united-states employment academia employer
Can I terminate an employee for qualifying for a job through a &quot;degree mill?&quot;
<p>We have recently put together an HR unit, which reviewed all our employees and found that one has an unsatisfactory qualification (BA in Public Relations from an unaccredited college). HR suggested terminating her contract with a notice. HR tells us that her degree from an unaccredited university should still be considered an academic qualification because the document is still legal.</p>

<p>I am not satisfied with the HR reasoning:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>We cannot fire her for misconduct because she has not made any false claim. She claimed to have this qualification (the document) and she does. It was our responsibility to check the validity/quality of the qualification.</p></li>
<li><p>We cannot extend misconduct claims to paid salary because there is no evidence that she failed to have the skills claimed.</p></li>
</ol>

<p>I feel deceived and fooled, and cannot simply let it go.</p>

<p>You don't have enough information.</p>

<hr>

<p>What you have is a feeling.  And feelings are a lousy reason to engage in a legal action.  </p>

<p>Now, you have a <em>very strong</em> feeling, and that makes it seem to you like the strength of the feeling alters the above advice.  Yes, it does.  Very strong feelings are an <em>exceptionally terrible</em> reason to engage in a legal action! </p>

<p>I never lose. My superpower is to set aside feelings, gather all the facts, including the ones I don't like, and so doing, know what the judge will say.  </p>

<p>What you need is more info. For instance, out of your prejudice, you have decided for yourself that "unaccredited" is the same thing as "degree mill".  <strong>It isn't</strong>.  There's a huge gulf between:</p>

<ul>
<li>an eccentric university whose brilliant management is too busy <strong>actually teaching</strong> to play the political games necessary to get an accreditation certificate, and that process may be corrupt in that state. </li>
<li>This could be especially so if the university largely serves minorities, and the barriers to accreditation are borne out of bigotry.  If so, you could blunder your company right into the middle of some other state's discrimination problem. </li>
<li>a fake college whose solitary purpose is sneak immigrants in to take employment, by misusing student visas.</li>
<li>a college who uses new media to teach, and their methods are too cutting-edge for the stodgy old accreditation institutions to accept. </li>
<li>a college who represented themselves as genuine <em>to the students</em>, and indeed made a fair effort to book-teach them, but the person whose job was to secure accreditation didn't know what they were doing, and found an accreditation agency which wasn't genuine. </li>
<li>Exactly what you presume: a student swaps a huge pile of money for a degree, presumably that pile of money is in the form of a private student loan at stupid interest rates.  </li>
</ul>

<p>It's likely the person actually did all the real work of college, the accreditation issue is news to them, and if anyone was hoodwinked, it was <em>them</em>.</p>

<p>All this misses the point: accreditation is not the important issue.  What matters is whether the student applied themselves, organized themselves well, did their best, and <em>willfully extracted</em> a good education.  A person can "do the minimum" all the way through Harvard, and be not half the employee as a go-getter at Boston Community College who exceeded the course material and snuck over to Harvard's library for more.  Damn the credentials, you want the successful student. </p>

<p><em>Oh wait, this is the Law SE.</em> <strong>Why</strong> do you want the successful student? Because you have a <em>fiduciary duty</em> to do what is in <em>the best interest of the company</em> and place good employees.  To follow your own Don Quixote crusade against people whose colleges had faulty accreditation, is a <em>conflict of interest</em>.</p>

<p>You aren't even interested in ascertaining whether this person is a good employee.  And that, really, is the bottom line.  You (or rather, <em>anyone but you</em>) should be looking at that person's PRs and 360's, and looking at their overall performance for the company.  <strong>The company's criteria for keeping or replacing should be the probability of finding someone <em>significantly better</em></strong> at about the same pay rate.  If this person is an earnest performer, you may have trouble doing that.</p>

<p>It's that simple.  Employees must do what is in the company's best interest. </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>There's an old joke.  Kevin asks the sales manager, "Why do you keep Morty? I've seen his written memos and  reports, the guy is a terrible speller." </p>
  
  <p>"Yeah, but he outsells all the other salesmen 3:1," said the manager. And I pay him to sell, not to spell."</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Higher education degrees are not federally regulated, and are only weakly regulated at the state level, so if a person has a degree from an institution which is not accredited by a recognized accreditation organization there is no violation of the law and no misrepresentation. States may impose restrictions on institutions that operate within their borders, but in <a href="http://www.highered.nysed.gov/ocue/accred/" rel="noreferrer">New York</a> for example the requirement is to have permission to operate, and does not require official <a href="http://www.highered.nysed.gov/ocue/accred/accredinfo.htm" rel="noreferrer">accreditation</a>. </p>

<p>The question then is whether anyone (and who) has committed fraud in their representations to you. I presume the employee truthfully stated the name of the degree-granting institution, and that is typically all that a potential employee would say. It is up to the employer to determine whether that institution has the necessary stature in the field. If a job qualification were stated to the effect that the candidate must have a degree "from an accredited institution of higher education", and even supposing the candidate actually says "BA from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_University" rel="noreferrer">Hamilton University</a>, accredited by American Council of Private Colleges and Universities", that could be (and would be in that instance) a truthful statement. <a href="https://www.geteducated.com/college-degree-mills/204-fake-agencies-for-college-accreditation" rel="noreferrer">This web site</a> has a list of accreditation organizations that it calls "fake". Typically, accreditation ought to be by an organization recognized by the <a href="https://www.chea.org/about-accreditation" rel="noreferrer">Council for Higher Education</a> or the <a href="https://ope.ed.gov/accreditation/" rel="noreferrer">Dept. of Education</a>. But there is no law prohibiting the operation of an accreditation program that is <em>not</em> recognized by one of these two entities.</p>

<p>Let me describe example situation:</p>

<ol>
<li>She went to the store and picked up some merchandise</li>
<li>She walked to the checkout and produced a Monopoly banknote</li>
<li>The clerk gladly accepted the Monopoly money and gave out change in real $$</li>
</ol>

<p>Now, who's at fault here? Who's is deceiving who? Who's getting fooled? Clearly, the clerk is at fault. It's literally his job to refuse Monopoly money and demand real money instead. It doesn't even need to be Monopoly money, it could be some real, but low value money, like Indonesian Rupiah (that you'd need over 10000 to get $1 value) and the person paying might genuinely miss the memo that this store is accepting USD. It's clerk's responsibility to not allow that.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>I feel deceived and fooled, </p>
</blockquote>

<p>It wasn't you who got deceived and fooled. One of the employees at your department, who's job was to verify the diploma, deceived and fooled their employer by pretending to be doing their job while they were clearly not. Just as HR said:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>It was our responsibility to check the validity/quality of the qualification.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Similarly, one could apply to a position that requires BA in PR from Harvard but instead produce BA in IT from Harvard. It is part of the recruitment process to not overlook such "details".</p>

<p>Now to the final part:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>and cannot simply let it go.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>If you can't let it go, then find the person responsible for accepting mill diploma and make your employer punish them. If you are that person and you want to defend yourself from such punishment, then find if the "accredited" requirement was actually known at the time of recruitment, communicated to you and if you had the tools to check it (eg being told which accreditation list is valid). If you really blooped, then apologize, bite the bullet and learn from your mistake.</p>

<p><strong>If you want to retaliate against your soon-to-be ex-PR, then your feelings are misplaced.</strong> She did nothing wrong, she's already getting fired and there is nothing more you can do against her. If you try, then it will be you who breaks the law.</p>

<p>/edit: <em>note to the readers</em>:</p>

<p><em>The purpose of Monopoly money in this example is to get us understand OP's reasoning. The question is based on feelings: OP feels deceived and cheated because he believes a fraud or misrepresentation was made. That a "fake diploma" was presented instead of "genuine one". The concept of paying with Monopoly money evokes same feelings in us: we feel that it's fraud, misrepresentation, forgery and deception. But it's not. It is the mind of the person accepting the note that gets lulled by routine and tricks the person into not doing their duties diligently, that is: to verify if item presented is in fact the expected one. Neither item claims to be the other, nor can be described as deceiving.</em></p>

<ol>
<li>Can I terminate an employee for qualifying for a job through a “degree mill?”</li>
</ol>

<p>Yes, you can.</p>

<ol start="2">
<li>Do outsiders (myself, the employee, or a court) have to accept your explanation of your reason?</li>
</ol>

<p>No, absolutely not.  The employee might allege that the real reason for the termination is membership in a protected class and a court might believe them</p>

<p>I am curious why you suddenly decided to review the academic qualifications of employees - were you looking for an excuse to fire someone.   To be blunt, I am inclined to believe your employee if she alleges bad faith on your part.</p>

<h1>Invest in the employee and get them properly qualified</h1>

<p>If you have someone that is already functioning well on the job, doing their tasks as specified by the contract, and the only thing missing is a qualification... <strong>then get them qualified</strong>! </p>

<p>The time, effort and money it will take to get someone new into that same position and up to speed will most likely be more expensive than taking an existing employee and fixing the issue.</p>

<p>So approach the employee and say...</p>

<blockquote>
  <p><em>Look, for this position we need someone that is qualified. You are doing a great job so far and we would hate to let you go. So... we are willing to offer you to use X amount of hours per week for Y amount of months that you need to study for the qualification. If you achieve that qualification by the end of those Y months, then you can expect a bonus of Z USD. If not however, we will have to let you go, because a qualification is <strong>necessary</strong> for that position.</em></p>
</blockquote>

<p>You have shown good grace by giving them the opportunity to fix the issue, with no blame assigned to anyone. You also place the hot potato squarely in <strong>their</strong> lap, and with that wash your hands clean in regards to any potential upcoming termination of contract. </p>

<p>At the end of the day, you employ people for their competencies, attitudes and what they add to the business.</p>

<ul>
<li><p>It doesn't sound like she is lacking in any of those areas, because nothing has turned up in previous performance reviews. She is "known-good".</p></li>
<li><p>It doesn't sound like she was dishonest - she was asked what educational record she had, she replied honestly, and the company, having done all the checking it felt was needed, took her on, <em>and has not been disappointed by her work performance since doing so</em>.</p></li>
</ul>

<p>To me, that says it all. When you identify an actual way in which she is unacceptably incompetent as an employee, or fails to act as a good employee should, then you have a real issue. Until then, you don't have any issue at all. </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>We cannot fire her because of misconduct because she has not made any
  false claim. She claimed to have this qualification (the document) and
  she legally has. It was our responsibility to check the
  validity/quality of the qualification.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>This only applies if the employee is not an employee at will. This could be the case, in academia, for a professor or at a public university, but would not typically be the case for a junior administrator at a private university. Almost everyone in private sector non-union jobs except senior managers are at-will employees who can be fired for any reason (except those prohibited by law: race, sex, age, etc.).</p>

<p>It really is on you, however, to determine how legitimate the institution that grants someone a BA is, especially in academia.</p>

<p>Worst case scenario, if the person is an employee at will, that person could qualify for unemployment benefits if the firing is determined to be not for good cause. But, paying unemployment benefits for a fairly short term mid-level employee is really not that big of a deal. It will increase your unemployment insurance premium a little, but probably by less than the total amount of unemployment benefits paid which are pretty meager in any case. </p>

<p>If it is worth it from an institutional and management perspective to make it clear that trying to pass a "diploma mill degree" off as a real one is unacceptable, then you are free to ignore HR's advice, if the employee is at-will.</p>

<p>You may not take any legal action against the diploma mill itself.</p>

<p>Presuming that you're an employer in the US, by default you can fire any employee for <strong>any reason</strong> (short of discriminatory reasons such as race, sex, disability, etc) and at <strong>any time</strong> (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-will_employment" rel="noreferrer">at-will employment</a>). The only thing that could stop you is the contract you've signed with said employee and it then becomes an issue of talking to a lawyer to figure out what constitutes a fireable offence under that contract.</p>

<p>Whether or not it's the moral thing to do is off-topic on Law.SE and should be asked on Workplace.SE instead.</p>

<p>At first, I thought this was a Workplace question, but seeing it's on Law SE exchange completely changes things. Whether you "feel deceived" is a pertinent matter for Workplace SE or IPS SE, but not for Law SE. If you can't "let this go", that is your personal issue, not a legal one. A diploma being "unsatisfactory" is not sufficient cause for termination. Your HR department's reasoning looks sound. For this to be a for-cause termination, you would have to either show either deception or lack of qualification. </p>

<p>For deception, you would have to show that the diploma is so obviously fake that the employee couldn't have possibly have presented it in good faith, which is a very high bar; you will have to somehow present convincing evidence about your employee's state of mind. It's not enough to show that the vast majority of people don't consider it real; you have to show that your employee did not have a good faith belief that it was valid, which is reaching into mind-reading territory. </p>

<p>For qualification, you would have to show that having a degree from a "real" college is somehow necessary to perform the job. The fact is, most degree qualifications for jobs are not strictly speaking necessary, and exist only as proxies for legitimate qualifications. Furthermore, the fact that she has been on the job without you otherwise finding her to be unqualified is going to make it difficult to claim that the degree is a necessary qualification. If there is some task she is failing to perform adequately, then you can use that as cause. If there isn't, then the degree issue is going to a weak basis for termination. And even if you can show a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification, there can still be the issue of whether requiring a degree is the least restrictive manner of fulfilling this interest, and whether it has a disparate impact on protected classes.</p>

<p>So it's unlikely that this will a valid basis for a for-cause firing. The issue is then whether you can fire her without cause. For that, there is not enough information to answer. There will be issues such as local laws, whether she is under contract, whether there is a union, etc. It would also open you up to accusations of discrimination. Also missing from your question is just what your position in the company is. Apparently you're not part of HR, so just why would you have the power to fire anyone in the first place?</p>
