united-kingdom common-law defamation
An erstwhile friend misled me to believe she had committed suicide. Can I take action?
<p>A good friend of many years, but with whom I fell out two years ago, meticulously misled me via multiple emails purporting to come from a member of her family, that she had died. Not only died, but committed suicide 2 days after last contacting me by email.</p>
<p>I was very distressed, and announced the death not only on Facebook, with a long and compassionate eulogy, including a photo of her and I, but also personally to multiple people that she once knew in our town (she left about 3 years ago).</p>
<p>Some of the later mails went on to impart a portion of responsibility to me for the apparent suicide, fictitiously citing her mother and step father. This increased my distress then, and my anger now, further.</p>
<p>I consider this kind of hoax to be in more than bad taste, and indeed, punishable, as she has not only humiliated me, and the several people who called me, but because of the public post, made me look socially awkward, stupid. She also put many people through a lot of sadness for the 24 hour duration of her hoax.</p>
<p>Has she broken UK law? What recourse do I have to ensure she doesn't do things like this again? She has a history of bad behaviour (though this takes the cake).</p>

<blockquote>
<p>Has she broken UK law?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>You might have only a claim of harassment because of the <em>multiplicity</em> of acts (i.e., emails) with which your former friend made the hoax.</p>
<p><em>Pseudocide</em> or faked death is in and of itself not unlawful, and your description does not reflect that she obtained or sought to obtain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janvier_v_Sweeney" rel="noreferrer">something of value</a>. Likewise, your scenario seemingly falls short of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_v_Downton" rel="noreferrer">tort of intentional infliction of mental shock</a>. In addition to having to proof <em>severity</em> of distress, it is noteworthy (from <a href="https://www.dataprotectionreport.com/2016/08/damages-for-emotional-distress-for-privacy-claims-to-stay-in-the-uk/" rel="noreferrer">an article regarding data privacy</a>) that &quot;<em>compensation awards for emotional distress are typically low value and may not provide sufficient incentive to bring such a claim</em>&quot;.</p>
<p>Nor is online impersonation of lay people (such as a family member) for purposes of that hoax a crime under UK law.</p>
<p>The impersonated member of her family might have a claim of defamation if the wording of the emails injure or tend to injure that relative's reputation. Similarly if the emails contain defamatory falsehoods regarding someone else.</p>
<p>However, the fact that <em>you</em> published information [on which you relied] would defeat your claim of defamation as for her hoax making you &quot;<em>look socially awkward, stupid</em>&quot;.</p>
<p>Since there is no judicial recourse for preventing her from doing this again, your best option is to clarify to your audience that this was all a prank of hers. Besides helping to restore your reputation, your clarification will warn others not to blindly rely on other misrepresentations she might make or has made.</p>

<p>If you had suffered some form of physical or mental harm (beyond mere distress), you <em>could</em> have a cause of action (a claim) under the tort of intentional infliction of mental shock per <a href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/1897/1.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Wilkinson v Downton</em> [1897] 2 QBD7s3 57</a>. You don't say that you suffered any form of physical or mental reaction upon learning she allegedly committed suicide, so if you did not the claim must fail.</p>
<p>She may, however, be liable for sending a malicious communication contrary to <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/27/section/1" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Section 1 of the Malicious Communications Act 1988</a>. This requires that:</p>
<ol>
<li>A person must send a letter, electronic communication, or article of any description to another person.</li>
<li>The communication must either convey a message that is indecent or grossly offensive, or a threat, or information which is false and known or believed by the sender to be false, or must (in whole or part) be of an indecent or grossly offensive nature.</li>
<li>The sender's intent (or one of their intents) is that the communication will cause distress or anxiety to the recipient or anyone else intended to receive or be made aware of the contents.</li>
</ol>
<p>In this case, your friend sent an email to you. This satisfies the first criterion, being an electronic communication.</p>
<p>The communication told you that she had killed herself. This was information which was false and known or believed by the sender to be false.</p>
<p>She intended to cause you distress or anxiety by virtue of sending such a distressing series of emails. The intent can be imputed from her behaviour.</p>
<p>Therefore, on the facts, she would likely be liable for such an offence. You may wish to report this to your local police. She is unlikely to end up in court over the matter, but will probably be issued with a caution or a formal warning which will go on her criminal record. That is about as much punishment from the state that you can expect.</p>
<p>The only other punishment lies in your hands, in the form of social shaming. You could write a follow-up post stating that she had misled you and so on. I am sure your social standing will not have taken much of a hit as you think with your friends: they are likely to be understanding and rally around you once the whole matter is exposed as a hoax, of which you were an unsuspecting victim.</p>
