criminal-law germany sexual-assault
Is forceless groping illegal in Germany?
<p>Is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groping" rel="noreferrer">groping</a> punishable in Germany? Assuming that no force is used, and all people involved are adults.</p>
<p><strong>Hypothetical case:</strong> Bob enters a bus and sits down next to Chuck. Both are adults, and they don’t know each other. Suddenly Chuck makes Bob a compliment and gropes Bob’s crotch. This inflicts no physical pain on Bob, and Chuck is in no way holding Bob down.</p>
<p>What I found out so far, as a layman (please correct me!):</p>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__174.html" rel="noreferrer"><strong>§ 174 StGB</strong></a> (and § 174a, § 174b, § 174c), <a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__176.html" rel="noreferrer"><strong>§ 176 StGB</strong></a> (and § 176a, § 176b), <a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__179.html" rel="noreferrer"><strong>§ 179 StGB</strong></a> and <a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__182.html" rel="noreferrer"><strong>§ 182 StGB</strong></a> define sexual abuse.</p>
<p>Bob is 18+ years old, and there does not exist any kind of power gap, so I think § 174/176/179/182 do not apply.</p>
</li>
<li><p><a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__177.html" rel="noreferrer"><strong>§ 177 StGB</strong></a> and <a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__178.html" rel="noreferrer"><strong>§ 178 StGB</strong></a> define sexual assault (<em>Sexuelle Nötigung</em>) and rape (<em>Vergewaltigung</em>). § 177 (1) makes clear that it has to involve force/violence (<em>Gewalt</em>), a threat (<em>Drohung</em>), or exploiting of a defenseless position (<em>Ausnutzung einer Lage …</em>).</p>
<p>Chuck is not using violence, nor is he threatening, nor is Bob defenseless, so I think § 177/178 do not apply.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Most of the other paragraphs from the <a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/BJNR001270871.html#BJNR001270871BJNG005002307" rel="noreferrer">13. section</a> seem to be about prostitution, pornography, and exhibitionism; these obviously don’t apply.</p>
</li>
<li><p>I read that sometimes <a href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__185.html" rel="noreferrer"><strong>§ 185 StGB</strong></a> (insult) can be relevant, but this would require the intent to insult (e.g., making snide remarks while groping), so this does not seem to apply in the hypothetical case (Chuck even compliments Bob!).</p>
</li>
<li><p><a href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__223.html" rel="noreferrer"><strong>§ 223</strong></a> (bodily harm) does not seem to apply (the groping doesn’t even hurt).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Bonus question: Would anything change if Bob says to Chuck that he should stop it, but Chuck does it again?</p>

<p>§177 "Sexueller Übergriff; sexuelle Nötigung; Vergewaltigung" was recently changed. It now includes:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>(2) 3. der Täter ein Überraschungsmoment ausnutzt,</p>
</blockquote>

<p>this loosely translates to:<br>
"[in case] the perpetrator exploits a moment of surprise"</p>

<blockquote>
  <p><strong>Suddenly</strong> Chuck makes Bob a compliment and gropes Bob’s crotch.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>From your example it's clear that Chuck did overcome any possible resistance by surprising Bob.</p>

<p>Bonus: This was also added in the same change</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>(2) 1. der Täter ausnutzt, dass die Person nicht in der Lage ist, einen entgegenstehenden Willen zu bilden oder zu äußern,</p>
</blockquote>

<p>"[in case] the perpetrator exploits that the person is not able to make up or state their mind in an opposing way"</p>

<p>Hence you can't have consensual sex with someone who's intoxicated (e.g. drunk with 1.1‰), not even when you're drunk yourself. In the latter case two individuals would technically rape each other.</p>

<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment#Germany" rel="nofollow">According to the Wikipedia article <em>Sexual harassment</em></a>, sexual harassment is not a statutory offence in Germany:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Sexual harassment is no statutory offence in Germany. In special cases it might be chargeable as "Insult" (with sexual context) as per § 185 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch" rel="nofollow">Strafgesetzbuch</a> but only if special circumstances show an insulting nature.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>(<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuelle_Bel%C3%A4stigung#Allgemein" rel="nofollow">The German Wikipedia article says essentially the same</a>.)</p>

<p>For the statements about legitimate self-defence in these cases, both Wikipedia articles provide <a href="http://www.juraexamen.info/wp-content/uploads/jura.2009.24.pdf" rel="nofollow"><em>Die Straflosigkeit des »Busengrapschens«</em> (PDF, German)</a> as source, which is an article by Nina Adelmann from 2009, who was research associate at the University of Mannheim back then. The title could be translated to: <em>The impunity of breast-groping</em>.</p>

<p>In this article, she confirms that forceless/threatless groping (or kissing) is not a statutory offence, and that there aren’t any other laws that would apply in the general case. According to her article, self-defence is allowed in such cases regardless (but, roughly said, only while the groping/kissing is current).</p>
