united-states immigration citizenship us-supreme-court
Will SCOTUS be forced to rule on birthright citizenship soon?
<p>John C. Eastman, professor of law, Chapman University, <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/some-questions-kamala-harris-about-eligibility-opinion-1524483" rel="noreferrer">wrote this in Newsweek</a> a few days ago:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Indeed, the Supreme Court has never held that anyone born on U.S. soil, no matter the circumstances of the parents, is automatically a U.S. citizen.</p>
<p>Granted, our government's view of the Constitution's citizenship mandate has morphed over the decades to what is now an absolute &quot;birth on the soil no matter the circumstances&quot; view—but that morphing does not appear to have begun until the late 1960s, after Kamala Harris' birth in 1964.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Some other legal scholars previously expressed similar opinions. Matthew Spalding, of Hillsdale College <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-case-against-birthright-citizenship-1541025425" rel="noreferrer">wrote in WSJ</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Even when the justices expanded the constitutional mandate U.S. v.
Wong Kim Ark (1898), the decision cited as establishing birthright
citizenship, they held only that the children of legal permanent
residents were automatically citizens. The high court has never held
that the clause confers automatic citizenship on the children of
temporary visitors, much less of aliens in the country illegally.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Will Kamala Harris's vice-presidential run force SCOTUS to make a decision about birthright citizenship before the election?</p>
<hr />
<p>Edit: <em>I'd like to emphasize that this question is not about how the Citizenship Clause should be interpreted (which is discussed in a <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/33056/what-is-the-meaning-of-and-subject-to-the-jurisdiction-thereof-in-the-14th-ame">separate question</a>, as @phoog pointed out, and in Prof. Eastman's article itself), but whether SCOTUS can be expected to opine on it, in light of recent controversies.</em></p>

<p>Probably not, because there is no legal case or controversy, and the law is clear enough. In <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/169/649/" rel="noreferrer">US v. Wong Kim Ark</a>, 169 U.S. 649, SCOTUS held that</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A child born in the United States, of parents of Chinese descent, who,
at the time of his birth, are subjects of the Emperor of China, but
have a permanent domicil and residence in the United States, and are
there carrying on business, and are not employed in any diplomatic or
official capacity under the Emperor of China, becomes at the time of
his birth a citizen of the United States, by virtue of the first
clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The opinion has a long analysis of the &quot;subject to jurisdiction&quot; clause, reasoning that this excludes only children of diplomats, who are not subject to US law. Harris's parents were not immune diplomats so she was never immune to US jurisdiction.</p>
<p>They are never forced to take any case, and are especially not likely to take a case so lacking in legal merits.</p>

<p>I think it's quite unlikely that this will lead to a Supreme Court decision on the question of birthright citizenship in general.</p>
<p>Consider what would have to happen to get to that point:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Someone would have to file a lawsuit in US District Court challenging Harris's eligibility.</p>
</li>
<li><p>That plaintiff would have to have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_(law)" rel="noreferrer">standing</a> to sue; otherwise the lawsuit would be dismissed.  A random voter would not.  A rival candidate probably would; <a href="https://www.wcax.com/2020/08/16/white-houses-meadows-says-he-accepts-harris-eligible-for-vp/" rel="noreferrer">various people in the Trump administration and campaign have said that they do not contest Harris's citizenship</a>, though conceivably a third-party candidate could also have standing.</p>
<p>For comparison, there were challenges to John McCain's qualification as a &quot;natural-born citizen&quot; when he ran for president in 2008.  A lawsuit was brought by the leader of the American Independent Party (not the AIP candidate himself), but was dismissed partly on the grounds that he lacked standing.  See <a href="https://cases.justia.com/federal/district-courts/california/candce/3:2008cv03836/206145/39/0.pdf" rel="noreferrer"><em>Robinson v. Bowen</em></a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The decision of the District Court would have to be appealed by the losing side, first to the Circuit Court of Appeals and then to the Supreme Court.  I don't know the precise criteria under which the Circuit Court would have to consider the appeal, but the Supreme Court would have discretion whether to hear an appeal (grant certiorari) or not.  If it declined then the lower court's decision would stand, and if they feel that the lower court's decision was clearly correct, that's what they would probably do.  Most commentators (other than Eastman) seem to think that it is well established in case law that someone in Harris's position is a citizen from birth, and so assuming that lower courts ruled that way, I think it's unlikely that the Supreme Court would feel the need to take up the case.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Even if the Supreme Court did take the case, their decision would not have to resolve anything about birthright citizenship overall.  Their task is only to decide the case at hand, and their decision may or may not be based on principles that apply more broadly.  They might, as a hypothetical, reach a narrow decision based on citizenship law as it stood between 1961 and 1967 and as it applied to a person whose parents were specifically from India and Jamaica and held visas of a particular type.  Such a decision would not be applicable to the question of birthright citizenship for anybody not meeting those criteria, which would continue to be based on previous precedent.</p>
<p>They could even reach a decision unrelated to the issue of citizenship at all; e.g. that the plaintiff did not have standing after all, or that the issue is not properly one to be decided by the courts.  Part of the District Court's ruling in <em>Robinson</em> was that the election should be allowed to go ahead, and any questions about the winner's qualifications should be decided by Congress when it counts electoral votes,  and only then might it be appropriate for a court to review that decision.  I'm skeptical that higher courts would agree with this particular argument, which seems to me very impractical, but they could find some other reason why the decision was out of their hands.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p>No.  The circumstances of Kamala Harris's birth fall squarely within the terms of <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/169/649" rel="noreferrer">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a>.  As described in the other answer, the fact that Wong's parents had a permanent domicile in the US was not a deciding fact in the analysis.</p>
<p>Some people think that a foreign student, a temporary worker, or an illegal immigrant is just as much outside the jurisdiction of the US as an ambassador, but this is not the case.  An ambassador to the United States is literally immune from the jurisdiction of the United States, to the point of being able to escape prosecution for crimes as serious as murder.  The same is not true of other foreigners, whether they be lawful permanent residents, temporary nonimmigrants, or illegal immigrants.</p>
<p>In fact, this issue arose with respect to illegal aliens in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" rel="noreferrer">Plyler v. Doe</a>, as described in a very thorough <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/33057/333">answer</a> to the question <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/q/33056/333">What is the meaning of “and subject to the jurisdiction thereof” in the 14th amendment?</a> on this site.  There, Texas argued that children of illegal immigrants were outside of its jurisdiction and therefore not entitled to 14th amendment protections.  The Supreme Court found that &quot;no plausible distinction with respect to Fourteenth Amendment 'jurisdiction' can be drawn between resident immigrants whose entry into the United States was lawful, and resident immigrants whose entry was unlawful.&quot;  Even the dissent found that &quot;the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applies to immigrants who, after their illegal entry into this country, are indeed physically 'within the jurisdiction' of a state.&quot;</p>
<p>Indeed, as the Cato Institute's Josh Blackman says in <a href="https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/birthright-citizenship-constitutional-mandate" rel="noreferrer">Birthright Citizenship Is a Constitutional Mandate</a>, &quot;the reason such people are called “illegal aliens” is that they are subject to U.S. law[s], and not in compliance with them.&quot; (I owe thanks to <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/users/12684/just-a-guy">Just a guy</a> for posting the link in comments.)</p>
<p>If illegal immigrants are within the jurisdiction of the United States, then legal nonimmigrants surely are as well, for all the same reasons and, on top of those, because they subjected themselves to its jurisdiction when they applied for a visa (if they did) and when they applied for admission as nonimmigrants under US immigration law.</p>
<p>In response to your edit:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I'd like to emphasize that this question is not about how the Citizenship Clause should be interpreted (...), but whether SCOTUS can be expected to opine on it, in light of recent controversies.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>For the question to make it to the Supreme Court, someone would have to assert that someone born in the US is not a US citizen, and someone else would have to challenge that assertion.  Furthermore, there would have to be some meaningful consequence of the dispute.</p>
<p>The most likely way for this to happen, it seems to me, is for a federal administration to adopt the position that a person born on US soil to illegal immigrant parents is not a US citizen.  At some point in this person's life, it would become necessary to challenge that in court, either to defend against deportation or to seek some benefit, such as a US passport, provided by the federal government.  The present administration made some noise a couple of years ago threatening to adopt such a policy, but they backed down, for reasons I cannot discern.</p>
<p>Whether a future administration might go through with it requires a crystal ball to predict, but given the huge headache this would cause <em>every US citizen,</em> who would be forced to document their parents' immigration status at the time they were born, and possibly their grandparents' immigration status at the time their parents were born, and perhaps going back even farther, it seems very unlikely to me.</p>

<p>While I'm not directly addressing whether Eastman's argument in Newsweek is sound, it's worth noting that Eastman wrote in Newsweek, back in 2016, that <a href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2016/01/ted-cruz-natural-born-citizenship-eligibility-president/" rel="noreferrer">Ted Cruz was clearly a natural-born citizen</a>, and Cruz wasn't even born in the US.</p>
<p>I understand that citizenship by descent and citizenship by physical location at time of birth are different dimensions to analyse, but I believe it's generally accepted that natural-born citizenship by descent when born outside of the US is the less clear argument of the two. So, Eastman's analysis seems somewhat easy to dismiss as naked partisanship.</p>

<blockquote>
<p>&quot;Nonsense,&quot; runs the counter-commentary. Indeed, PolitiFact rated the
claim of ineligibility as &quot;Pants on Fire&quot; false, Snopes rated it
simply &quot;False,&quot; and from the other side of the political spectrum,
Conservative Daily News likewise rated it &quot;False.&quot; All three (and
numerous others) simply assert that Harris is eligible because she was
born in Oakland—and is therefore a natural-born citizen from location
of birth. The 14th Amendment says so, they all claim, and the Supreme
Court so held in the 1898 case of U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>John Eastman's argument is so deeply contrary to all of the well settled, uncontroversial precedents of U.S. law (set forth above) and to the language of the Immigration and Nationality Act, that the U.S. Supreme Court would be exceedingly unlikely to even take up the issue. It verges upon being so frivolous that a court would impose sanctions on someone who tried to make it. This wouldn't even be close.</p>
<p>The District Court would rule that she was a natural born citizen on the pleadings without an evidentiary hearing, a unanimous three judge circuit court of appeals would affirm summarily in a very short per curiam opinion, and that would be that. There would be no en banc review and no serious consideration of granting certiorari.</p>
<p>Newsweek has apologized for even giving John Eastman's radical and bizarre interpretation a voice at all.</p>
