copyright international
How important is the &#169; symbol in copyright notices?
<p>Many years ago, probably some time around 1990, a lawyer was sent around my employer (in the UK) to brief all the programmers about the need to include a proper copyright notice at the top of every source code file, including the &quot;©&quot; c-in-a-circle copyright symbol.</p>
<p>We programmers tried to explain that the ASCII character set did not include the copyright symbol, and hence our practice was to use &quot;(c)&quot; c-in-brackets. The lawyer replied that this was not acceptable, it had to be a proper c-in-a-circle, and it was up to us techies to figure out how to do it. Needless to say we let him go on his way and carried on using &quot;(c)&quot; because there was nothing else we could do.</p>
<p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_symbol" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a> the US Copyright office has always accepted &quot;(c)&quot;, but it says nothing about other countries. And there are still some countries that are not signatories to the Berne Convention.</p>
<p>These days of course putting the proper symbol in source code is not a problem as long as your programming tools can handle Unicode. But I have always wondered: why was the © symbol so important then, and is it still important now?</p>

<p>The exact timing of this story makes a bit of a difference, as you're placing the story right around the time of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a>, which changed the rules for works first published after March 1, 1989.</p>
<p>Before then, most copyrightable works were only treated as protected if they included a proper copyright notice, which required the copyright symbol (or &quot;copyright&quot; or &quot;copr.&quot;), the year of first publication, and the original copyright owner. So if this happened in February 1989, the lawyer was correct that you needed to include &quot;a proper copyright notice.&quot;</p>
<p>But he was probably mistaken to think that your rendering was problematic. The copyright symbol required was the same circled C that you mentioned, but the Copyright Office will also recognize a variant on the symbol if it &quot;resembles the © closely enough to indicate clearly that the variant is intended to be the copyright symbol.&quot; The <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/comp3/chap2200/ch2200-notice.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">office's current guidance</a> makes clear that your variant would be sufficient:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Acceptable variants include:</p>
<ul>
<li>The letter c with a parenthesis over the top.</li>
<li>The letter c with a parenthesis under the bottom.</li>
<li>(c</li>
<li>c)</li>
<li>(c)</li>
<li>The letter c with an unenclosed circle around it.</li>
</ul>
<p>Examples of unacceptable variants on the © symbol include the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>CO</li>
<li>C</li>
<li>C/O</li>
<li>@ (i.e., the letter a in a circle).</li>
<li>The letter c with a circle attached to the bottom of the letter.</li>
<li>The letter c in a square.</li>
<li>[c]</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>The same was true under the <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/history/comp/compendium-two.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">guidance that would have been in effect at the time</a>. See section 1005.01(c)(6).</p>
<p>If the advice came after March 1, 1989, the notice would not have been strictly necessary, regardless of how you rendered it.</p>

<p>WRT UK law, the strongest evidence that the symbol © was required in the UK, prior to the current law, is very weak. The <a href="http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=15381&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Universal Copyright Convention (1952)</a> states, Art. III</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Any Contracting State which, under its domestic law, requires as a
condition of copyright, compliance with formalities such as deposit,
registration, notice, notarial certificates, payment of fees or
manufacture or publication in that Contracting State, shall regard
these requirements as satisfied with respect to all works protected in
accordance with this Convention and first published outside its
territory and the author of which is not one of its nationals, if from
the time of the first publication all the copies of the work published
with the authority of the author or other copyright proprietor <strong>bear
the symbol ©</strong> accompanied by the name of the copyright proprietor and
the year of first publication placed in such manner and location as to
give reasonable notice of claim of copyright.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The UK is an original signatory of this convention.</p>
<p>If the discussion is in terms of UK law prior to the <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/enacted" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a>, then the applicable law is the <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1956/74/enacted" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Copyright Act of 1954</a>. An extended study of that statute might reveal an obscure requirement to include the symbol ©: a reasonably diligent search of the original text does not reveal any such requirement.</p>
<p>The 1952 convention states that <em>if</em> registration etc. is required then inclusion of the date and symbol © does constitute reasonable notice. The convention does not mandate that there can be no protection if the symbol is omitted. There appear to have been no registration requirements for literary works (&quot;registered designs&quot; are a separate matter). I find no aspect of UK law that mandates use of a particular symbol.</p>
