rules-of-court perjury
Adapt the oath of truth to a reasonable version?
<p>I find the oath</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>an almost absurd request. It is common-sense that nobody knows the whole truth about anything, so how could one ever disclose the whole truth? (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" rel="noreferrer">Socrates would certainly be impressed.</a>)</p>
<p>I believe for reasonableness' sake we could understand that oath as</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Do you swear you will give us your best account of what you believe is true?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So my question here is:</p>
<p>If I answer the oath with</p>
<blockquote>
<p>I cannot tell the whole truth, because I cannot possibly know the whole truth. But I swear I will try to give my best account of what I believe is true.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>will that answer be refused and ultimately qualified as <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/60974/what-happens-if-i-negatively-answer-the-court-oath-regarding-the-truth">contempt of court</a>? Such a concern may sound a pedantic nitpick but, honestly, I would feel uneasy swearing something that is false taken literally in such a formal environment as a court, where things are usually taken literally.</p>

<p>I think you should take &quot;the whole truth&quot; as simply short for &quot;all the truth known to the witness, within the limits of the rules of evidence as applied by the judge.&quot; and take &quot;nothing but the truth&quot; to mean &quot;no intentionally false statements included&quot;.</p>
<p>I cannot be sure, but I suspect the response in the question would not be accepted, and if persisted in, might well lead to your being found in contempt of court.</p>
<p>I would add that legal proceedings are absolutely <strong>full</strong> of symbolic or metaphorical things which are <strong>not</strong> to be taken literally, but as symbols for truths, or as historical vestiges of earlier realities.</p>
<p>For example, in the US, criminal cases are normally known by a name such as &quot;the people of the State of Franklin vs R. Roe&quot;, and in the UK as &quot;The crown against R. Roe&quot; or 'Regina v R. Roe&quot;. Now neither the whole mass of the people nor the UK monarch has approved or brought any such case. It is has been brought on their behalf by the prosecutor. The defense may not argue that the people in general, or the Queen, would not have approved the case. (Nor can the people or the Queen object with any effect.)</p>
<p>A US Judge is addressed as &quot;Your Honor&quot;. No one assess or argues whether a particular judge is in fact honorable, although in some cases it might be doubted. (When Justice Chase was impeached, his trial was presided over by then-vice President Aaron Burr. A sarcastic newspaper article commented &quot;It is usual to arraign the murderer before the Judge. In this case the reverse procedure was followed.&quot; <em>A reference to Burr's having  killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.</em>)</p>
<p>The vary names &quot;Roe&quot; and &quot;Doe&quot;, commonly used for unknown legal parties, are a remnant of a piece of legal fiction once known as &quot;common recovery&quot;. When a person wanted a quick trial of ownership of a plot of land, he filed a trespass action, alleging that he had rented the land to John Doe, but that Richard Roe, claiming under a lease from the other actual party, had ejected Doe with &quot;force and arms&quot;.  The defendant was not allowed to contest the existence of Doe or Roe, or the use of &quot;force and arms&quot;, but only the actual land ownership.</p>
<p>Until fairly recently affidavits often began &quot;Now Comes J Smith, who deposes and says...&quot;, this being a remnant of the long-ago time when Smith would have actually come before a court to give his testimony.</p>
<p>Much of the formal ceremonial of court procedures is not meant to be taken too literally, but as a symbol or metaphor.</p>

<h2>It's the whole truth of your experience</h2>
<p>If I were to say &quot;I saw John going into the store&quot;, in reality it may have been someone else, or they may have simply walked past the store (if you saw them from an angle for that to be possible). Or maybe you were just hallucinating or misremembering.</p>
<p>But it is a true account of (your memory of) what you experienced.</p>
<p><strong>If you want to be more exact</strong>, you could also say &quot;I saw someone who I believe to be John going into the store. Well, I can't be entirely sure they actually went into the store given the angle from which I saw it, but I can't imagine them having done anything else.&quot; Of course if you add that much doubt to your own statement, you'd probably hurt the side your testimony is meant to help, whomever put you on the stand probably won't be happy with you and it may lead to a verdict that doesn't reflect the truth. That may however be acceptable to the court, and it may even be recommended or necessary in cases where you're just not sure enough (but perhaps phrased a bit better).</p>
<p><strong>If you're asked for a yes/no answer you can't be 100% sure of</strong>, you can (and should) clarify that you're not 100% sure (and give the answer you believe to be true, if any). If nothing else, you can always say something like &quot;yes, that is what I believe to be true&quot;. If the judge insists that you answer just yes or no despite this, then you should probably do what they say if able. More than anything else, refusing to do what the judge says is how you end up being charged with contempt. If you have already clarified that you're not absolutely sure, there's no need to keep stating this for the same question. Your objection may also result in them adding something to the effect of &quot;to the best of your knowledge&quot; to the question, which should address your concerns.</p>
<p><strong>If you're asked about the state of the world</strong>, for example, like where someone else was at some point in time, the same applies. If you're asked &quot;Where was John during all of this?&quot;, you can say &quot;I believe he was...&quot; or &quot;He told me he was going to...&quot; or whatever makes sense. Unless you were looking at him at that exact time, you can't be 100% sure where he was, so it's reasonable to not just give an objective answer like &quot;He was...&quot;.</p>
<h2>It's implied to not be the objective truth</h2>
<p>It being your experience, or a conclusion based on the knowledge you have available, is also generally implied.</p>
<p>If you say &quot;I was outside the store; John went inside&quot; or &quot;I saw John get out of his car; he then went into the store&quot;, the implication is that <em>you saw</em> John going inside. It is not necessary to explicitly specify that.</p>
<p>Although there may be cases where it would make sense to explicitly specify how you know what you're stating. Perhaps you heard, rather than saw, him go inside. Perhaps you looked away and then he was gone, with the only place he could've gone being inside. That could affect how trustworthy your testimony is.</p>
<h2>Disclaimer</h2>
<p><strong>The above are just intended to be examples to illustrate my point, not recommendations for what you should say if you ever find yourself on the stand.</strong> There is a lot of nuance here. A lot may be implied based on how you phrase your answer. For recommendations on what you should say, I would recommend consulting your lawyer.</p>
<hr />
<p>There is also perhaps the philosophical question of how trustworthy our own experiences are and how sure we can really be of the true state of the world based on that. But that's definitely not something you should be bringing up when on the stand.</p>

<p>Liability for perjury is governed by the language of the applicable perjury statute and the related case law, not by the language of the oath itself. The situation in the case of contempt of court is similar.</p>
<p>For legal purposes, you either swear or affirm something, or you don't. It is a binary matter that doesn't depend upon the exact language of the oath or affirmation made.</p>
<p>Many court systems expressly permit a court to administer an oath or affirmation with non-standard or simplified language to children or people who do not speak the court's usual language. Also the option to swear or affirm likewise usually addresses any potential discomfort on religious grounds with the particular language of a standard witness oath.</p>

<h2>You are suffering a serious UIX<sup>1</sup> problem.</h2>
<p>It is common in many fields to use expressions which have a different meaning than in common language. In my field of expertise &quot;alpha&quot; is not a Greek letter but &quot;an early test version of a computer software program&quot;.</p>
<p>There are good reasons for using this specialized jargon. Brevity. The need to precisely refer to very specific concepts which don't arise in common language.</p>
<p>My <em>legal advice</em><sup>2</sup> is to ask your lawyer and follow their advice which is likely to be to just answer &quot;Yes, I swear&quot;. Because, as a response to their jargon question, that just means &quot;I cannot tell the whole truth, because I cannot possibly know the whole truth. But I swear I will try to give my best account of what I believe is true&quot;. It is normal to &quot;feel uneasy swearing something that is false taken literally&quot;, but none of the law experts in the court room are taking it literally, they are taking it <strong>legally</strong>.</p>
<h2>It is a serious problem.</h2>
<p>A law expert, having good knowledge of the jargon, won't feel unease replying &quot;Yes, I swear&quot;. When faced with further proceedings which also involve jargon the expert will understand them properly and act in their best interest.</p>
<p>But, not being experts in laws, we'll be presented in a trial with many expressions we are not ready to understand. And giving an answer to each of them wishfully thinking that they might mean X is a recipe for disaster. OP's caution is well founded. Ask your lawyer.</p>
<p>Which is why jargon should be reserved to talks between experts in the field. And should be avoided in the interface with users. Or, when unavoidable, it should always be accompanied by an explanation. For the expert it might be taxing having to explain for the 100th time what POSIX means, but for each of those 100 users it is the first time.</p>
<p>Some day UIX best practices will make their way into law proceedings dealing with non law experts. Until then, ask your lawyer. Actually, ask your lawyer even after the UIX becomes good.</p>
<p>As a direct answer to your question: yes, the UIX should be improved by adapting the oath. But it is a task for law makers. Vote them or run for office, don't do it yourself in court.</p>
<sub>
(1) User interface and experience.
<p>(2) Some might have issue with this because in many places legal advice is to be provided only with certain qualifications and under certain circumstances. Myself lacking both. But alas, I am providing <em>legal advice</em>, not legal advice. If this confuses you, welcome to the perspective of non law experts attending a trial.</sub></p>
