united-states fraud
Creating money out of thin air
<p>Let's say a robber breaks into a bank and accesses a computer. Except that they don't actually rob the bank: they hit a button, create money and put it somewhere obscure.</p>
<p>What crime was committed? If the bank doesn't care- ie, the money was imaginary and was created on a computer, why should the bank make any effort to correct it?</p>
<p>Since the obvious crime is fraud, but there's no victim here (nothing was stolen just created out of thin air) what crime if any was commited?</p>
<p>There is some mumbling about resevre requirements but what specific federal law requires the bank to care? Reserve requirements are just administrative guidelines and don't put any burden on the bank.</p>

<p>This would be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_and_wire_fraud#Wire_fraud" rel="nofollow noreferrer">wire fraud</a>, which is any type of fraud committed using electronic communications (the term originally comes from the use of telegrams to commit fraud... just like how &quot;wiring&quot; money devised from paying the bill at one telegram station and having the bill collector take an equal amount of money from a different station.).</p>
<p>Wire Fraud is basically a fraud crime over electronic communications, so it doesn't matter how you defraud someone, the fact that you did it in this manner is guilty... using a bank system to fraudulently create more money in your digit account would qualify.</p>
<p>The bank would be the victim since it does have a set amount of money in assets that it owes to its customers (account holders) and Federal Insurance (which prevents the Bank Run scene in &quot;It's a Wonderful Life&quot; from happening) requires the bank to carefully keep books.  Additionally, Wire Fraud comes with a $100,000 fine against the perpetrator for committing the crime where a financial institution is a victim, so it's in the Bank's interest to report a sudden income surge of fake dollars to the authorities lest they have to pay the fine out of their own pocket, risk their federal insurance, or lose their consumer confidence with account holders (who will pull their money and go to a more honest bank).</p>

<h2>Overview</h2>
<p>As other answers have pointed out it isn't as simple to alter the bank's records in a way that wouldn't be instantly obvious. There is no &quot;create money&quot; button on the bank's computer. However, a sufficiently complex and skillful manipulation of the bank's records might in fact increase the money supply, although what most criminals would want to do is simply to get money into some account that they control, so they could withdraw it. This is both ethically and legally a form of theft, not in any meaningfully sense different from taking dollar bills out of the bank's vault. It would result in some other account (or more likely many other accounts) having less money while the total money in the bank's accounts was unchanged, because this is much easier and more profitable for the thief than changes that might actually increase the money supply.</p>
<h2>CFAA</h2>
<p>The thief in this case would, in addition to other laws, violate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a> (CFAA) codified at <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1030" rel="nofollow noreferrer">18 U.S.C. § 1030</a> This provides, in subsection (a) (4) that:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Whoever  ... knowingly and with intent to defraud, accesses a protected computer without authorization, or exceeds authorized access, and by means of such conduct furthers the intended fraud and obtains anything of value, unless the object of the fraud and the thing obtained consists only of the use of the computer and the value of such use is not more than $5,000 in any 1-year period; ... shall be punished as provided in subsection (c) of this section.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Subsection (c)(3)(A) specifies:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>a fine under this title or imprisonment for not more than five years, or both, in the case of an offense under subsection (a)(4) or (a)(7) of this section ...</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Subsection (c)(3)(B) increases this to ten years where previous or offenses, or other offenses at the same time, under the same law have occurred.</p>
<p>Other provisions of the CFAA make it a crime to access a computer without proper authorization in many cases. Some of those might also be violated by the thief described in the question.</p>
<h2>The Money  Supply</h2>
<p>Some other answers have said or implied that the money in a bank is tightly tied to the amount of physical currency that people have deposited there. This is not correct, although it once was. Most deposits are now made by electronic transactions, such as the direct deposit of paychecks or transfers from other financial institutions. Most of the rest are made by paper checks, not physical currency.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply#Impact_of_digital_currencies_and_possible_transition_to_a_cashless_society" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia article</a> discusses several measures of the money supply, but note as particularly useful &quot;MZM&quot; or 'Money Zero Maturity' defined for the US as: (The total of all physical currency including coinage outside of the private banking system) plus (the amount of demand deposits, travelers checks and other checkable deposits) plus (most savings accounts). The article also defines for the US M0, M1, M2, M3, M4-, M4, and MB. Other countries use somewhat different definitions of some of these.</p>
<p>The article section &quot;Money creation by commercial banks&quot; says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Commercial banks play a role in the process of money creation, especially under the fractional-reserve banking system used throughout the world. In this system, CREDIT is created whenever a bank gives out a new loan. This is because the loan, when drawn on and spent, mostly finishes up as a deposit in the banking system (an asset), which is counted as part of money supply (and offsets the LOAN - which has yet to be repaid). After putting aside a part of these deposits as mandated bank reserves, the balance is available for the making of further loans by the bank. This process continues multiple times, and is called the multiplier effect.</p>
<p>As the iterations continue, this multiplier is balanced (or nullified) by the equal and cumulative value of the loans, between the banks, creating a zero sum gain, and annulling the &quot;money creation&quot; claims or fears, that generally do not include or provision for the reality of reciprocating balancing, and net-offsets in their calculations, excluding double entry (balanced book) accounting principles.</p>
<p>This new money, in net terms, makes up the non-M0 components in the M1-M3 statistics. In short, there are two types of money in a fractional-reserve banking system:</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>central bank money — obligations of a central bank, including currency and central bank depository accounts</li>
<li>commercial bank money — obligations of commercial banks, including checking accounts and savings accounts.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>It is incorrect to describe money not represented by physical currency as &quot;imaginary&quot; or &quot;fictional&quot;, just as it would be incorrect to describe an ebook as &quot;imaginary&quot; because it is not printed on paper. Much of what people and companies buy and sell is done with non-physical money.</p>
<p>For the matter of that, paper currency is itself a governmental creation. It was once tightly tied to gold, silver, or other physical commodities. That has not been true in the US since 1933, and not true anywhere in the world for a long time.</p>

<blockquote>
<p>they hit a button, create money and put it somewhere obscure</p>
</blockquote>
<p>If that means that money is added to a bank account, it's not that simple.</p>
<p>Bookkeeping is traditionally based on a double-entry system.</p>
<p>Every transaction actually consists of two parts.</p>
<ul>
<li>Transfer from B to A:
<ul>
<li>add amount to account A (credit the bank's liability).</li>
<li>subtract same amount from account B (debit the bank's liability).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Deposit:
<ul>
<li>add amount to cash reserves (debit the bank's asset).</li>
<li>add amount to account A (credit the bank's liability).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>At any time, the total of all debits and all credits in the system must add up to zero.</p>
<p>Hit a button, create money, and put it somewhere and you have increased the bank's liability (money they owe to the owner of an account), but there is no corresponding change in any other entry.</p>
<p>When the totals don't add up to zero, the &quot;books don't balance&quot;, and they will immediately know that something has gone wrong.</p>
<p>To do it right (i.e. no automatic way of detecting it), you'd have to change <em>two</em> accounts by the <em>same</em> amount.
And that would mean that you haven't actually created anything; you've simply stolen money from one account and deposited it into another.</p>
<p>And stealing money (removing it from an account and depriving the owner of its use) is a crime, even if you never actually access that money yourself.</p>

<p>This is clearly Fraud, in addition to any other crimes committed to access the system.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Whoever, without such authority, makes, draws, issues, puts forth, or assigns any certificate of deposit, draft, order, bill of exchange, acceptance, note, debenture, bond, or other obligation, or mortgage, judgment or decree; or</p>
<p>Whoever makes any false entry in any book, report, or statement of such bank, company, branch, agency, or organization with intent to injure or defraud such bank, company, branch, agency, or organization, or any other company, body politic or corporate, or any individual person, or to deceive any officer of such bank, company, branch, agency, or organization, or the Comptroller of the Currency, or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or any agent or examiner appointed to examine the affairs of such bank, company, branch, agency, or organization, or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System;</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1005" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1005</a></p>
<p>You were deliberately vague about the exact method used to &quot;create money&quot; but it'd come under one of these.</p>
