united-states copyright licensing entertainment-law unions
Must the credit reel be displayed in a public performance/display of copyrighted works?
<p>I'm the technical volunteer for a non-profit youth ministry.  I do front-of-house sound and lighting for a weekly live show while (usually) another volunteer runs the video projector.  I also setup the media beforehand that plays on the projector.</p>

<p>I'm not very good at searching legalese and so I haven't seen this directly, but I've gotten the idea that credits are required <em>at some point</em> during or immediately after the show, but beyond that, it's open to creativity as to when and how they appear.  Even a spoken credit is sufficient.  Just as long as that information is reasonably available to the one anonymous audience member that wants to know what something actually was.  That includes videos, pictures, music, song lyrics, poetry/prose, etc.</p>

<p>So just to be sure that they're there in some form, I've started putting those credits on the projector at the end of the show because, like a movie theater, nobody's paying attention anymore except the one who happens to notice and cares to know.</p>

<p>Our president insists strongly that showing credits <em>at all</em> is too obtrusive (as far as I can tell at least - he's not very good with details despite the insistence, even when I try to clarify, and some of my earlier attempts were a bit more obtrusive than what I'm doing now), and cites a concert and some churches to back up his claim that they're not necessary.</p>

<p>Most churches' legal credibility notwithstanding (most of the ones that I've worked with directly had a print license for song lyrics only because everyone else does too, not knowing what it actually is, even after years of maintaining it), this is the same guy that put up a fierce fight against buying public performance licenses for about $500 / year.  (In fact, <strong>I</strong> ended up paying that.)  His primary argument was essentially the same bandwagon with the same churches, plus his personal precedent, against my (admittedly indirect but still) legal research.</p>

<p>So is it necessary to have credits for a live show when someone else's work is used?  I would especially appreciate, if it exists, a reference to the exact section of code that says explicitly one way or the other.  Thanks!</p>

<p>The credits following a recorded video performance are both customary in the industry, and are also required by union the union contract that applies when the production company is a union shop. These customs have not been static, however, and the history of this particular practice (without its underlying legal context) is discussed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closing_credits" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a relevant Wikipedia article</a>.</p>

<p>Almost all professionally made entertainment video programming in the United States on television and in the movies, other than pornography, is covered by union contracts, because actors, screenwriters, producers, directors, electricians, costumers, etc. are almost all part of unions or guilds or trade associations organized on an industry basis (as are almost all regional, broadway and off-broadway live theater performances, and as is most live mascot work). See, for example, <a href="http://www.film.ca.gov/ProductionTools_GuildsUnions.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this list of associations</a>. </p>

<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Screen Actor's Guild</a> is representative of how this industry-wide union system came into being and works today. In a nutshell, Guild members agree not to work for any production that does not have a union contract, on pain of being kicked out of the Guild, and any production with a union contract is forbidden from hiring anyone outside the union to a screen acting job within the Guild's jurisdiction. </p>

<p>Guild members have a strong incentive to honor this requirement because (1) an actor who is kicked out of the Guild is not eligible to work in union productions which have a <a href="https://www.quora.com/What-percentage-of-top-grossing-films-come-from-independent-studios" rel="nofollow noreferrer">97%+ market share</a> (all of the top 79 grossing movies in the U.S. in 2015 were unionized and at least 97 of the top 100 grossing movies in the U.S. in 2015 were unionized), and (2) most of the employee benefits that more conventional employees get through their employer, like <a href="https://www.sagaftra.org/content/member-benefits" rel="nofollow noreferrer">health insurance and retirement plans</a>, are usually secured by Guild members through the Guild. Many screen actors also rely on the Guild for referrals for new audition opportunities. </p>

<p>This system was originally organized <a href="http://www.infoplease.com/cig/movies-flicks-film/unions.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">in the 1910s and 1920s</a> and has remained in force pretty much ever since then, and is organized similarly for each of the kinds of employees that a production company hires.</p>

<p>Generally, the video productions of a non-profit youth ministry would not be within the jurisdiction of any of the industry-wide union contracts that mandate that credits be given for performers and back stage people, particularly if they are volunteer productions. If you don't need to hire union actors, videographers, etc., you are not legally bound to comply with the terms of a union contract.</p>

<p>It also isn't unheard of <a href="https://www.sagaftra.org/are-there-exceptions-global-rule-one" rel="nofollow noreferrer">for a union performer to obtain a special dispensation from their union</a> to work on a volunteer basis, or <a href="http://www.webfilmschool.com/movie-guilds-union-secrets-low-budget-wavers/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a below market rate basis</a>, for a particular isolated engagement with an organization such as a non-profit youth ministry. Even then, however, this dispensation would often still require that the non-union organization using the services of a union member at least honor union regulations regarding crediting the people involved in the performance (about which the various unions within the industry have reached a cross-union consensus).</p>

<p>Usually, however, any license to perform a particular work would require, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attribution_(copyright)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">at a minimum</a>, an oral or written statement along the lines of "By arrangement with Bill Holab music" (that particular one appears on the program of the opera performance I saw yesterday) that credits the copyright owner, in connection with any performance of the licensed work, even if there is no royalty due or the royalty is only a one time nominal $1 or $10 payment. </p>

<p>Also, many non-U.S. countries incorporate a right of attribution into their copyright laws (these are called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors&#39;_rights" rel="nofollow noreferrer">moral rights</a>), so if you are producing a foreign copyrighted work, whether or not it is under a license, to be technically squeaky clean, it would be necessary to credit the author of the copyrighted work (e.g. the screenwriter and composer), even if the author no longer owns the copyright. The odds of ever facing legal action for a violation like that, however, are remote, and performers and stage hands generally do not have rights of attribution.</p>

<p>Lots of pornography is non-union, but it is subject to a requirement to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_Internet_pornography" rel="nofollow noreferrer">verify that its actors are adults and include a certification to that effect</a> in lieu of actor credits that would be required in a union shop. Unless your youth ministry produces pornography (in which case, you have a variety of much more weighty legal issues to worry about), you don't have to worry about this requirement either.</p>

<p>There is no law that requires the showing of credits for anything. Showing credits at the nod of a movie or TV show is customary but not required.</p>

<p>Attribution of another person's work is a matter of the licence that that owner has given.</p>
