criminal-law murder
Can I be charged for murder if I throw peanuts at someone who has a severe peanut allergy and they die as a result of that?
<p>Assuming I already knew that they had a peanut allergy, and my intention was to hurt them, but not necessarily to kill them.</p>

<p>You don't specify a jurisdiction but taking the US as an example, yes you could be charged with <a href="https://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/second-degree-murder-overview.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">2nd Degree Murder</a> - you intended to harm them but not specifically to kill them:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>A second situation that constitutes second-degree murder is where the perpetrator intends only to cause serious bodily harm but knows that death could result from the act. For example, in the situation above, instead of shooting Bill, Adam grabs a shovel and whacks Bill in the head with all his strength. While Adam didn't specifically intend to kill Bill when he hit him, he did intend to strike him with the shovel knowing that such a blow to the head carried with it a distinct possibility of death. Adam killing Bill in this way would be classified as murder in the second degree.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>In English law you'd be facing charges for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Voluntary Manslaughter</a></p>

<p>The exact charge depends on the jurisdiction. In Wisconsin, this would not be <a href="http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/940.01" rel="noreferrer">first-degree</a> or <a href="http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/940.05" rel="noreferrer">second-degree</a> intentional homicide, both of which include the language:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Whoever causes the death of another human being with intent to kill that person or another...</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Since there was no intent to kill, this would not apply. (Whether the prosecutor believes that there was no intent is another story; it wouldn't be surprising to have this be charged.)</p>

<p>It would, however, be <a href="http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/940.03" rel="noreferrer">felony murder</a>, as battery is one of the crimes which triggers it. </p>

<p>It would also be reckless homicide. Whether it is <a href="http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/940.02" rel="noreferrer">first-degree</a> or <a href="http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/940.06" rel="noreferrer">second-degree</a> depends on whether it was under "circumstances which show utter disregard for human life."</p>

<p>@motosubatsu answered that you could be charged with 2nd degree murder because, as you also said, you "<strong>intended to harm them but not specifically to kill them</strong>".</p>

<p>But this is not accurate, and you could be charged with 1st degree murder, because what you "<strong>wanted</strong>" or even "<strong>expected</strong>" to happen does not equate to your "<strong>intention</strong>".</p>

<p><strong>Intention</strong> is what a reasonable person (which in practice is whatever the jury decides) would expect is likely to happen as a result of the action taken, considering all of the circumstances (including your knowledge of their allergy).</p>

<p>So it would be up to a jury to decide:</p>

<ol>
<li>Whether you had knowledge of their allergy, and</li>
<li>Whether their death was likely to occur as a result of your action</li>
</ol>

<p>So if the jury decided that you knew about the allergy, and that you threw the peanuts, and that a reasonable person would think their death was likely to occur as a result, then it doesn't matter that you say after the fact that you "only wanted to harm them, not kill them", <strong>even if it is the truth</strong>, because the jury would have concluded that any reasonable person would have expected them to die as a result of the action, and so would only have taken the action if they wanted the person to die.</p>

<p><strong>Note:</strong> This answer assumes that throwing peanuts at someone would likely result in their death to illustrate my understanding of "intention", but as far as I understand allergens, allergens cause the skin that they touch to swell, so allergies only cause death when the allergen is consumed through the mouth, which causes the tongue and throat to swell, which prevents breathing and causes the person to die from anaphylaxis.</p>

<p><strong>It's like shooting someone in the leg which then results in their death, and saying that you only wanted to hurt them and did not expect they would die when you took that action. The point is that it's not about what you expected to happen, it's about what a jury decides a reasonable person would expect to happen in that situation (which could go either way).</strong></p>

<p>Although you had another location in your mind, I'll cite German law.</p>
<p>There are several kinds of &quot;homicide&quot; law paragraphs, divided by intent.</p>
<ul>
<li>If you didn't have any intent of harming, you have &quot;Fahrlässige Tötung (§ 222 StGB)&quot;, which roughly translates to &quot;Negligent homicide&quot;.</li>
<li>XY mit Todesfolge (several §§) can apply to several other criminal acts, e. g. rape, battery, etc., where a consequence of your deed is the death of the other person</li>
<li>&quot;Totschlag&quot; is manslaughter, which is killing by intent</li>
<li>&quot;Mord&quot; is killing by intent with additional qualifying properties for murder, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_in_German_law" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Murder in German law</a> in the Wikipedia.</li>
</ul>
<p>In the case which is described, it would probably qualify as &quot;Körperverletzung mit Todesfolge&quot; (§ 227 StGB): you intended to hurt the other person, but not to kill them.</p>

<p><a href="/questions/tagged/united-states" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;united-states&#39;" rel="tag">united-states</a></p>
<h2>It's malice, so it's murder</h2>
<p>Malice is a desire to kill, or cause serious bodily harm (without killing them), or have reckless indifference to the danger you create.  The problem is, if they actually die, that proves the danger was created and was real.  Now you're up the creek; if you protest that you didn't know the danger was real, that demonstrates reckless indifference.</p>
<p>(unless, there was widely believed to be no danger; i.e. if the victim had had peanut allergies five times before and only got red eyes and sniffles, and didn't need further treatment, and was told by the doctor not to bother carrying an epi-pen.  Then, it would be a surprise to everyone, and you could defend against a reckless indifference claim.)</p>
<p>This is a doctrine of law called the &quot;eggshell skull&quot;. That concept is mainly discussed in civil law, but it applies in criminal law even moreso: If you criminally set into motion a series of events, then your shoulders bear the weight of <em>the entire</em> course of events, all the way to the outcome.  And the outcome decides your charge. If a person dies, it's in the manslaughter/murder family.</p>
<p>If you beat somebody up and don't know about a blood condition that prevents healing, that's on you.  If you punch someone in the nose who has severe osteoporosis and cave the skull in with a normal blow, your fault. If you roadrage someone and send them careening into a semi and they die, you go down hard. If you DUI and kill someone, it's not DUI, it's manslaughter or murder.</p>
<p>Once you've committed the act, it's out of your control.  You ride the consequence train <em>to wherever it goes</em>.</p>
<p><em>Besides, if it wasn't that way, every defendant would claim to not mean to kill the victim.  &quot;I did not realize humans needed oxygen to survive&quot;.</em></p>
<h2>Premeditation is separate</h2>
<p>Once the basic type of crime is decided, then it may be &quot;enhanced&quot; by the idea of &quot;aforethought&quot;, i.e. forming a plan in your mind to do the crime prior to doing it. That's the difference between murder one and murder two, in jurisdictions which call it that.</p>
<p>Note that courts have not set any lower limit to how much time constitutes &quot;aforethought&quot;.  It doesn't mean months or days of planning; one can develop aforethought in the minute before the crime.  Being enraged, and going to the kitchen to grab a peanut could be aforethought, because grabbing the peanut is preparation.</p>

<p><a href="/questions/tagged/oregon" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;oregon&#39;" rel="tag">oregon</a></p>
<h2>In Oregon, Under Some Circumstances</h2>
<p>The law on criminal homicide is complicated, but the factors that apply include:</p>
<ul>
<li>The degree of criminal culpability (intentionally, knowingly, recklessly, criminally negligent or none of those)</li>
<li>Who the victim is</li>
<li>Special circumstances, such as escaping from prison</li>
</ul>
<h2>When the Victim is Under the Age of 14</h2>
<p>One of the circumstances under which killing someone becomes <a href="https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_163.115" rel="nofollow noreferrer">second-degree murder in Oregon</a> is when someone who is attempting to commit certain serious crimes kills someone “in the course of and in furtherance of the crime the person is committing or attempting to commit, or during the immediate flight therefrom.”</p>
<p>The list of crimes that lead to this includes attempting to (by reference) <a href="https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_163.175" rel="nofollow noreferrer">“Intentionally or knowingly [cause] serious physical injury to another”</a> and killing a child under 14 years of age.  The affirmative defense in ORS 163.115(3) would not apply, since the defendant themselves committed the homicidal act.</p>
<p>“Serious physical injury” is defined as “physical injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment of health or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ.”  In this case, you say that the intent was to “hurt” the person, so, if the jury finds that the defendant knew they would cause a serious physical injury, the “knowingly or intentionally” requirement is met.</p>
<p>Another way that causing the death of a child under the age of 14 would become second-degree murder is if the killer acts “recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life,” and they have a pattern of “one or more previous episodes” assaulting or torturing children.</p>
<h2>If the Victim is Older</h2>
<p>Without another aggravating circumstance, a criminal homicide would only be murder “When it is committed intentionally, except that it is an affirmative defense that, at the time of the homicide, the defendant was under the influence of an extreme emotional disturbance.”</p>
<p>“Intentionally” is defined as, “a person acts with a conscious objective to cause the result or to engage in the conduct so described.”  You say that this is not the case here.</p>
<p>A jury might find the defendant guilty of <a href="https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_163.125" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Manslaughter</a> if they find that the defendant killed someone through recklessness, or <a href="https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_163.145" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Criminally Negligent Homicide</a> for killing someone through criminal negligence.</p>
<h2>In Practice</h2>
<p>Prosecutors in Oregon often charge a lesser offense than they could, as part of a plea bargain or because the mandatory minimum sentence for the greater offense seems excessive.</p>
