/fees.html" rel="noreferrer">fees page</a> shows that a standard copyright application may be filed online for $65. The page about registering <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/registration/other-digital-content/" rel="noreferrer">other digital content</a> (which includes computer programs) offers a link to the application form. The form is relatively simple, and could be filled out in a few minutes by a non-lawyer. It requires providing the title of the work, and some other info about the work, including any title of a previous version. It requires the year and country of publication, if the work has been published. It requires the name(s) of all author(s). It requires stating whether the work is a work-made-for-hire (as a computer programs created by a company through its employees quite likely would be). It requires the name and nationality of the author, and the author's year of birth if not an organization. It requires information for a contact person. It includes an option to request expedited processing for an additional fee.</p>
<p>I do not see any justification for a charge of $2,000. Indeed I do not see any need to employ a lawyer at all.</p>
<p>Also, if a later version is a derivative work of an earlier version, it may not be needed to register the later version, but it does no harm and may well be of value to the copyright owner.</p>

<p>I won't reiterate the points already made in <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/82651">David Siegel's</a> and <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/82660">ohwilleke's</a> fine answers about whether paying $2000 to a lawyer for copyright registration (or even filing a copyright registration for your software in the first place) is reasonable, and just assume that you've determined that it is (or, perhaps, have managed to find someone to do it for a more reasonable sum).  Instead I'll just focus on your question about <strong>whether it's necessary to refile the registration every time the minor version number changes</strong>.</p>
<p>The obvious answer to that, of course, is that it isn't — there's nothing magical about that particular number in the version string, and copyright law doesn't know or care anything about version numbers.</p>
<p>However, given that you say that your software's &quot;major&quot; version number is &quot;pretty locked in&quot; and rarely if ever changes, a change to the next component (i.e. the &quot;minor&quot; version number) presumably represents some kind of a significant milestone in the development of the software.  Certainly it's a bigger milestone that changes to the last two numbers in the version string, which might well happen several times a day, whereas you're probably only changing the minor version number maybe a couple of times a year.  You even say yourself that a change in the minor version number often represents the addition of significant new features to the software.</p>
<p>As such, if you're going to be updating your copyright registration regularly, that indeed seems like a reasonable time to do it.  Of course, it's not the only possible choice — for example, you could decide to register the latest version of your software, whatever it happens to be, once a year on some particular date.</p>
<p>Would that make more sense than refiling the registration for every minor version?  Maybe.  At least it would decouple the copyright registration from the release process and make the annual cost of registration predictable, which could be useful if you're releasing many minor versions each year and you're worried about the cost.  Of course, as noted in the other answers, in that case you might want to look into other ways to reduce the cost first.</p>
<hr />
<p>In any case, having the copyright registration be slightly out of date compared to your release schedule shouldn't be a problem.  (And, <em>if it was a problem</em>, you'd have to also update the registration for every patch version you release!)  Unless you somehow regularly throw all your old code away and rewrite your whole software from scratch (which would, at a minimum, probably merit a major version number change!), each version of your software will be a derivative of the previous versions and will likely share more than 90% of its code with them.</p>
<p>Thus, if someone were to pirate the latest version of your software, while you only had your copyright registered for an earlier version, you could almost certainly still sue them for infringing your registered copyright on the earlier version, noting that the pirated version was clearly a derivative of and in substantial parts identical to the registered version.</p>
<p>(And of course, as already <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/posts/comments/180023">noted in the comments</a>, copyright is automatic under the Berne Convention and not dependent on registration, although in certain jurisdictions — such as, notably, the United States — registration may be advantageous and even required for certain purposes such as claiming statutory damages.)</p>

<p>I assume there's no version control between different copyright applications. So, once you've decided to refile, it doesn't really matter for the lawyer or for the government whether it's a minor version change or an unrelated work of literary fiction. Every bit in that folder is getting filed.</p>

<p>Just designate someone in your company to do it. Copyrights are easy. Now if you were discussing patents... there is a lot more to it and you can either find a patent attorney who does it at reasonable money or for shares, or invest significant time handling it yourself. Also, in the case of patents there are specialists who help write the patents for you. They are a hell of a lot cheaper and then you only need use the patent attorney for the filing and follow up. But copyrights? Using an attorney is just plain silly.</p>
