internet fraud
What would be required to prosecute a person attempting internet fraud in Nigeria?
<p>I've recently been emailing back-and-forth with a spammer from Nigeria. Background: After he <a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/z4i8V.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer">spammed RPG.SE</a>, I decided to have a little fun emailing back and forth with him <a href="https://gist.github.com/superplane39/9051d58d1099f63ad967a61edf284773" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Here's a transcript of our conversation</a>. </p>

<p>He is attempting to get me to pay $170, USD, for a "vampire initiation fee". He has provided me with his email address, phone number, and location, down to the city (Edo State, Nigeria).</p>

<p>What would be required to prosecute a person who is attempting such fraud in Nigeria? What sort of evidence would need to be given to the police?</p>

<p>You didn't post the details of what exactly is involved with a "vampire initiation fee": is this simply the purchase of an physical object? Or the purchase of a service, such as the placing of a spell or the providing of the service of alleged protection from vampires? Or is this some form of a real "Advance-fee scam" where money and banking credentials or personal information is involved? <em>(See link below)</em>.</p>

<p>But in the big picture, one person's scam is another person's persuasive business sales pitch for an unusual item or service. Simply being able to pay for such an item or service doesn't make the sale - or the contract to sell it - illegal everywhere. </p>

<p>It may be the case that selling an "vampire initiation fee" does not happen to be illegal in Nigeria. Illegal in the US, possibly yes. illegal there? Maybe not. Contract laws differ; in the US, contracting for something that is illegal voids the contract. In Nigeria, maybe not.</p>

<p>Though the "vampire initiation fee" doesn't sound to me like a classic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_scam" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Advance-fee scam (Wikipedia)</a>, Google search on 419 scams and the results will tell you that it will be nearly impossible to get a prosecutor in that country to deal with anything like that, even if it is a real scam that promises lots of money for an upfront fee. Prosecutors have much better things to do. And you might have to go to Nigeria to make your case; see other answers that more fully outline the laws and legal aspects.</p>

<p>Good luck. And it's better to spend your money on some garlic and a mirror.</p>

<p><strong>7/03/18 Update re: the email transcript linked in question</strong></p>

<p>That's not a scam; the person is simply trying to sell you on the initiation fee. There is no crime.</p>

<ul>
<li><p>There is no promise of more money for a small fee (and bank
credentials or personal information) like a typical 419 advance fee
scam.</p></li>
<li><p>You're not producing useful evidence for a prosecutor by engaging in
the email and mostly agreeing to pay him.</p></li>
<li><p>It's not illegal for you to send money by Western Union for the
vampire fee.</p></li>
<li><p>Even if you did send money, you're not being defrauded
because you already know the vampire initiation is fake, and as a
result you couldn't logically prove to a prosecutor or court that you
were scammed.</p></li>
<li><p>He's not guilty of fraud as no money has changed hands for a
(fraudulent) service.</p></li>
<li><p>Emailing with him might make you feel good by wasting his time, but
that's all.</p></li>
</ul>

<p>A LOT would be required. In fact I think it would be next to impossible.</p>

<ol>
<li><strong>Local authorities don't care</strong> about minor crimes (this is a minor crime) committed by people abroad. They don't have the resources to try and pursue prosecution and even if you hand over lots of evidence they would at most pass the details on to the Nigerian police. There have been people that have actually lost hundreds of thousands of pounds and authorities have essentially said "<em>sorry we'll never catch them so goodluck we won't try</em>".</li>
<li><strong>Nigerian authorities won't care</strong>. Nigeria[Lagos] is a historical hub of international fraud largelly because of how lawless it is. You could at one point buy fake documents from the side of the road. African police in general, especially Nigerian, are corrupt and even if they did try to arrest him he would likely get out with a bribe. Plus, the police there are not sympathetic.</li>
<li>The <strong>details</strong> he gave you are <strong>probably fake</strong>. I suspect he gave you them to build a sense of trust, but even if police turn up at that address I doubt they would find the person responsible.</li>
</ol>

<p>Checkout this documentary to give you an idea of the effort required: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wam+bamb+thank+you+scam" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wam+bamb+thank+you+scam</a></p>

<p><em>Essentially he lost a lot of money over many years to a fake investor. Authorities wouldn't offer any meaningful help unless he could actually find the person that did it, and despite great effort and scheming he never finds the individual (tracks him to a apartment building).</em></p>

<p>IF you were able to get them in front of a court then, without knowing exactly, I suspect you would need:</p>

<p>You would need to <strong>prove</strong> a crime was <strong>committed</strong> (<em>email chain</em> and <em>records</em> of <em>money transfers</em> made, provided by your bank). And you would need to <strong>link</strong> the <strong>culprit</strong> to the <strong>emails</strong> using things like IP and MAC addresses. Need to make sure the person's local computer <em>shares</em> the same MAC/IP address as the source of the emails. However, as the answer above me mentions, this might not even be a crime yet! And this information would be gathered by the police, but they won't put resources into investigating.</p>

<p>Prosecution is conducted by the Federal Ministry of Justice, and <a href="http://www.justice.gov.ng/index.php/contact" rel="noreferrer">this</a> is their contact page. They probably will require a prior police investigation, and <a href="http://npf.gov.ng/complaint/" rel="noreferrer">here</a> is the Nigerian Police contact page for complaints. If the person is indeed in Nigeria. You allegation would be violation of violation of the <a href="http://www.nigeria-law.org/Advance%20Fee%20Fraud%20and%20other%20Fraud%20Related%20Offences%20Act%202006.htm" rel="noreferrer">Advance Fee Fraud and other Fraud Related Offences Decree</a>. The offense is defined in part 1: "by any false pretence, and with intent to defraud... obtains, from any other person". (The clause is defectively worded, lacking a thing being obtained, but this is no doubt interpreted to mean "property").</p>

<p>The difficulty would be proving that there was a false pretense and an intent to defraud. While you may not believe in vampires, the belief is legally tolerated. Some states have laws against the actual practice of witchcraft (<a href="http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/nigeria-bauchi-state-prosecuting-two-on-witchcraft-charges/" rel="noreferrer">Bauchi</a> for example). You may have to travel to Edo State to research those laws – there does not appear to be a safe internet resource on Edo state law.</p>
