copyright
Can digital signature/Hash sequence be copyrighted?
<p>So in order for you to copyright your piece of work - any work -- it has to meet criteria of minimum creative value. According to <a href="https://thecreativeindependent.com/guides/an-artists-guide-to-copyrights" rel="nofollow noreferrer">&quot;An artist’s guide to copyrights&quot;</a> by Laura Levin-Dando:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>a broad range of creative works, such as photographs, visual art, audio recordings, sheet music, novels, and screenplays. If you expended creative effort to make something, you created it independently without copying someone else’s work, and it is embodied in a physical format</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Therefore, things that deemed to <strong>lack creative value</strong> or are <strong>facts</strong> (phone numbers) cannot be copyrighted. Where does this leave sequence of characters like digital signatures or hashes? They arguably don't have artistic value on its own - while they are unique, it just machine-generated sequence of bytes. It would be different if, for example, you used bunch of existing or valid hashes to compose them in ASCII art - but it would protect that piece of ASCII art only, wouldnt it?
Plus, from my point of view - they are factual things. <code>Windows.dll</code> version <code>1.0.2.003</code> has md5hash <code>aea603dba12c6e23b7b0ab9db4f81120</code> - this is a fact. A file, containing list of hashes for list of files is not copyright protected on its own, even if it is a part of something which partially protected by copyright (software, video game).</p>
<p>Am I missing something?</p>
<p>P.S. If we delve into patent territory, then you can patent the mechanism by which has generated but not the product -- hash/digital signature -- itself.</p>
<p>P.P.S I'm talking in this specific case about signatures used to sign files but not the authoritative ones like SLL Certificates, signed and what not or personal digital signatures. Just a signature for the encrypted container that is regenerated anew every time it is created.</p>

<p>The quote in the question and the question text both imply that what is protected by copyright is &quot;creative effort&quot; or &quot;creative value&quot;. In <a href="/questions/tagged/united-states" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;united-states&#39;" rel="tag">united-states</a> law at least, the test is &quot;originality&quot;. In many, probably most, cases these will be the same. But there can be things with &quot;creative value&quot; that are not considered original enough for copyright protection, or in some other way are not subject to copyright protection. Individual words or short phrases such as the titles of works are not protected by copyright, even if they have creative value, for example. An improvised song or dance that is not recorded is not protected, however creative it may have been, because it was not &quot;fixed in a tangible form&quot;.</p>
<p>However, a hash computed from a text is indeed a fact, just as a statement of the number of characters the text contains, and it would not be protected by copyright. The hash algorithm might or might not be protected by patent, and the code to a hash program might be protected by copyright. But the resulting hash value will not be protected by either.</p>
