united-states pardon
Would the acceptance of Susan B. Anthony&#39;s pardon validate the criminal proceedings she underwent due to voting?
<h1>Background</h1>
<p>On August 18th, 2020, President Donald Trump <a href="https://www.wftv.com/news/trending/trump-says-he-plans-pardon-susan-b-anthony/AEFUM4YWGVHTFPLWBGOIDU2IEQ/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">pardoned Susan B. Anthony</a> <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-pardon-susan-b-anthony/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">for voting illegally in an election on February of 1873</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Today, President Donald J. Trump issued an Executive Grant of Clemency (Full Pardon) posthumously to Susan B. Anthony, a peerless advocate for women’s suffrage, for a wrongful and unjust conviction stemming from the only vote she ever cast in an election. As we commemorate the centennial of the ratification of the 19th Amendment—known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment—this grant of full clemency recognizes and pays tribute to the advocacy, perseverance, and leadership of a truly remarkable woman and an American hero.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In response, the Susan B. Anthony museum and house in the words of Victoria Brzustowicz appeared to decline the pardon on Susan B. Anthony's behalf, stating that it would validate the criminal proceedings she underwent in much the same way that her paying the $100 fine would validate said proceedings:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Anthony wrote in her diary in 1873 that her trial for voting was “The greatest outrage History ever witnessed.”  She was not allowed to speak as a witness in her own defense, because she was a woman. At the conclusion of arguments, Judge Hunt dismissed the jury and pronounced her guilty.  She was outraged to be denied a trial by jury. She proclaimed, “I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty.” To pay would have been to validate the proceedings. To pardon Susan B. Anthony does the same.</p>
</blockquote>
<h1>The Nature of Pardons</h1>
<p>According to the Department of Justice Website, a <a href="https://www.justice.gov/pardon/frequently-asked-questions#State%20Offense" rel="nofollow noreferrer">pardon does not signify innocence but removes civil disabilities</a> as written below:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A pardon is an expression of the President’s forgiveness and ordinarily is granted in recognition of the applicant’s acceptance of responsibility for the crime and established good conduct for a significant period of time after conviction or completion of sentence. It does not signify innocence. It does, however, remove civil disabilities – e.g., restrictions on the right to vote, hold state or local office, or sit on a jury – imposed because of the conviction for which pardon is sought, and should lessen the stigma arising from the conviction. It may also be helpful in obtaining licenses, bonding, or employment. Under some – but not all – circumstances, a pardon will eliminate the legal basis for removal or deportation from the United States.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>However, even though a pardon does not signify innocence, I don't see any formal memorandum or court ruling that states the corollary: that a pardon signifies guilt.  Nor do I see any formal memorandum or court ruling that also states the issue in my question:  that a pardon validates the criminal proceedings of the corresponding crime. The silence on the latter issue is what prompted my question.</p>
<h1>Question</h1>
<p>Would the acceptance of Susan B. Anthony's pardon by the relevant authority validate the criminal proceedings she underwent?</p>

<h2>Only guilty people can benefit from a pardon</h2>
<p>Only a person who has (or will/may be) convicted of a crime can gain the benefit of a pardon. For an innocent person (that is, one not convicted of a crime) a pardon is a nullity.</p>
<p>A pardon does not overturn a conviction- the conviction stands but the consequences of that conviction are nullified.</p>
<p>So yes, acceptance of a pardon implies an acceptance of the guilty verdict.</p>
<p>Now, an amnesty which decriminalized the act would not leave such an acceptance but that would be an ex-post facto law and these are specifically prohibited by the US Constitution. (An amnesty preventing future prosecution of a past act is not ex-post facto but Susan’s conviction is in the past).</p>
