copyright music
Uploading images of music notation: Do we violate copyright laws?
<p>As I have noticed, it is rather common on music.SE to post a photo of a few bars and ask for help how to play it, <em>e.g.</em> fingering, how to play ornaments, etc.</p>

<p>Is that according to copyright laws? </p>

<p>My assumption is that</p>

<ul>
<li>posting 1 or two bars could be ok and within fair use</li>
<li>posting the whole piece is not ok.</li>
</ul>

<p>Is that correct? And if so, is there a strict borderline (<em>e.g.</em> a number of bars or a fraction(%) of the piece)?</p>

<p>This came up with <a href="https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/70003/learn-to-finger-march-in-f-by-daniel-turk">this question</a>, where a user was asking about an 8 bar piece.</p>

<p>Since one comment mentioned that copyright laws vary between different jurisdictions: I was assuming that the US laws apply here, since StackExchange is located in the US. However, it would be nice if you could confirm this as well, since other options could be that the jurisdiction of the poster or the publisher would apply.</p>

<p>PS: The only <a href="https://music.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/76/transcribing-notes-and-publishing-them-what-is-copyright-violation-and-what-is">related post</a> I could find so far is about copyright violation when transcribing notes, but that is not exactly the same.</p>

<p>All I know of "Fair use" is from reading Wikipedia: see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Fair use</a>.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>My assumption is that: 1) posting 1 or two bars could be ok and within fair use; 2) posting the whole piece is not ok. Is that correct?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>That's my assumption too. Similarly (on other SE sites) I'll upload a paragraph of an article, a screenshot of a page of a book of text, if I want to ask about it or reference it in an answer.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>And if so, is there a strict borderline (e.g. a number of bars or a fraction(%) of the piece)?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>I don't think so.</p>

<p>Per Wikipedia, "Amount and substantiality" is important (less is better), and "Effect upon work's value" is also important.</p>

<p>IMO my uploading just a couple of staves (for critical or academic reasons) won't reduce the market's demand for the complete work from the copyright owner, so my doing that should be considered fair, not "infringing".</p>

<hr>

<p>In the case <a href="https://music.stackexchange.com/q/70003/49554">in question</a> it's an extract from a book -- i.e. it's not the whole book.</p>

<p>Also the music is from the 18th or 19th century (therefore out of copyright, I assume), although I don't know whether the book can copyright its representation of the music.</p>

<p>Also the book and its author are attributed (referenced, mentioned in the question). People on Stack Exchange like that: they'll ask you to reference (with a citation or hyperlink) what you quote. Doing that is mentioned in Wikipedia as one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use#Additional_factors" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Additional factors</a>:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>As explained by Judge Leval, courts are permitted to include additional factors in their analysis.</p>
  
  <p>One such factor is acknowledgement of the copyrighted source. Giving the name of the photographer or author may help, but it does not automatically make a use fair.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>I'd guess that, if anything, that would tend to help rather than hurt the copyright holder commercially (and would therefore please them, and make them disinclined to ask you to remove your posted extract) -- because a referenced quote of a snippet acts as kind of advertisement for the whole work.</p>

<hr>

<p>Note there's a specific help centre topic about to reference work written by others: <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/help/referencing">How to reference material written by others</a> -- it says things including ...</p>

<blockquote>
  <ul>
  <li>Provide a link to the original page or answer</li>
  <li>Quote only the relevant portion</li>
  <li>Provide the name of the original author</li>
  </ul>
  
  <p>Do not copy the complete text of external sources; instead, use their words and ideas to support your own. And always give proper credit to the author and site where you found the text, including a direct link to it.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>... which are compatible with what I wrote in the answer above.</p>
