liability england-and-wales accident
Does mens rea completely absolve responsibility/culpability of the parties involved?
<p>Using the English Law's definition of mens rea,  does not meeting the standard of it completely absolve the parties involved of any guilt and responsibility for the incident?</p>
<p><strong>Mens rea</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>Direct intention: the actor has a clear foresight of the consequences of his actions, and desires those consequences to occur. It's his aim or purpose to achieve this consequence (death).</p>
</li>
<li><p>Oblique intention: the result is a virtually certain consequence or a 'virtual certainty' of the defendant's actions, and that the defendant appreciates that such was the case.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Knowingly: the actor knows, or should know, that the results of his conduct are reasonably certain to occur.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Recklessness: the actor foresees that particular consequences may occur and proceeds with the given conduct, not caring whether those consequences actually occur or not.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Criminal negligence: the actor did not actually foresee that the particular consequences would flow from his actions, but a reasonable person, in the same circumstances, would have foreseen those consequences.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p><em>Mens rea</em> is a concept that is one of many elements that must be proved for particular crimes and torts. The <em>mens rea</em> necessary for one offense and the <em>mens rea</em> necessary for another offense are often different.</p>
<p>For example, the <em>mens rea</em> requirement for murder and the <em>mens rea</em> necessary to hold someone liable for wrongful death in tort, are different.</p>
<p>If someone is not found to have had the necessary <em>mens rea</em> for a particular offense or tort, that person is absolved of criminal consequences, or civil liability, as to that particular offense or tort, but not as to offenses or torts with a less strict <em>mens rea</em> requirement.</p>
<p>Thus, if you negligently, but not intentionally or recklessly kill someone while driving your car, you are not guilty of the crime of murder, but do have civil liability in a wrongful death action for the death that you caused.</p>
<p>When there are multiple criminal offenses that are identical except for the <em>mens rea</em> requirement, with the higher <em>mens rea</em> requirement invariably associated with authorizing a more severe punishment, then the offenses with lower <em>mens rea</em> requirements are called &quot;lesser included offenses&quot; and depending on some rather arcane questions of criminal procedure, a jury may be asked to considering the most serious offense charged and also lesser included offense, at the same time as they deliberate. The jury could acquit as to an offense with a higher level of <em>mens rea</em> while convicting on an offense with a lower level of <em>mens rea</em> when that happens, if that is what they determine was the factual reality of the criminal defendant's intent to commit the crime.</p>
<p>But, it is also possible that a criminal defendant will be charged only with one offense, and will not be charged with lesser included offenses, and lesser included offenses will not be presented to a jury.</p>
<p>For example, there could be a situation in which it would make sense that someone has a intent to kill someone, and it would make sense that someone acted negligently in a manner that was not criminally negligent, but not intermediate fact patterns would be plausible under the circumstances. So, the criminal defendant might face only a murder charge and not other charges, and the jury would have to make an all or nothing call on criminal liability. A prosecutor might refrain from bringing lesser included charges to prevent the jury from being tempted to make a split the difference compromise verdict that is unlikely to reflect the factual reality.</p>
