copyright
Can one claim copyright over a compilation of (public) data?
<p>Let's say I build some sort of index, like my own selection of websites for a particular niche of the internet.</p>
<p>I publish this as &quot;Almosnow's Best Selection of Nature Websites&quot; (for instance).</p>
<p>Obviously this compilation took me some time to create and I would like to limit access to it and profit from it, if possible.</p>
<p>Can I claim rights over my particular selection of such things as an original work?</p>

<p>If there is judgement and creativity used in the selection of the list, that selection is protectable by copyright under US law, and under the laws of many other countries. The standards vary, but in most cases the degree of creativity required is low.</p>
<p>In the US the &quot;time and effort&quot; put into the list is not relevant, it is the degree of originality and creativity that matters. This is not true in all countries.</p>
<p>If the list includes comments on individual list items written by the list creator, those comments would normally be protected by copyright, even when the list as a whole is not.</p>
<p>If the list is ordered in some creative way, the ordering would also be protected, such as dividing the list into categories. an &quot;obvious&quot; ordering such as alphabetical is not subject to copyright protection.</p>
<p>However, that these various web sites exist at particular addresses is a fact (or a set of facts) and facts are never protected by copyright. If someone produces a different list, that includes many but not all of the same sites, and some other sites, it is probably not infringement even if your list was used as one source for the newer list.</p>
<p>If your list makes a serious attempt to include <strong>every</strong> nature website, and no selection is done, there is actually less creativity in the selection than if some judgement is used on what to include and what to omit. In that case, another list that also includes every nature website  may not be considered an infringement.</p>
<p>See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." rel="noreferrer"><em>Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.</em>, 499 U.S. 340 (1991)</a> in which one company copied a telephone book published by another company. Because there was no selection (everyone in the designated area was included) and the order was obvious (alphabetical), the US Supreme Court rules that there was no originality, and there fore no copyright protection in the book, and copying it was not copyright infringement. <em>Feist</em> is now a key case on copyright law in the US, and is followed in some other countries.</p>

<p><a href="/questions/tagged/germany" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;germany&#39;" rel="tag">germany</a> does not have the same bundle of &quot;copyright&quot; common in the common law. It does, differentiate between two sets of rights: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany#Transfer" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Author's Rights</em></a> and <em>Neighboring Rights</em>.
Author's rights can't be sold and are mostly moral in nature, the neighboring rights contain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany#Exploitation_rights_and_the_rights_of_use" rel="nofollow noreferrer">all the economic rights</a>.</p>
<p>Databases are not protected under Author's Rights. However, there is a <em>specific</em> Neighboring Right the &quot;Right of the Database Creator&quot;, which protects creators of databases. (Some of) the requirements are that the creation of the database must have required a <em>significant investment</em> and that the data is organized <em>systematically</em> or <em>methodically</em>.</p>
<p>Database rights do not offer wide-ranging protection, they only protect against extraction and use of <em>significant parts</em>.</p>

<p><strong>In short:</strong></p>
<p>Databases are protected in Europe (and by the Berne convention) if they are creative, and by a shorter sui generis right under an European Directive even if they aren't creative.</p>
<p><strong>In long:</strong></p>
<p>Several European include databases in copyright law. In addition to Jörg W Mittag's answer on German law, the <a href="https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rdlg/1996/04/12/1/con" rel="nofollow noreferrer">copyright law</a> (article 12) in <a href="/questions/tagged/spain" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;spain&#39;" rel="tag">spain</a> defines databases:</p>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>También son objeto de propiedad intelectual, en los términos del Libro I de la presente Ley, las colecciones de obras ajenas, de datos o de otros elementos independientes como las antologías y las bases de datos que por la selección o disposición de sus contenidos constituyan creaciones intelectuales, sin perjuicio, en su caso, de los derechos que pudieran subsistir sobre dichos contenidos.</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<ol>
<li>Also the object of intellectual property, in the terms of Book I of the present Law, the collections of other people's works, of data or of other independent elements like the anthologies and the databases that by the selection or disposition of their contents constitute creations intellectual property, without prejudice, where appropriate, to the rights that may subsist on such content.</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p>Such a copyright protection is also afforded to original and creative databases under the Berne Convention.(<a href="https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/regional-helpdesks/european-ip-helpdesk/europe-frequently-asked-questions_en#Database_Protection_Domain_Protection" rel="nofollow noreferrer">source</a>)</p>
<p>Additionally, in the European Union, under Directive 96/9/EC, databases are protected by a &quot;sui generis&quot; form of copyright protection <a href="https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/regional-helpdesks/european-ip-helpdesk/europe-frequently-asked-questions_en#Database_Protection_Domain_Protection" rel="nofollow noreferrer">even if they are neither original nor creative</a> but have been made by a substantial investment. That protection <a href="https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/running-business/intellectual-property/database-protection/index_en.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">only lasts for 15 years</a>, that is way shorter than the usual terms for copyright of creative works.</p>
<p>Interestingly, the only requirement of substantial investment reminds of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_of_the_brow" rel="nofollow noreferrer">doctrine of sweat of the brow</a> that European countries out of the United Kingdom usually don't follow.</p>

<p>The question is whether your collection contains some creative work on your end. Such as a description of the items on the list in your own words. Pure data, such as just a list of links, is not usually copyrightable. Jurisdictions differ on how much creativity is required to grant copyright status, but a list that is created by running a google search on &quot;nature&quot; and collecting all websites that are returned is likely not protected.</p>

<p>I am confused; a resource as you describe would essentially be a list of links, no?</p>
<p>A list of links, sandwiched within relevant text explaining the list, would certainly be copyright-protected.</p>
<p>Is the list itself, without accompanying text (of your own)  protected?</p>
<p>No; it's not an &quot;original work.&quot; So a list of websites, and nothing else, is NOT copyright-protected. These are not your words; it's just a list, regardless of what efforts were involved in compiling the resource.</p>
<p>If, and only if, you mean &quot;scraped&quot; content, then NO. Just because you juxtapose different copyright-protected work does not mean it's original. There would have to be significant change.</p>
