united-kingdom international passport
Is it true that the UK head of state does not require a passport to travel?
<p>According to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jun/01/corgis-sex-pistols-and-the-royal-bedtime-tipple-take-the-platinum-jubilee-quiz" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this Guardian quiz</a>, the British monarch is not required to have a passport. The question asks &quot;Which of these things does the Queen not need to have?&quot; and gives the options: &quot;A driver's licence&quot;, &quot;A licence plate on vehicles&quot;, and &quot;A passport&quot;. The correct answer is:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>All of the above
That's £75.50 saved every few years not having to renew a passport for a start. The Queen learnt to drive in the military in the 1940s but is not formally required to have a licence, and is able to drive in unmarked vehicles</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/6IzIS.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/6IzIS.png" alt="image of the relevant Q&amp;A from the quiz" /></a></p>
<p>I can understand the first two since both a driver's licence and vehicle licence plates are internal state matters and a state can decide to do whatever it wants with them. However, a passport, while also issued by a state, is a document that is required by <em>other</em> states to let you travel.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://www.royal.uk/passports" rel="nofollow noreferrer">official site of the British Royal Family</a> states that:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>As a British passport is issued in the name of Her Majesty, it is unnecessary for The Queen to possess one. All other members of the Royal Family, including The Duke of Edinburgh and The Prince of Wales, have passports.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>That's all well and good, but I don't understand how the UK can waive the requirement here. Surely it is up to the country the monarch is traveling <em>to</em> to decide whether or not they have the required documents to be allowed entry. So is this actually true, does the Queen of the UK not require a passport and, if so, what's the legal basis for it? Can't another country refuse her entry for lack of a passport or is there some sort of global law/regulation that allows any head of state to travel without the proper documentation?</p>

<p>My understanding is that officially a passport is document issued by the origin state extending the protection of that state to the individual the holds it.  Originally it would only be given to official representatives of the state.</p>
<p>The queen IS the state.  She has ultimate authority over the armed services, and it is her protection that is being extended by a passport.  She does not require any further protection to be extended to her, as she is the source of the protection.</p>

<p>To take the case of the US, <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1185" rel="nofollow noreferrer">8 USC 1185(a)</a> says that</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Unless otherwise ordered by the President, it shall be unlawful— (1)
for any alien to depart from or enter or attempt to depart from or
enter the United States except under such reasonable rules,
regulations, and orders, and subject to such limitations and
exceptions as the President may prescribe</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The law does not specify that a passport is required for entry, and until recently Canadians could enter with only a driver's license. The requirement for a passport comes from the regulations set by the president. <a href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-42/subpart-A" rel="nofollow noreferrer">One regulation</a> allows for an individual waiver, and <a href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-41" rel="nofollow noreferrer">22 CFR 21.2-3</a> has a more extensive set of exceptions listed where a passport is not required, which includes individual-case waivers. The primary requirement for alien entry is a visa, not a passport. This does not mean that the US could not deny the Queen of England entry if it chose to, but that would be a political decision. The matter gets slightly more complex if the Queen or other head of state is traveling in an official capacity to the UN, since the US does have special obligations under Article 105 (2) of the United Nations Charter to admit representatives of member states, also under Art. IV, Section 11(d) of 1946 General Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN, representatives are exempt from immigration restrictions.</p>
