criminal-law intellectual-property terms-of-service
How can one open a profitable MMORPG private server (server emulator) legally?
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<p>The MMORPG in question has a Korean developer and a German publisher. It is pretty old, but is still live and running by the publisher. The game appears to be dying and has a very low active population in general. The EULA seems to prohibit packet-sniffing and reverse-engineering to &quot;reproduce ... the games&quot; by the wording used, however that does not seem to make it illegal. Merely voids ones contract between emulator-developer and the publisher, giving them the right to ban use of their servers/services, if I am not mistaken.</p>
<p>There was an excellent answer, in my opinion, on a related question in Law StackExchange [1].</p>
<p>I am a European citizen. It is meant to be a hobby project originally, but seeing as how much time it takes to execute, it is sad to not see the effort be financially profitable, especially considering the potential it may have. The intention is first to replicate, and finally to modify by changing experience point rates, quests, maps and more, to re-form the entire flow and experience of the player, differing from the original game.</p>
<p>There are leaked server files and possibly leaked source code to the server files, but I will not peek at neither the reverse-engineered leaked software, nor the leaked source code, as it defeats entirely the original purpose. Hence, unless I misunderstand, the &quot;Chinese Wall&quot; principle [1] applies, since packet-sniffing and reverse-engineering of the game client are the tools used.</p>
<p>Unless I have misinterpreted [1], the game client appears to be the major stopper, before even getting to the financial aspects.</p>
<p><strong>Questions</strong></p>
<p>If at all possible, how can one go from writing the MMORPG server emulator, from scratch, to running a profitable server, legally, for the specific game described above?</p>
<p>Also, an auxiliary question: is breach of the EULA illegal or immoral, in this case?</p>
<p><strong>Edit</strong></p>
<p>I want to explicitly point out that, as per [1], the server emulator would not be theft of code, but a recreation from the imagination. The work-flow to produce the emulator only involves dissecting of the game client and packet-sniffing of the communication between the original game server and the game client. The EULA does not state any legal action against these two methods. I have also added a secondary question to help out the discussion.</p>
<p>[1] <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/48393/34023">https://law.stackexchange.com/a/48393/34023</a></p>

<p>Profit changes everything.  There is a tradition of tolerance <a href="https://youtu.be/euWus_u-En0?t=330" rel="nofollow noreferrer">(mostly)</a> for &quot;fan projects&quot; which are totally not-for-profit.  However that goes out the window very quickly once profit enters the picture (if the original publisher is excluded that is; <em>Black Mesa</em> had a happy integration of publisher and fan profit, since they also run the game distribution platform <em>Steam</em>).</p>
<p>Because of the profit picture, <strong>licensing the game platform</strong> is your only viable option.  And this is actually quite common; the original <em>Half-Life</em> (on which <em>Black Mesa</em> was built) had licensed the <em>Quake</em> engine.)</p>
<p>At the least you would be licensing the client-side engine. I suspect you also aim to license the client-side graphics as well; the publisher may have feelings about that since visual IP tends to dilute the uniqueness of their own game.  For instance Half-Life did not reuse Quake monsters or art.</p>
<h2>Art is a problem, because it also brings in lore</h2>
<p>In a modern MMO, recreating graphics and art is a <em>considerable</em> task.</p>
<p>But if you don't, you may not be able to separate yourself from the conceptuals: If you were licensing a World of Warcraft client and using WoW art, it would be hard to justify purple, pink and green Elves without getting into the lore of the Night Elves and Blood Elves breaking away from the high-elf lineage... it would just be too jarring to use the same art assets yet have totally different lore... <strong>So at that point your game would become a &quot;World of Warcraft story&quot;</strong>, which not surprisingly, the publisher would be <em>much</em> more reluctant to publish, since they want to retain creative control of their story, integrate it into their continuity, etc.  Star Trek and Star Wars have whole staffs of &quot;canon police&quot; who make sure writers don't contradict existing lore, e.g. portray the Ferengi as a warrior race or Gungans <em>in any way whatsoever</em>.</p>
<h2>If it's just the engine, that's easy</h2>
<p>So if you are forced to change <em>lore</em> and <em>art</em>, and your plan is already to scratchbuild a new back-end... then really, all you're doing is licensing the game <em>engine</em>.</p>
<p>So now the question is, why would you rely on brand X's game engine, when there are plenty of <em>other</em> game engines whose owners are happy to license them cheap, and even ones that are open-source?  For instance, a fan project is re-casting <em>Half Life II</em> into the <em>Unreal</em> engine.</p>
<p>So if we're not using that publisher's <em>lore</em>... and we're not using that publisher's <em>art</em>... and we're not using that publisher's <em>engine</em>... then we owe them nothing <strong>and we have a totally original game</strong>.</p>
<p>Look at a program like <em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grCTXGW3sxQ" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Guild</a></em>.  It was based on <em>World of Warcraft</em>, but the team tweaked it a little bit so it didn't touch any of Blizzard's IP at all. <strong>They did that for a reason.</strong></p>

<p>The only way to be entirely sure not to get into trouble is to <strong>get yourself a lawyer</strong> and ask them about the local laws in more detail.</p>
<p>In general, your EULA might bar you from dissecting or altering the program or trying to obtain the server code and it might remove your license to use the software if you do so, though enforceability of those provisions is a problem <strong>your</strong> lawyer needs to explain to you. You should ask them how to obtain a valid license to the server code, as it should be obvious you can't use code you have no license to or that you obtained illegally.</p>

<p>Since your question is about more than just replicating the server functionality, I will address the detail that is unrelated to producing a working copy of the server.</p>
<p>Even if you do manage to legally create a working server, if you don't license the right to operate, then such operation of the server would constitute a tortious interference in the licensing relationship that exists between the users of the game client and the original publishers/operators of the game.  Whether or not this tortious interference would result in liabilities in the jurisdictions that you care about is a question for a lawyer who has your best interest in mind.</p>
