united-states copyright
Does this image with a subject containing graffiti in the background infringe on the graffiti artist&#39;s copyright?
<p>Here's the image in question:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0gCZr.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/0gCZr.jpg" alt="Image in question"></a></p>

<p>Basically, the subject in the foreground is showcasing a company's product for an advertisement. The graffiti holder has argued that the image infringes on their copyright. My guess would be that this image does not infringe on the copyright, because it is novel and the graffiti is not the subject matter in the photo. </p>

<p>The applicable jurisdiction here would be the state of California. </p>

<p><strong>EDIT</strong> </p>

<p>The building that the art was placed on has been abandoned for many years, therefore giving me the impression that the art was illegally placed. A recent google street view image has identified that the building has been condemned and is the future location of a Boys &amp; Girls Club SF:</p>

<p>(you can still see the top of the artwork in question in the link below, if you look closely above the retaining wall to the south east). </p>

<p><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@37.7833553,-122.4099403,3a,75y,115.75h,91.36t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sAF1QipP6ITMX-YKQ0z4JaGpbcEliZmC0KahDOcDdo6CQ!2e10!7i11000!8i5500" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.google.com/maps/@37.7833553,-122.4099403,3a,75y,115.75h,91.36t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sAF1QipP6ITMX-YKQ0z4JaGpbcEliZmC0KahDOcDdo6CQ!2e10!7i11000!8i5500</a></p>

<p>You are in effect asking if this is a case of <em>Fair use</em>, an important US-specific legal concept in copyright law. Please review <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/32422/is-this-copyright-infringement-is-it-fair-use-what-if-i-dont-make-any-money-o">this question</a> for an overview of fair use. See also <a href="https://www.copyright.gov/fair-use/more-info.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">This statement from the US copyright office</a></p>

<p>Deciding whether a use is a fair use is always a fact-driven, case-by-case, process. No one ever knows for sure if a use is a fair use unless that specific use is challenged in court as infringement, and the fair use defense is raised and sustained or not.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Courts evaluate fair use claims on a case-by-case basis, and the outcome of any given case depends on a fact-specific inquiry. This means that there is no formula to ensure that a predetermined percentage or amount of a work—or specific number of words, lines, pages, copies—may be used without permission.   ("More Information on Fair Use" -US Copyright office)</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>Factors</strong></p>

<p>Let's look at the fair-use factors in the case of this photo:</p>

<ol>
<li><p><strong>Purpose and character of the use, including whether the use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes:</strong> The use is apparently for clearly commercial purpose. This tends to weigh against fair use, but does not rule it out. Then the is the question of whether the use is transformative. The background image apparently serves its original decorative purpose. Whether making it part of an ad is transformative might be debated.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Nature of the copyrighted work:</strong> The graffiti is an artistic and creative work, not a work of non-fiction or news reporting or factual information. This also tends to weigh against fair use.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole:</strong> It seems that almost all of the work of graffiti, or at least a significant part of it, is being used. This tends to weigh against fair use to some degree. moreover, the  work of graffiti is quite prominent in the background of the work, which ,means it makes a significant contribution to the final work, which also weighs against fair use.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work:</strong> If the work of graffiti is currently being marketed, the question does not say so, and i would suppose that it isn't. There could be a potential market: the artist could make photos or prints of the work and market them, for example. Even so, this image probably wouldn't affect such a market much. This factor probably inclines towards fair use, but it is hard to say just how a court would asses it.</p></li>
</ol>

<p><strong>Case law</strong></p>

<ul>
<li><p>In <em>Ringgold v. Black Entertainment Television, Inc.</em>, 126 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 1997) A poster of a “church quilt” was used in the background of a television series for 27 seconds. This was held <strong>not</strong> to be fair use. The court was influenced by the prominence of the poster, its thematic importance for the set decoration of a church, and the fact that it was a conventional practice to license such works for use in television programs. This case seems particularly close to the one in the question.</p></li>
<li><p>In <em>Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley Ltd.</em> 448 F.3d 605 (2d Cir. 2006) posters of <em>Grateful Dead</em> concerts were reproduced in a book. This was held to be fair use. The reduced size of the images, and their appearance in the context of a timeline were considered significant.</p></li>
<li><p>In <a href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2732842/michael-kienitz-v-sconnie-nation-llc/" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Kienitz v. Sconnie Nation LLC</em>, 766 F.3d 756 (7th Cir. 2014)</a> A modified photo of a Wisconsin mayor was reproduced on a Tshirt and used to raise money for an event. the photo was posterized, background removed, text added, and a lime green outline featuring the mayor’s smile remained. The resulting image of the mayor, the court stated, “can’t be copyrighted.”</p></li>
</ul>

<blockquote>
  <p>Defendants removed so much of the original that,   as with the Cheshire Cat, only the smile remains.  Defendants started with a low-­resolution version   posted on the City’s website, so much of<br>
  the original’s detail never had a chance to reach  the copy; the original’s background is gone; its   colors and shading are gone; the expression in  Soglin’s eyes can no longer be read; after the   posterization (and reproduction by silk-­screening),<br>
  the effect of the lighting in the original is almost   extinguished. What is left, besides a hint of  Soglin’s smile, is the outline of his face, which   can’t be  copyrighted.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>(I take this to mean that the elements actually copied do not have enough original content to be a copyrightable wqrk.)</p>

<ul>
<li>In <em>Kelly v. Arriba-Soft</em>, 336 F.3d. 811 (9th Cir. 2003) use of thumbnail images in search engine results was held to be fair use. The reduced size and image quality were significant to the court. So was the transformative use of the images to help identify and index the pages. </li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>

<p>This is not a clear-cut case, in my view, but the case for fair use does not seem strong to me.</p>

<p><strong>Copyright protection of Unauthorized Graffiti</strong></p>

<p>A number of comments and some other answers have raised the question of whether graffiti made without the permission of the owner or tenant of the location, and therefore illegally, are entitled to copyright protection.</p>

<p>The first thing to say is that there is nothing in 17 USC (the US copyright law) that conditions copyright protection on the legality of the work, or of its publication.</p>

<p>Case law on this precise issue is not easy to find, nor does there seem to be much of it.</p>

<p>IPWatchDog's "<a href="https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/09/05/preventing-graffiti-copyright-infringement-lawsuit/id=100833/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Preventing a Graffiti Copyright Infringement Lawsuit</a>" (2018) says:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Several high-profile companies, American Apparel, Coach, American Eagle Outfitters and H&amp;M who shot advertisements in public spaces, have found themselves inadvertently in the midst of such legal disputes with street artists. Even though an advertiser may have had permission from the property owners, even though the “artwork” was unsanctioned and unsigned or “tagged,” the graffiti artists have come forward after the ads were already in circulation, identified themselves and sought compensation and damages.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>It goes on to say that:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>These cases tend to be settled out of court, because regardless of the merit of an infringement claim, they are costly to defend and the unwarranted negative publicity can injure a company’s reputation. ... Also, from a legal standpoint, the question of whether the copyrights of illegally created street art are valid has not yet been determined – so there would be some element of doubt as to how a litigation would be decided.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>*The Atlantic's article "<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/09/can-graffiti-be-copyrighted/380323/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Can Graffiti Be Copyrighted?</a>" about the case of graffiti artist David Anasagasti's case against American Eagle Outfitters for use of his work (and several other similar suits) quotes  Philippa Loengard, assistant director of Columbia Law School’s Kernochan Center for Law, Media, and the Arts as saying:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Given what I know of the case, this is one of the most blatant examples of copyright infringement</p>
</blockquote>

<p>None of the suits mentioned in the story seem to have resulted in a court decision as yet.</p>

<p>In <a href="https://www.loeb.com/en/insights/publications/2018/09/falkner-v-general-motors-llc" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>Falkner v. General Motors Company</em></a>, the trial judge held that the art was not "part of" the building and thus the exemption for photos of architectural works under 17 USC 120 does not apply. However it denied plaintiff’s DMCA claim and his claim for punitive damages.</p>

<p>The court <a href="http://www.ipwatchdog.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/GM-SJ-granted-denied.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">held that</a>:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>because the facts in the record tend to establish—if anything—the <em>lack</em> of a relevant connection between the mural and the parking garage, the Court cannot hold as a matter of law that the mural is part of an architectural work under Section 102(a)(8). Thus, it cannot reach the issue of whether Section 120(a) applies to the mural to permit photographs of the mural. </p>
</blockquote>

<p>In an article in the  <em>N.Y.U. Journal of IP &amp; Entertainment Law</em> "<a href="https://jipel.law.nyu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/NYU_JIPEL_Vol-2-No-2_2_Lerman_Protecting_Artistic_Vandalism.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Protecting Artistic Vandalism</a>" author Celia Lerman argues that copyright should protect unauthorized, illegal graffiti art. </p>

<p>This article notes that:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Graffiti  pieces  increasingly  attract  the  attention  of  numerous  collectors,  gallery owners, publishers, filmmakers, and journalists. Pieces from famous graffiti artists  have  sold  for  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  in  the  art  market.  Graffiti pieces  have  even  been  given  as  diplomatic  gifts.  Galleries  are  seeing  record  attendance at exhibitions of graffiti works, and publishers have generated a boom of  photographic  books  on  graffiti  and  street  art. (citations omitted)</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The article notes that <em>Tattooed Walls</em> a book by Peter Rosenstein about NYC Graffiti, reproduced images of many works of graffiti without permisison, the author believed that these were fair use because they were posted in public places. Several artist sued, a settlement was agreed to, and the book was withdrawn from publication.</p>

<p>The article mentions a suit against <em>Tony Hawk’s   Pro Skater 2 Official Strategy Guide,</em> by the author of a work of graffiti which was reproduced. The suit was initially dismissed for lack of copyright registration, but the court said that it  “assumed,  without deciding, that the work is copyrightable.” When the suit was refiled after registration, a motion to dismiss was denied, and the parties then settled, so there was no court decision on the merits.</p>

<p>Other simialtr cases are mentioned. The article goes on to analyze the law and the purposes that copyright law serves, and give reasons why such works should be protected. But none of this cites an actual case where an illegal graffito has been held protected. </p>

<p>The <em>Falkner</em> case will not produce such a ruling, because the art in that case was authorized, indeed invited, by the building owner.</p>

<p>In the US, <strong>architecture</strong> can be copyrighted (works created on or after December 1, 1990), so you can't just copy a building, in whole or in part. But "Architectural copyright does not apply to pictures if the architectural work is regularly visible from a public place." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_in_architecture_in_the_United_States#film_rights" rel="noreferrer">Wikipedia</a></p>

<p>(Not so lucky in France, where they treat a photo of the Eiffel Tower (1889) as if you are stealing the Eiffel Tower by making a copy of it. Sweden took a similar despicable stance. <a href="https://alj.artrepreneur.com/copyright-public-art/" rel="noreferrer">https://alj.artrepreneur.com/copyright-public-art/</a>)</p>

<p>In the USA, you can photograph a sculpture in a public place and you hold copyright on the photos. (article written for artists) <a href="http://cjam.info/en/copyright-and-taking-pictures-of-sculptures-2/" rel="noreferrer">http://cjam.info/en/copyright-and-taking-pictures-of-sculptures-2/</a></p>

<p>But most discussions say you can't <em>use</em> photos of <strong>public artworks</strong> any way you want. <a href="http://wallpapered.city/blog/basic-copyright-issues-in-outdoor-mural-projects/" rel="noreferrer">http://wallpapered.city/blog/basic-copyright-issues-in-outdoor-mural-projects/</a> ; <a href="https://alj.artrepreneur.com/6-copyrights-street-art/" rel="noreferrer">https://alj.artrepreneur.com/6-copyrights-street-art/</a> Photos for your personal use or for publication in reporting are not a problem, but "commercial use" is a problem. In other words, the copyright holder could have a claim if you actually <em>use</em> the photo for promotion, but merely posting it on Instagram (and here), in itself, probably is not a violation at all.</p>

<p>It is beyond despicable that Instagram would delete your account over one possibly baseless complaint. No matter what, they should reinstate your account (minus the one image, pending resolution). (Do you have other "strikes?) <strong>Did Instagram get into the photo-sharing business yesterday?</strong>[sarcasm]</p>

<p>If the painter sold the rights to the painting, your photograph cannot violate <em>their</em> rights because they don't have any. Whoever bought the rights could have a claim, or be the one to grant (give or sell) you permission. Maybe the building owner purchased the rights. Consider asking them whether they own the right because you want permission to commercially use the image of their wall art; you might be surprised.</p>
