united-states marriage pennsylvania assault
If a person punches my wife and I am right there, do I have a right to punch that person, or use a singular subduing technique in response?
<h1>Background</h1>
<p>The other day my wife and I were ordering takeout from a restaurant.  As we were leaving there was a really narrow doorway of people coming in and out.  My wife, probably out of a mix of tiredness and single mindedly getting back to the car accidentally walked into another woman on her way out the door.  She said &quot;Did you see me going through the door?  What the heck?&quot;.   My wife gave a quick apology in response. I was right next to this and didn't think anything of it until now.</p>
<p>Suppose this stranger was not as understanding and punched or otherwise physically harmed my wife.  As her husband, I feel I have an extra right to do something, I can't let my wife just be assaulted in front of me and do nothing. However, browsing around Quora gives me some mixed answers on this.  So I come here to ask:</p>
<h1>Question</h1>
<p>What actions am I legally allowed to do in response to someone else physically harming my wife like in the hypothetical above?</p>

<p><a href="/questions/tagged/massachusetts" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;massachusetts&#39;" rel="tag">massachusetts</a></p>
<p>This is a matter of state law, so let's look at a particular state:  Massachusetts. My answer below is largely based on the <a href="https://www.mass.gov/doc/9260-self-defense-defense-of-another-defense-of-property/download" rel="noreferrer">Massachusetts model jury instructions for self-defense cases</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Short answer:</strong>  the most problematic part of using force in the situation you describe is that you have a &quot;duty to retreat&quot; in the state of Massachusetts.  In other words, you would not be justified in using force in your own defense or your wife's defense unless there was no reasonable way to get away from the assailant.  (The opposite of a &quot;duty to retreat&quot; state is a &quot;stand your ground&quot; state;  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-your-ground_law" rel="noreferrer">the Wikipedia article on the subject</a> lists which US states are which.)</p>
<hr />
<p><strong>Long answer:</strong> You would be acting in defense of another (p. 17 of the instructions):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>[A] person may use reasonable force when that is necessary to help another person, if it reasonably appears that the person being aided is in a situation where the law would allow him to act in self-defense himself.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In other words, your use of force to defend your wife is acceptable if it reasonably appears to you that your wife is in a situation where she would be justified in using self-defense.  So would she be justified in using non-deadly force in self-defence?</p>
<blockquote>
<p>To prove that the defendant did not act in self-defense, the Commonwealth must prove <em>one</em> of the following things beyond a reasonable doubt:</p>
<p>First, that the defendant did not reasonably believe he (she) was being attacked or immediately about to be attacked, and that his (her) safety was in immediate danger; or</p>
<p>Second, that the defendant did not do everything reasonable in the circumstances to avoid physical combat before resorting to force; or</p>
<p>Third, that the defendant used more force to defend himself (herself) than was reasonably necessary in the circumstances.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The second point would be the tricky one for your hypothetical case.  In a public space, you have the &quot;duty to retreat&quot;;  this duty does not apply in your home (the &quot;castle doctrine&quot;), but it does apply everywhere else.  Here are the model jury instructions for this point of law:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A person cannot lawfully act in self-defense unless he or she has exhausted all other reasonable alternatives before resorting to force. A person may use physical force in self-defense only if he (she) could not get out of the situation in some other way that was available and reasonable at the time. The Commonwealth may prove the defendant did not act in self-defense by proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant resorted to force without using avenues of escape that were reasonably available and which would not have exposed the defendant to further danger.</p>
<p>You may consider any evidence about where the incident took place, whether or not the defendant might have been able to escape by walking away or otherwise getting to safety or by summoning help if that could be done in time, or by holding the attacker at bay if the means were available, or by some other method. You may consider whether the use of force reasonably seemed to be the only means of protection in the circumstances. You may take into account that a person who is attacked may have to decide what to do quickly and while under emotional strain.</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href="/questions/tagged/england-and-wales" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;england-and-wales&#39;" rel="tag">england-and-wales</a></p>
<p>In English law, you would have an absolute right to defend your partner (or in fact any innocent bystander) using what is referred to as <em>'reasonable force'</em>. In this instance, you would be able to intervene and hit the other person with sufficient force to cause them sufficient harm to prevent their further attack, <strong>if you believed that there was a good prospect that they would continue to attack your wife after the initial punch.</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances for the purposes of (in the alternative) [in the] defence of another;<br />
...<br />
&quot;It is both good law and good sense that a man who is attacked may defend himself. It is both good law and good sense that he may do, but only do, what is reasonably necessary.&quot;</p>
<p><sub><sup><a href="https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/self-defence-and-prevention-crime#Use_of_Force_1" rel="noreferrer">Crown Prosecution Service Guidance - Self-Defence and the Prevention of Crime</a></sub></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Your defence would be justifiable on several grounds;</p>
<ul>
<li>The prevention of harm to another human being</li>
<li>The prevention of a crime taking place</li>
<li>That the incident occurred without premeditation.</li>
<li>That you were not the instigator</li>
</ul>
<p>Notably (per R v Deana) you would also not need to <em>wait for your wife to be struck</em> before you could lawfully defend her, if you felt there was a good likelihood of her being struck by the assailant.</p>
<p>It's probably worth noting that although there's no <em>specific guidance</em> on whether there's anything special about defending a loved one, it stands to reason that a 'public interest' defence would be much strengthened if those bonds were evident to the Crown Prosecution Service. Conversely, your argument of reasonable force would be dramatically weakened if the other party was much smaller or you could have intervened without hitting them.</p>

<p>There are two options in Washington state for using force against the assailant. The first is in defense of a family member, see <a href="https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=9A.16.110" rel="noreferrer">RCW 9A.16.110(1)</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>No person in the state shall be placed in legal jeopardy of any kind
whatsoever for protecting by any reasonable means necessary, himself
or herself, his or her family, or his or her real or personal
property, or for coming to the aid of another who is in imminent
danger of or the victim of assault, robbery, kidnapping, arson,
burglary, rape, murder, or any other violent crime as defined in RCW
9.94A.030.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>There is no duty to retreat in a public place in Washington.</p>
<p>The second regards arresting a person for commission of a felony, per <a href="https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=9A.16.020" rel="noreferrer">RCW 9A.16.020</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>The use, attempt, or offer to use force upon or toward the person of
another is not unlawful in the following cases:...(2) Whenever
necessarily used by a person arresting one who has committed a felony
and delivering him or her to a public officer competent to receive him
or her into custody</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The crime must be at least <a href="https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.36.031" rel="noreferrer">third degree assault</a> (not fourth degree, which is a gross misdemeanor). We would need more details regarding this hypothetical &quot;punch&quot;. While any punching of a set of listed public servants  doing their job constitutes at least 3rd degree assault, for plain old civilians, the criterion is that the person</p>
<blockquote>
<p>(f) With criminal negligence, causes bodily harm accompanied by
substantial pain that extends for a period sufficient to cause
considerable suffering</p>
</blockquote>
<p>or else</p>
<blockquote>
<p>(d) With criminal negligence, causes bodily harm to another person by
means of a weapon or other instrument or thing likely to produce
bodily harm</p>
</blockquote>
<p>but in your scenario there was no weapon. Note also per <a href="https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=9A.08&amp;full=true" rel="noreferrer">RCW 9a.08.010</a> that</p>
<blockquote>
<p>When a statute provides that criminal negligence suffices to establish
an element of an offense, such element also is established if a person
acts intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9A.36.021" rel="noreferrer">Second degree assault</a> involves &quot;substantial bodily harm&quot;, which seems unlikely. Reliance on a lawful-force while effecting a citizen's arrest for punching is thus a risky choice.</p>

<p>I am not a lawyer, but I am a CCW permit holder and have had training in this area. As the others have pointed out, the laws vary from state to state. Where you are has a great impact both in the literal application of the law, as well as what actions police and prosecutors are likely to take, and what a jury will decide. You're not going to have the same experience in San Francisco as you would in Hazard, Kentucky.</p>
<p>In general, the case seems to be that an assault that does not involve a weapon may or may not justify deadly force in return. In other words, if someone punches, shoves, or slaps you, you may not even be entitled to use any force back, if you believe the attack has stopped. On the other hand, if a person is unarmed but is assaulting you in a way which you believe your life is in danger, such as the Zimmerman/Martin case, then you can make an argument that lethal force was justified. In between, if a person is physically assaulting you and you can take moves to protect yourself, while seeking help and trying to back away, it will likely be justified in the eyes of the law.</p>
<p>Most states also have laws that cover intervention on behalf of someone you are associated with, in terms of trying to stop an attack. I am not sure about good samaritan laws in this respect - any training I have had has always been to remove yourself from the area and call the police. Now, if the attack is over and you punch someone, then you are on the same legal footing as they are. If someone is repeatedly hitting your wife and has not stopped, then you're going to be on more solid ground if you try to stop the attack - with force proportional to the danger - than if it were over and you got a cheap shot in to make yourself feel better.</p>
<p>Honestly, the best thing to apologize calmly and leave the area. Violence that occurs between two strangers often is because both parties have escalated with threats, shouting, insults, and so on. Additionally, if you are keeping calm and the other person does escalate to physical violence, then it will look far better to a prosecutor or a jury. Just don't fight if you don't have to. Let's say someone punched your wife, and you punch them back, and they hit their head on a curb and died. Well...study up on how to survive in prison.</p>
<p>I practice martial arts, both armed and unarmed, know how to use firearms (and carry one often), and have forgotten more ways to kill someone with my bare hands than most people know, and I avoid confrontation like the plague. I don't even blow my horn when someone cuts me off, and I am polite to everyone. Even if you're justified in self defense, it brings more problems than it's worth if you can avoid it. If you're not a cop, don't act like one.</p>
<p>Also, I am not a lawyer, but the above should be a starting point for helping you get familiar with the laws in your area and what you can and can't do to protect yourself and loved ones.</p>

<blockquote>
<p>Suppose this stranger was not as understanding and punched or
otherwise physically harmed my wife. As her husband, I feel I have an
extra right to do something, I can't let my wife just be assaulted in
front of me and do nothing. However, browsing around Quora gives me
some mixed answers on this. So I come here to ask:</p>
<p>Question</p>
<p>What actions am I legally allowed to do in response to someone else
physically harming my wife like in the hypothetical above?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>You have a right to use reasonably necessary force to prevent further assaults that are in progress on your wife (or anyone else for that matter), in almost every U.S. state. But the question seems to assume a one off punch followed by the perpetrator's retreat, which is not a situation in which the use of force to defend another would be authorized.</p>
<p>You have a right to use reasonably necessary force to effect a citizen's arrest in these circumstances in most U.S. states for a crime that you observe was committed in your presence, and then to turn the perpetrator over to the police, although some states would not allow a citizen's arrest for such a minor crime even though you personally witnessed it.</p>
<p>What you do not have the authority to do under the law of almost any state is to use force against the perpetrator in retaliation or revenge or as punishment for their use of force, which is what the question suggests was your real intent. Authority to do that is reserved for the state in the United States.</p>
<p>Notably, Colorado has actually removed the crime of simple assault of this kind from its list of state crimes, although this would usually be a municipal ordinance violation in most cities, would be tortious, and in some circumstances might constitute disorderly conduct. But this could impair your authority to make a citizen's arrest in this case.</p>
<p>Many law enforcement officers and prosecutors, who are familiar with prevailing norms about responses by husbands to this kind of conduct, might decide that they would elect not to prosecute such a case even if your vigilante actions were technically a crime committed without legal justification, by concluding that prosecuting you would not be &quot;in the interests of justice&quot; under the circumstances.</p>
<p>This case would also be a ripe one for jury nullification at trial, in which a jury knows that the crime was committed by declines to convict anyway for its own non-legal reasons. A jury is never instructed that it has the authority to do so, but its practical ability to do so which is well guarded by relevant appellate law precedents is well established.</p>
<p>Also, it is certain that deadly force would not be authorized in these circumstances under the laws of any U.S. state and it is highly likely that if you used deadly force in these circumstances that you would be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.</p>
