criminal-law lawyer fifth-amendment miranda-warning
Alternative systems without the Right to Remain Silent
<p>As I understand it, the &quot;Right to Remain Silent&quot; errs on the side of innocence in the USA justice system.
Jurors are usually supposed to rule as if the defendant testified in the manner voiced by his attorney
(in opening and closing arguments) even if the defendant does not really testify.</p>
<p>What would be the harm in removing this right when questions are asked through his attorney with a long
allowed response time?  For example, suppose the judicial system (and even the police in the executive
system) allowed questions like &quot;Were you inside your house at any time on March 30, 2021?&quot; and required
an answer of either &quot;Yes&quot;, &quot;No&quot;, or &quot;I don't recall&quot; (with allowance for further supplemental information
if the defendant wants to clarify further).  There might be a limit of only a few such forced questions,
but answers to these forced questions are all admissible in court.  It's important to realize that the
attorney fields these questions for the defendant, so direct police interviews still would be refused.</p>
<p>Of course, some defendant accused of murdering his wife on March 30 would rather not answer this question
if he was truly at home with her.  But, jurors would know that this incriminating evidence was forced
out.  So, jurors get more information in the end and can stay open to circumstances which allow the
defendant to still be innocent.</p>
<p>I'm ultimately looking for alternative justice systems which drop the &quot;Right to Remain Silent&quot;.  There
are many cases in the current system where defendants don't even try to give an alibi and this often puts
a wasteful burden on investigators.  Are there any such candidate justice systems in other countries? or
am I missing something that makes such a system impossible?</p>

<h2>Overview</h2>
<p>The &quot;right to remain silent &quot; is a feature of US law, inherited, like much of the basic structure of US law, from the British law of the late 1700s. The right is also retained in modern UK law, in a somewhat different form.</p>
<p>The laws of many countries that do not inherit their legal system from the English/British source do not include the right. For example, the legal system of France does not. Such a system is clearly possible and need not be an arrant tyranny. Whether such a right improves the justice and fairness of the system could be debated, but it is not essential.</p>
<p>Note that it is not the case that a jury must pretend that a defendant would have testified in accord with a defense lawyer's opening statement. Indeed the jury is routinely told that opening statements are not evidence and should not be regarded as such.  But a US jury is instructed that it should not draw any inference or conclusion of guilt because a defendant remains silent. A defendant is entitled, by remaining silent to in effect say to the state &quot;Prove it!&quot; and need not offer a competing version of the events of the alleged crime. In UK law, an accused person's failure to deny the crime may be considered at the trial.</p>
<h2>Historical origin</h2>
<p>The right arose as a reaction against certain specific practices considered to be abusive and unfair. In several English courts, particularly the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Chamber" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Court of the Star Chamber</a>, the practice arose of compelling suspected persons to attend and asking them under oath if they had commuted various illegal acts. If such a suspect had in fact committed the act asked about, then the suspect had the choice of confessing to a criminal act that carried a severe penalty (often death), or committing perjury, which was both a criminal act and was widely believed to be a grave sin, possibly condemning a person's soul to hell.  Or if the accused remained silent, a serious punishment for contempt of court could be imposed, and that might be treated as evidence of guilt.</p>
<p>These practices contributed to the abolition of the Star Chamber court in 1641. The right to silence seems to have been established in English law after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, as described in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_silence#History" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia article</a>, although it was not fully established until well into the 18th century.</p>
<h2>Current US Practice</h2>
<p>The right in the US not only applies during a trial for the protection of the accused.</p>
<p>The right permits a person being questioned by the police to refuse to answer questions, with the assurance that such refusal may not later be used in court to help convict the suspect. Many lawyers advise anyone questioned by the police who are or might be under suspicion to refuse to answer any questions at all.</p>
<p>The right also means that a witness who is not a defendant may not, in a criminal or civil trial, be required to answer a question if the answer might later be used to help convict that person of a crime.</p>
<p>There are other implications of the right, and the details are too long to go into in this answer – whole books have been written about the right and what it does and does not cover, and the reasons behind it.</p>
<p>The general principle may be taken to be that when the government accuses a person of crime, it must undertake to prove the crime by its own resources, not compel the accused to assist in the process.</p>
<p>A system in which an accused is required to respond to specific questions can be imagined. To some extent it has existed at various times and places. It need not involve torture or coerced confession, but could require an accused, during a trial, to respond to specific questions.  It would violate the principle that the state must make its case without help from the accused. The value of that principle can be debated.</p>
<h2>Other Legal systems</h2>
<p>In the article <a href="https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/insight-french-criminal-procedures-surprising-features-of-a-french-trial" rel="nofollow noreferrer">&quot;French Criminal Procedures—Surprising Features of a French Trial</a> from Bloomberg, it is said that:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>The “right to silence” is limited.</strong> During a trial, the judges usually turn to the defendant and ask for the defendant’s response to the evidence in the record. A refusal to respond will lead to a strong inference of guilt. A defendant is not, however, put under oath.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The reason that the right to remain silent is important can best be demonstrated in the opening set up and later trial that forms the plot of &quot;My Cousin Vinny&quot;.   In the film, the two defendants are on a Road Trip from Brooklyn, New York City, NY to L.A., California ahead of their Freshman school year.   Along their way, the stop for fuel and food at a mom and pop gas station in rural Alabama, where while laden down with food, Ralph Machio's character puts a $0.25 can of tuna in his jacket pocket, but forgets this when he is at the check out and only realizes once the pair are back on the road.   Moments after Machio realizes they stole the tuna, a cop car appears behind them, pulls them over, and arrests them.</p>
<p>The audience but not the characters learn that after the pair left the store, the clerk was discovered shot dead in a robbery (and witnesses describe seeing a get away vehicle that looks like the pair we are following).   All of this leads to the two characters assuming that rural U.S. south is a no nonsense place in terms of the law (A Stereotype of Law Enforcement in the Deep South) and are willing to go with scary police tactics because the clerk caught the accidental theft and called it in.  All while the police are acting quite realistically considering the nature of the crime, their own biases against New Yorkers, and the fact that the Sheriff was seen consoling the clerks widow (implying the sheriff had a non-professional relationship with the clerk and his wife and now had to investigate the death of a friend.).</p>
<p>When the sheriff get's Machio's character into interogation, this disconnect comes to a head in a comedy of errors (you know... a dark one... the pair are facing the electric chair for a murder they didn't commit).  Machio, in a play to co-operate for the crime he thinks he's being arrested for, offers to come clean and sign a confession.   He tells the Sheriff that he did put the can of tuna into his pocket, his buddy wasn't aware of this until after they drove off in the car.   Sheriff asks if the clerk knew about this and that's what caused it.  Machio said the clerk didn't know, and the Sheriff asks to the effect &quot;At what point did you shoot the clerk?&quot;</p>
<p>Machio is taken aback but this sudden question and responds in shock and confusion &quot;I... shot the clerk?&quot;</p>
<p>The sheriff repeats the question again, to which a very confused Machio responds &quot;I shot the clerk?!&quot;</p>
<p>At this point the sheriff writes down a quick note and excuses himself to make a phone call.  It's only after the sheriff leaves the room that Machio realizes the full weight of the situation he's in and has a proper freak out.</p>
<p>Now, it's bad enough that the pair are considered the likely suspects in the crime and are being charged with a capital crime over a miscommunication during what was an honest attempt to admit what happened while they were at the store and be on their way.   But the  full extent is not revealed til much later in the movie.   Everything in Machio's confession to the Sheriff was used against him:  In a blink and you missed it scene during a pre-trial evidentiary hearing, the sheriff testifies that he asked if Machio shot the clerk twice and both times Machio responded with &quot;I shot the clerk&quot;.</p>
<p>But in this scene, the sheriff doesn't read Machio's actual quote with any tonal or emotional context that would imply Machio's character was confused and trying to understand what was happening while uttering those words.  The words themselves are not in dispute... it's the punctuation and delivery, and the sheriff is quoting Machio in such a way that Machio sounds like he is calmly stating matters of fact, when that is clearly not what he was doing from a neutral observing prospective.</p>
<p>It should be pointed out that the movie went to very great pains to show that no one on the opposition's side, nor the judge, had it out for the two defendants or did anything wrong (the worst possible thing that any character does at trial is the judge may have overruled an objection that he should not have and allowed a witness to testify against the defense prior to the defense having a chance to examine the testimony.  That said, the defense's hastily pushed counter expert was allowed when officially she wasn't qualified... though she clearly knew what she was talking about).  The witnesses and the sheriff are not maliciously against the defense... they are doing their job.  A sheriff, who would frequently testify in court, would know that he should testify in a clear matter of fact voice with no emotional investment.   That's his job... he's not distorting Machio's words out of spite, he's reading them in the way he is supposed to.</p>
<p>So why does this matter?</p>
<p>Well, because when you talk to the cops, they can and do use what you say against you.  In fact, the rules of evidence will bar the cops from using what you say in your favor.  Typically you aren't allowed to testify to something that was said by someone else.  There are exceptions to this, such as statements against opposition's interest... such as statements you believe are confessions... like &quot;I shot the clerk.&quot;  The best defense to the cops turning your words against you is... to shut the hell up and get a lawyer (who should be able to best explain your position in a manner that doesn't get you in further legal trouble).  The Fifth amendment protects you from being forced to help build a case against you...  They have to prove their case... you don't have to prove your innocence... though you should mount some sort of defense of it.</p>

<p>In the US, jurors are <em>not</em> supposed to interpret the conduct of the defendant's attorney as equivalent to testimony by a defendant, and attorney argumentation is explicitly not to be interpreted as testimony.</p>
<p>The right to silence is virtually universal in modern legal systems, though in regimes such as North Korea or Iran any nominal legal protections against coerced confessions are disregarded. Historically, coercion has frequently been used to obtain evidence against a defendant, including in UK law a few hundred years ago. Of course, torture is not a necessary aspect of coerced confessions, so an alternative would be summary imprisonment until a confession is rendered.</p>
<p>The harm is violation of the rights of the accused. Whether that causes any greater harm to society is really a question for philosophy of politics: legal systems are fairly neutral as to &quot;good&quot; and &quot;bad&quot;, they simply operate on baked-in assumptions about good and bad as encoded in systems of legal rights.</p>

<p>In the UK since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" rel="nofollow noreferrer">1994</a> the right to silence has been somewhat limited. When you are arrested the following caution is now given:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>You do not have to say anything, but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So lets say that a defendant refuses to answer questions from the police, but in court he claims that he was playing cards with his friends Tom, Dick and Harry at the time the crime was committed, and has them testify to that effect.</p>
<p>Under the old rule his previous silence was not considered relevant, and the prosecution would have to scramble to find out who Tom, Dick and Harry actually are and whether there is anything (such as a history of crime) which might be used to impeach that testimony.</p>
<p>Under the new rule the jury can be told of the defendant's previous silence on this point, and they can be invited to infer that he kept silent in order to prevent the prosecution from investigating this alibi.</p>
<p>Inferences may also be drawn from a refusal to answer police questions even if no answer is presented in court. However a conviction may not depend wholly or mostly on silence; rather it is used to show that the defendant has had an opportunity to refute prosecution evidence but has failed to do so.</p>
