common-law jury damages bench-trial
Are damages in civil cases assessed by the judge or the jury?
<p>In common law countries, criminal cases are usually tried by jury, but the judge is responsible for sentencing. Even in the United States, where there is a constitutional right to a criminal trial by jury, sentencing is the responsibility of the judge (except in five states): Morris B. Hoffman, <em><a href="https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/dlj/vol52/iss5/2/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Case for Jury Sentencing</a></em> (2003) 52 <em>Duke Law Journal</em> 951.</p>

<p>In civil cases, the jury may determine the validity of the plaintiff’s claim as well as the quantum of damages to be awarded. Often, the quantum of damages assessed by the jury is surprisingly large or small. But in such cases, the award may be varied on appeal to a higher court sitting without a jury.</p>

<p>At common law, is the judge or jury responsible for assessing damages in a civil trial? To what extent does contemporary practice in common law countries reflect the historical approach of the common law?</p>

<p>Generally, in common law countries civil cases are now tried by judge alone (a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_trial" rel="nofollow noreferrer">bench trial</a>). However, some civil cases are still tried by jury, and in those cases the general rule is that the jury determines the quantum of damages, subject to the usual rights of appeal from discretionary decisions. Here are some references for four major common law jurisdictions, from most to least jury-friendly.</p>

<p>In the <strong>United States</strong>, in civil cases, the ‘right of trial by jury [is] preserved’ by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Seventh Amendment</a>. While the constitutional right can be waived, and is not binding on the States, juries still commonly decide civil trials. In doing so, they assess the quantum of damages: see for example <em><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/12/business/johnson-johnson-talcum-powder.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Johnson &amp; Johnson Told to Pay $4.7 Billion in Baby Powder Lawsuit</a></em> (Tiffany Hsu, <em>New York Times</em>, 12 July 2018).</p>

<p>In <strong>Canada</strong>, ‘depending on the suit and the court, the defendant may have a right to a trial by judge and jury’: <em><a href="http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/just/08.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Civil and criminal cases</a></em> (Department of Justice). Nonetheless, civil juries seem common in Canada and determine both liability and the quantum of damages: <em><a href="https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/author/michael-mckiernan/scrapping-the-civil-jury-13608/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Scrapping the civil jury</a></em> (Michael McKiernan, <em>Canadian Lawyer</em>, 25 September 2017).</p>

<p>In the <strong>United Kingdom</strong>, civil cases are usually tried by judge alone. In <em><a href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1995/23.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">John v MGN Ltd</a></em> [1997] QB 586, the Court of Appeal noted that ‘personal injuries [have] ceased to be the subject of trial by jury and bec[o]me in practice the exclusive preserve of judges,’ while jury trial had ‘surviv[ed]’ in defamation actions. When the jury determines liability, it will also assess damages: <em><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/jun/28/luke-cooper-trial-jury-libel" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Luke Cooper's case shows damage of abolishing trial by jury in libel cases</a></em> (The Guardian, 29 June 2012).</p>

<p>In <strong>Australia</strong>, trial by judge alone is the general rule, but in defamation cases the jury may determine liability while the trial judge assesses damages: <em><a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-13/rebel-wilson-defamation-damages/8936850" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Rebel Wilson awarded $4.5m in damages over defamatory magazine articles</a></em> (ABC News, 14 September 2017). This follows from s&nbsp;22(3) of the (largely) uniform <em>Defamation Acts 2005</em> (eg. <a href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/da200599/s22.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">NSW</a>, <a href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/da200599/s22.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Victoria</a>). Even by 1991, Australia had diverged from other common law countries – the High Court noted that ‘in all Supreme Courts other than that of New South Wales, a judge assesses damages for defamation in the absence of some contrary order or election’: <em><a href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1991/10.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Coyne v Citizen Finance Ltd</a></em> (1991) 172 CLR 211.</p>
