england-and-wales common-law theft
Picking fruit that overhangs public property
<p>Today I was eating plums from a tree growing on private property, which I picked from branches overhanging the public highway. A passing cyclist said &quot;That is scrumping&quot; and I replied &quot;Not on a public highway&quot;.</p>
<p>I looked it up. The <a href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/types/trees/the-law" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Royal Horticultural Society</a> advice is a contradiction:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Can I cut off overhanging branches?</strong><br />
Yes, provided it is done without trespassing onto the other person’s property.</p>
<p><strong>Do I have to get permission from my neighbour or give them notice to cut off the overhanging branches?</strong><br />
No.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>But it also says</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Can I pick and keep the fruit from overhanging branches?</strong><br />
No, not without permission from the owner.</p>
<p><strong>Can I collect windfalls from a neighbour’s tree that overhangs my garden?</strong><br />
No, not without their permission. Windfall fruit still belongs to the owner.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So if I cut off the whole branch, that would be legal?</p>
<HR>
<p>BBC's <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/newsnight/2006/11/urban_foraging_ethical_1.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Newsnight</a> explored the topic, and consulted some 'experts'.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Urban foraging - ethical?</strong><br />
. . . They were unanimous: picking fruit that overhangs a public right of way is not scrumping, it is decidedly ethical and almost certainly legal.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>yet after further investigations, they conclude from the <a href="https://www.btcv.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">British Trust for Conservation Volunteers</a> that is is not legal:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I was shocked to find that the law on picking fruit from overhanging branches could not be clearer: “A neighbour has no legal right to any fruit on overhanging branches.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>But I am not a neighbour: I was a passer-by on public property.<br />
One comment under the BBC's story says</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Clearly the law has changed since medieval common law: the phrase &quot;by hook or by crook&quot; refers to a pilgrim's right to graze food that overhangs their route. If it was within said reach of the path, it could be gathered.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So was it once a right to take such fruit, and when did the law change?</p>
<p><strong>Edit</strong><br />
The plum tree is part of the hedgerow bordering the property (in a semi-rural location), rather than in a garden or orchard. I don't know if that classifies it as wild, but it is not a cultivated variety, as the fruits are quite small.</p>

<p>This is covered by <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/60/crossheading/definition-of-theft" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Sections 1 to 6 of the Theft Act 1968</a>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A person is guilty of theft if he dishonestly appropriates property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Each relevant word is then dealt with.</p>
<p><em>Dishonestly</em> does not apply in the circumstance where you have in law the right to deprive the other of it. Here, you have no right: the fruit's owner has every right to the fruit he owns. You have no right just to come along and take it. A right to deprive the other of something would be relevant where he had misappropriated it from you.</p>
<p><em>Appropriation</em> is any assumption by a person of the rights of an owner. Here, you are assuming the rights of the owner by taking the fruit.</p>
<p><em>Property</em> is fairly self-explanatory. Everything except land is property.</p>
<p><em>Belonging to another:</em> &quot;Property shall be regarded as belonging to any person having possession or control of it, or having in it any proprietary right or interest.&quot; Here, the owner of the tree has possession and control and a proprietary right and interest.</p>
<p><em>Permanently depriving</em> means that you treat the thing [fruit in this case] as your own to dispose of regardless of the other’s rights.</p>
<p>All of these apply in your case of taking fruit from a tree owned and grown by someone else.</p>
<p>There is an exception, which may be relevant to the &quot;by hook or by crook&quot; quote:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A person who picks mushrooms growing wild on any land, or who picks flowers, fruit or foliage from a plant growing wild on any land, does not (although not in possession of the land) steal what he picks, unless he does it for reward or for sale or other commercial purpose.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>But this doesn't apply where the tree is not growing wild.</p>
<p>It is generally held that you can cut off foliage or whatever which is overhanging your land — I can't find a reference specifically, but I expect it's to do with nuisance and free enjoyment of your own land — but the severed parts and any fruit on them are <strong>still the property of their owner,</strong> and you can't deprive him of them permanently. Public land isn't <strong>yours,</strong> so <strong>you</strong> can't cut off branches overhanging it: the public authority can. Even there, they must give them back to the owner.</p>
<p>The 1968 Act repeals a number of prior Acts (all the way back to the First Statute of Westminster in 1265), but I can't see anything relevant to the restriction of common law. If what you quote as common law still applied in 1968, it was that Act which restricted it to <strong>wild</strong> fruit (as opposed to fruit overhanging public land). It's quite likely that the common law was simply codified and made unambiguous than it was deliberately restricted.</p>
