legal-terms any-jurisdiction legal-doctrine
Is the term &quot;evil&quot; defined in law?
<p>An infamous clause found occasionally in software licenses is:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The Software shall be used for Good, not Evil.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This clause has been discussed in many places, including <a href="https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/q/47028/240946">Software Engineering Stack Exchange</a> and <a href="https://opensource.stackexchange.com/q/4247/6207">Open Source Stack Exchange</a>.</p>
<p>While a lot of people don't seem to like this clause, I wanted to step back and analyze the idea of &quot;evil&quot; from a purely legal perspective rather than the social milieu of the open source community.</p>
<p>To that end, is the term &quot;evil&quot; a proper term in law with a distinct meaning? One idea I had was to interpret it as a synonym of &quot;unlawful&quot; or maybe &quot;criminal&quot;. The other idea is to understand it more in the sense of legal positivism, where socially-defined &quot;good&quot; and &quot;evil&quot; are distinguished from legally-defined &quot;lawful&quot; and &quot;unlawful&quot;, and so a particular act might be &quot;good&quot; but &quot;unlawful&quot; or &quot;evil&quot; but &quot;lawful&quot;.</p>
<p>Neither of these definitions seems satisfactory.</p>
<p>The problem I have with the first definition is that it adds unnecessary complexity to what should be more simply expressed as &quot;This software is not to be used for any unlawful purpose.&quot; or &quot;Committing any felony or gross misdemeanor with the software shall constitute a breach of the license agreement.&quot;. It also likely places someone who commits an unlawful act as minor as forgetting to add coins to a parking meter on the same level as a cackling comic book supervillain who gets off on bombing orphanages, which seems disingenuous.</p>
<p>The problem I have with the legal positivism definition is that it empowers a court to define social rules, which it is not designed to do. For example, some people (based on their beliefs) might characterize using scheduling software to manage abortion clinic appointments to be an &quot;evil&quot; use (and thus a breach of the license), while others might take the opposite perspective and claim that using the same scheduling software to plan anti-abortion protests or manage the shifts of law enforcement officers investigating suspected clandestine abortion clinics are &quot;evil&quot; usages forbidden by the license.</p>
<p>I'm interested in either an analysis of the meaning of &quot;evil&quot; in a general legal sense (in any jurisdiction in which the term might have been given a specific meaning or been interpreted by a court) or a sense restricted to software licenses, if such has ever been done.</p>
<p>Discussion:</p>
<p>As hinted at by respondents and commentators, I do see a distinction between acts that the vast majority of reasonable people would see as &quot;clearly&quot; evil such as ethnic cleansing, slavery, or rape and acts where the evil-ness or lack thereof is a valid point of debate, such as abortion, marketing habit-forming drugs, or not eating vegan. An answer might cover this. For example, is determination of whether a questionable act qualifies as evil a question of law for the judge or a question of fact for the trier of fact (e.g. jury)? Are the personal moral beliefs of the software licensor and/or licensee relevant? For example, if I have a personal moral belief (not shared by most of the members of my community) that eating at Burger King is evil because they buy from factory farms but I nonetheless use scheduling software with a &quot;no evil&quot; clause to schedule a lunch date at Burger King, am I in breach of the license? If the software's owner/licensor is a highly devout Catholic who considers any form of birth control to be pure evil but I (the licensee) disagree, is my act of using the software to facilitate an otherwise lawful condom purchase a breach?</p>
<p>I do recognize that none of the situations I described above are likely to land me inside a courtroom due to practical matters. That is why my question is about the nature and definition of &quot;evil&quot; for legal purposes rather than advice for any specific situation, license, or use. I know what <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEXWRTEbj1I" rel="nofollow noreferrer">&quot;love&quot;</a> means, but what does &quot;evil&quot; mean?</p>

<p>While not defined, in common law systems, there is a concept of <em>Malum in se</em> which can be translated to &quot;Wrong or Evil in itself&quot; and is used to describe criminal actions that are wrong because they are immoral as opposed to criminal actions that are wrong because they are prohibited (<em>Malum Prohibitum</em>).</p>
<p>As an example, Murder is considered <em>Malum in se</em> while driving on the wrong side of the road is <em>Malum Prohibitum</em>.  <em>Malum in se</em> thus is a crime because the action is immoral.</p>

<h2>Evil exists in the legal system</h2>
<p>Evil is a perfectly cromulent word and, if this clause was ever litigated, the court would need it to determine its meaning and determine if the acts or omissions alleged met that definition or not.</p>
<p>The word itself has been used in numerous judgements.</p>
<p>For example, in <a href="https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/cases/s172-2012/Monis-Droudis_Res1.pdf" rel="noreferrer"><em>Monis v The Queen</em> [2013] HCA 4; 249 CLR 92; 87 ALJR 340; 295 ALR 259; 227 A Crim R 451</a> it was used in the following context:</p>
<blockquote>
<ol start="34">
<li>In other words and contrary to the appellants' submissions, it must be taken to mean more than insulting or annoying. Criminal sanctions are imposed. In context it must mean seriously offensive or grossly offensive, or repugnant in a moral sense. <strong>In this way its meaning would be in keeping with menacing: which means threatening to cause <em>evil</em>, harm or injury</strong>; and harassing -tormenting by repeated attacks. In context offensive means conduct which is more deserving of opprobrium than mere annoyance. It derives from the Latin and encompasses the notion of an attack and in this context a serious attack, one which is in keeping with its placement alongside the word menacing. In construing &quot;offensive&quot; in s.471.12, the CCA properly considered a range of matters including the context and subject matter.</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p>More recently, in <a href="https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2022/HCA/19" rel="noreferrer"><em>Alexander v Minister for Home Affairs &amp; Anor</em> [2022] HCA 19</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>314 Whilst it must be accepted that it may be possible to enter innocently into a &quot;declared&quot; area, <strong>it is also possible to do so with <em>evil</em> intention.</strong> In 2014, Islamic State's reputation for extreme violence was notorious and it had become one of the world's deadliest and most active terrorist organisations.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In Australian jurisprudence the word appears to mean malicious acts intended to harm others.</p>

<h2>it would need to be defined in the license!</h2>
<p>If a clause is ambiguous, a court must decide what it means. If a word isn't in the law, it means what the court decides it means. In this case, <em>evil</em> is not defined and lacks a standard definition that all people can agree to. As a result... the clause is ill-defined to non-defined and thus... means nothing.</p>

<h2>No</h2>
<p>There is no legal definition for &quot;evil&quot;. Nor is there any generally agreed sense of what constitutes &quot;evil&quot; in the language as a whole. Different people have different ideas of what is and what is not &quot;evil&quot;.</p>
<p>Therefore, it is hard to see how such a license provision could be enforced. What actions using the software could a copyright owner reasonably expect a court to prevent or to award damages for? As far as I know, the clause in question has never been enforced in a court action. It seems to be at best an aspiration or a wish. I would not include such a clause in any license I applied to software that I had written.</p>

<p>For the specific purpose of copyright licensing, there is no objective legal definition of &quot;evil&quot; that would tell you whether &quot;selling for a profit&quot; is good or evil. If some software so licensed were used to effectuate genocide, the courts could deem that on a balance of probabilities, a reasonable person would understand that genocide is &quot;evil&quot;, just as they would find that &quot;selling something for a profit&quot; is &quot;commercial&quot;, and also that using said material for educational purposes is not, even if the instructor is paid to teach. Copyright licenses are fundamentally agreements, where the courts primarily inquire into that the parties understood by the wording of the agreement.</p>
<p>Apart from the specific (in)advisability of a vague reference to &quot;evil&quot; in a copyright license, the concept of &quot;evil&quot; does indeed exist in law, and is rather foundational in all legal systems. However, it is <em>so</em> foundational that a law that &quot;penalizes an evil act&quot; would probably be overturned as unconstitutionally vague. Insofar as Shari`a law depends on Arabic terms, not English terms, I exclude discussion of Shari`a prohibitions (<em>hudud</em>).</p>
<p>Common law incorporates many concepts derived from church law. <a href="https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=202110105020071066025089101007113000020086089012039042073006094074072097073068069088018007127038053121097006085069064006003099042071071006015067121071097082004019019008017043122024105087075002002007127002001103088080004093119118125007018023075004117096&amp;EXT=pdf&amp;INDEX=TRUE" rel="nofollow noreferrer">This article</a> focuses on the notion of &quot;evil law&quot;, which in the course of the discussion naturally discusses the concept of &quot;evil&quot; in law, indeed in the abstract (indirectly) gives us a succinct definition of evil as &quot;intolerable harm&quot;.</p>
<p>The case of <a href="http://media.ca1.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/13-1909P-01A.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">US v. Gray</a> is a criminal case touching on &quot;evil&quot;, involving violation of <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/49/46507" rel="nofollow noreferrer">49 USC 46507</a> penalizing certain statements given &quot;maliciously or with reckless disregard for the safety of human life&quot;. The law doesn't define what &quot;maliciously&quot; means, so the judge must instruct jurors. Based on Sand's Modern Federal Jury Instructions, defense proposes that &quot;[t]o act maliciously means to do something with an evil purpose or motive&quot;. The judge then instructs the jury as follows:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>And then we turn to the question of what we call &quot;malice,&quot; &quot;willful or
malicious conduct.&quot; To act maliciously in this context means to do
something with an evil purpose or motive. It means to do something
that is knowingly wrong, and here suggestions have been made that Ms.
Gray had some malice toward American Airlines. But the [g]overnment
has to prove that and you have to evaluate it</p>
</blockquote>
<p>but the government chipped away at the instruction, and eventually the jury got an instruction that &quot;what 'malice' means is to act with an evil purpose or an improper motive&quot;. Gray was convicted, and appealed – the definition of &quot;maliciously&quot; is the central issue (is it specifically based on &quot;evil&quot;?). The court found in favor of the defendant's more-restrictive definition of malice, one based strictly on evil and not extending to &quot;improper motive&quot;. The court's understanding of the difference is summarized in the statement that</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The universe of things that are considered improper would encompass
anything from wearing a hat indoors to filing a frivolous lawsuit.
Evil, on the other hand, is more commonly used to describe something
that is morally reprehensible.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So, &quot;evil&quot; <em>can</em> be a thing in law, but it is highly disparaged exactly because there isn't a clear legal definition of &quot;evil&quot;.</p>
