united-states jurisdiction
Is recreational marijuana actually legal in states that voted it to be legal?
<p>Update to clarify what is meant by "actually legal": my question is whether, in states that voted recreational marijuana use to be legal, it is possible for anyone in the US Government (federal, state, or local) to prosecute and convict you for using marijuana recreationally.</p>

<p>My understanding is that, for example, Nevada voted it to be legal recreationally, but it's still illegal at the federal level. And so, there's a difference in what federal law says, and what state law says. How is this difference reconciled?</p>

<p>Also, how is it possible for different jurisdictions to create laws that contradict one another? Shouldn't there be a filtering process that wouldn't allow the non-superseding jurisdiction to pass the law in the first place?</p>

<p>In the United States, individual members (States) of the union are allowed to make their own constitutions and state laws &amp; regulations. <em>This includes laws that may contradict Federal law, although this is a grey area.</em>  It usually comes down to enforcement: Federal laws are usually enforced by Federal law enforcement as they can not force states to do so.</p>
<p>Further more, State prosecutors will usually not attempt to prosecute you for a Federal law infraction. Only <em>Federal</em> prosecutors OR the department of justice will do this.</p>
<p>To see a more detailed explanation on this, look at this &quot;<a href="http://people.howstuffworks.com/state-law-contradicts-federal-law.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">How Stuff Works</a>&quot; article.</p>

<p>The USA constitution has a clause which makes it, and any laws derived from its authority, the highest priority in any conflict. It is found in Article VI, and usually called the "supremacy clause".</p>

<blockquote>
  <p><strong>This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof</strong>; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, <strong>shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and</strong> the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, <strong>any Thing in the</strong> Constitution or <strong>Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.</strong></p>
</blockquote>

<p>Courts in all states are also bound to follow federal law above state law. However, they do not have jurisdiction to hear cases in which only federal law is breached, as this is reserved to the federal courts.</p>

<p>There is further <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/457/624/case.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">a case from 1982</a>, which gives us a firm idea of what the USA's Supreme Court thinks about state laws that conflict with or contradict a federal law with explicit purpose and rule:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Of course, a state statute is void to the extent that it actually conflicts with a valid federal statute; and "[a] conflict will be found 'where compliance with both federal and state regulations is a physical impossibility . . . ,' <em>Florida Lime &amp; Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul</em></p>
</blockquote>

<hr>

<p>The enactment process itself is the filter. Legislature checks with expertise whether a given proposed law is likely to violate a preemptive law, and how to word it so that the former's intent is achieved without breaching the latter.</p>

<p>Because legislatures are political, this expertise is sometimes ignored, and in more than a few cases, deliberately so. When that occurs, a suit is brought and the courts are required to decide whether or in what way a law is preempted and therefore void.</p>

<p><a href="https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/3052013829132756857467.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">This memo</a> states federal policy, though how long it will last is anyone's guess. One important thing to note is that there was no official change in regulations. The memorandum ends with the caveat that</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>this memorandum is intended solely as a guide to the exercise of
  investigative and prosecutorial discretion. This memorandum does not
  alter in any way the Department's authority to enforce federal law,
  including federal laws relating to marijuana, regardless of state law.
  Neither the guidance herein nor any state or local law provides a
  legal defense to a violation of federal law, including any civil or
  criminal violations of the CSA. Even in jurisdictions with strong and
  effective regulatory systems, evidence that particular conduct
  threatens federal priorities will subject that person or entity to
  federal enforcement action. This memorandum is not intended, does not,
  and may not be relied upon to create any rights, substantive or
  procedural, enforceable at law by any party in any matter civil or
  criminal. It applies prospectively to the exercise of prosecutorial
  discretion in future cases and does not provide defendants or subjects
  of enforcement action with a basis for reconsideration of any pending
  civil action or criminal prosecution. Finally, nothing herein
  precludes investigation or prosecution, even in the absence of any one
  of the factors listed above, in particular circumstances where
  investigation and prosecution otherwise serves an important federal
  interest.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>A half a year ago, it might have been politically impossible to prosecute on federal charges, but it was still technically possible. The policy is currently under review by DOJ. Since possession of marijuana is a general crime (i.e. not limited to "on federal land"), it is a prosecutable offense.</p>

<p>There is no reconcilation necessary per se: a person can be prosecuted at state or federal levels, so if a state lacks a mechanism for prosecuting a person, there is still the federal mechanism. Local police, however, are not obligated to enforce federal law.</p>

<p>More generally, though, if state and federal law actually contradict each other, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Supremacy Clause</a> says that federal law take precedence. Such a federal law would of course have to be within the proper powers of the federal government, and as held in <a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/545/1/opinion.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gonzales v. Raich</a>, thanks to the Commerce Clause, as applied to marijuana it is.</p>

<p>There are no rules that prevent certain types of legislative activities (e.g. considering and voting for a particular bill), nor can there be. That is, nothing can stop Congress or a legislature from passing a law that is patently unconstitutional (e.g. a law criminalizing criticism of the president). Any such law would simply have no effect, other than to clutter the statue books, since it can't be enforced. </p>

<p>I agree with <em>Supremacy Clause</em> granted in US Constitution Article VI, but I would like also to quote the <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/tenth_amendment" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Tenth Amendment</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Amendment X</p>
<p>The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states
respectively, or to the people.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Recall that during the <em>Jim Crow Law</em> years, <em>separate but equal</em> racial segregation was enforced based on States' Rights argument per Tenth Amendment. It was later toppled thanks to <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Inter-State Commerce clause</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>[The Congress shall have Power] To regulate Commerce with foreign
Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>If the State's right argument is raised in the future due to violation of Federal Controlled Substances Act over the marijuana use, I am not sure if Inter-Commerce clause will be applicable. If not, there will be interesting debate between <em>Supremacy Clause</em> and <em>Tenth Amendment</em>.</p>

<p>Yes, but also no.</p>
<p>In the United States, a state is considered a &quot;separate sovereign.&quot; A state can write any laws it wants as long as the laws don't violate the state or US constitution. Other answers have addressed the Supremacy Clause. All this means is that the state can't interfere with federal law. For example, the State can't stop the feds from enforcing federal marijuana laws, but the State can decide to modify its own criminal laws to decriminalize or even legalize drug-related acts. That means the federal Drug Enforcement Agency can still arrest you for possession of marijuana, but the local police, sheriff, and state police can't.</p>
