united-states police human-rights photography trespass
Trespassing or Public Property?
<p>I'll start with some background info for my question.</p>

<ol>
<li><p>I'm a photojournalist based in Michigan.</p></li>
<li><p>I was on (what appeared to be) a public sidewalk.</p></li>
<li><p>I was taking photos of the Oakland County Jail for a story I was working on.</p></li>
</ol>

<p>I was outside the OCSO jail getting some photo and video for a story when several LEOs approached me. One addressed herself as a lieutenant. She told me I was in a "secure jail area" and had to stop taking photos. My argument was that I was on a public sidewalk, exercising my 1st amendment rights. She responded, telling me that if I didn't leave, I'd be arrested for trespassing. Another officer said I could take photos if I went to the other side of a sign. I complied, and continued my work. He ordered that I go to the other side of a sign that was farther away. </p>

<p>Were they right?</p>

<p>In the scenario you described, you were both right:</p>

<p>Police have no authority to demand that you leave a public space because you are photographing, <a href="https://www.aclu.org/know-your-rights/photographers-what-do-if-you-are-stopped-or-detained-taking-photographs" rel="noreferrer">nor does the government have the right to prevent you from photographing anything that is visible from a public space, including government facilities or employees</a>.</p>

<p>However, the police would likely have followed through on their threat to arrest you.  In that event, any vindication for wrongful arrest and violation of your civil rights would only come (if ever) at the end of protracted and expensive litigation in the courts.  (A plethora of examples is accumulated by watchdog groups like <a href="https://www.aclu.org/issues/free-speech/photographers-rights" rel="noreferrer">the ACLU</a> and <a href="https://photographyisnotacrime.com/about-us/" rel="noreferrer">Photography Is Not A Crime</a>.)</p>

<p>Publicly owned property is not necessarily accessible to the public. The White House is publicly owned - you can't just walk into it.</p>

<p>The "public sidewalk" is owned by somebody - probably the city or it may be on the same parcel of land as the jail in which case it would probably be owned by the state of Michigan. The owner can deny access to that "public" place for all sorts of reasons including for safety and security.</p>

<p>Unless the area were fenced off, your walking onto it is <em>not</em> trespassing. However, <em>remaining</em> on it after being asked to leave by someone with authority over it <em>is</em> trespassing. A LEO <em>probably</em> has authority over the land irrespective of who actually owns it; the owner probably has or would delegate such authority to a LEO.</p>

<p>In addition, the owner of the land can prohibit the taking of pictures from that land.</p>

<p>It seems that the LEOs concerned behaved reasonably and clearly prescribed the area within which you were not to take pictures.</p>

<p>They were probably right.</p>

<p>It depends on whether you were <em>really</em> on a public sidewalk or not.  From looking at Google Maps, the sidewalk in front of the jail appears to be a good 40-50 feet from the public road, and mere feet from the building in places.  It could very well be on jail land.  The "road" behind and to the sides of the jail might actually be a driveway, since it doesn't do anything but loop around the jail.</p>

<p>The fact that they were threatening to charge you with trespassing, as opposed to something else, indicates that <em>they</em> thought you were on jail land and not a public sidewalk.  You can be loitering on a public sidewalk, but you can't be trespassing on it.  Although it's possible that they were wrong, if you weren't sure, then you were probably better off deferring to them.</p>

<p>As far as the issue of "Can a police officer arrest you?", practically speaking a police officer can arrest you any time they want. So if you're asking what you can do without being arrested, then you pretty much have to follow police officers' instructions. </p>

<p>If you're willing to be arrested as long as you have a valid legal defense, then that's a different issue. Legally, a police officer cannot arrest anyone unless the police officer has probable cause that the arrestee has or is violating a statute. So a first step (and again, this is presuming that you merely wish to have a valid legal defense, not that you wish to avoid being arrested) is to demand to know what statute you are violating. If they refuse to tell you, then that allows you an entrapment defense.</p>
