united-states new-jersey contempt-of-court
What is the Maximum Sentence for Contempt of Court? (USA)
<p>Is there a maximum sentence that a New Jersey Superior Court Judge can impose on someone for contempt of court?</p>
<p>I understand that there are different types of contempt of court, so here's a made-up example to illustrate the question.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Suppose person X (New Jersey resident) is ordered via subpoena to produce the key to a safe. (Suppose here that the safe is otherwise impenetrable without a key.) X admits that he has a key, but refuses to produce it. The judge threatens X with jail time until X produces the key. X continues to refuse. X is arrested and thrown in jail.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>At this point, would there be any limit on how long the judge could keep X in jail?</p>
<p>I have looked through the NJ Statutes as well as other Stack Exchange questions, but I haven't found an answer on my own. In particular, <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/60947/held-indefinitely-for-contempt-of-court">this question</a> is similar but isn't specific to New Jersey; it also isn't clear to me whether my example is one of civil, or criminal, contempt of court.</p>

<p><strong>It's a maximum of 18 months imprisonment for disobeying a court order.</strong></p>
<p>Contempt of court is defined by the New Jersey Code of Criminal Justice at <a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/new-jersey/2022/title-2c/section-2c-29-9/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">section 2C:29-9.a</a>, which includes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A person is guilty of a crime of the fourth degree if the person purposely or knowingly disobeys a judicial order...</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The sentencing for which may be found at <a href="https://law.justia.com/codes/new-jersey/2022/title-2c/section-2c-43-6/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">section 2C:43-6.4</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>In the case of a crime of the fourth degree, for a specific term which shall be fixed by the court and shall not exceed 18 months.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/a/92823/9517">answer from Rick</a> isn't wrong but also isn't complete.</p>
<p>There are three kinds of contempt of court:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>direct punitive contempt of court (which applies to misconduct in the presence of the judge in the courtroom),</p>
</li>
<li><p>indirect punitive contempt of court (which punishes violation of a court order outside the courtroom), and</p>
</li>
<li><p>indirect remedial contempt of court (which creates an incentive to obey a court order that is currently being disobeyed outside the courtroom, which the person held in contempt has the present power to comply with).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://criminallawyerinnj.com/contempt-charges-nj-2c29-9-penalties/#:%7E:text=What%20are%20the%20Penalties%20for,appear%20on%20your%20criminal%20record." rel="nofollow noreferrer">Direct contempt of court</a> is typically a disorderly persons offense in New Jersey, which carries up to 6 months in the county jail and a $1,000 fine. Direct punitive contempt of court is imposed summarily by the presiding judge without a trial other than giving the person punished an opportunity to explain themselves on the spot.</p>
<p>The eighteen month limitation on incarceration for contempt of court applies only to indirect punitive contempt of court, which are criminal offenses with special procedures attached to them, and to violations of restraining orders a.k.a. protection orders, discussed below in the footnote.</p>
<p>Indirect punitive contempt of court is imposed following a process ending with a collateral hearing in the case where it arises, often with the plaintiff in a civil case deputized to serve as a prosecutor for the charges.</p>
<p>Not all states have statutory limitations on punitive contempt of court sanctions that do not involve a protection order violation. In one case in Illinois, a twenty year incarceration sentence was imposed in a direct punitive contempt of court case that was reduced to ten years on appeal, for refusing to testify. <em>See People v. Geiger</em>, 2015 IL App (3d) 130457 (Aprils) &amp; <em>People v. Perez-Gonzalez</em>, 2014 IL App (2d) 120946 (June) (both summarized <a href="https://illinoiscaselaw.com/contempt-of-court-maximum-penalty/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>).</p>
<p>There is no limitation on the length of incarceration imposed or fine which may be imposed in indirect remedial contempt of court, which is reviewed on appeal for an abuse of discretion. The theory behind this is that the person incarcerated holds the key to their release by complying with the order which can be done at any time. Indirect remedial contempt of court, unlike punitive contempt of court, in compensatory, remedial, and civil in nature, rather than being quasi-criminal or having an object to punish a violator. The goal of remedial contempt is to secure compliance not to punish the person incarcerated.</p>
<p>Typically, indirect remedial contempt of court is used for matters like failure to turn over assets in foreign accounts or password protected crypto that the person sanctioned controls, to force the turnover of cash or valuables at a location only known to the person incarcerated, or to compel someone's testimony on non-privileged matters in a court case or deposition or in response to judgment creditor issued interrogatories demanding that the location of the judgment debtor's assets be revealed.</p>
<p>If someone simply fails to sign a document despite being ordered to do so, remedial contempt of court could be used, but it is more common to have the court involuntarily appoint the court clerk as the agent of the person who refuses to sign for the narrow purpose of signing a particular document or set of documents (e.g. a real estate contract) on behalf of the recalcitrant party.</p>
<p>No fixed term of incarceration or maximum fine is set in a remedial contempt of court order. Incarceration for indirect remedial contempt of court can continue until the matter to be compelled is moot, or until the person incarcerated no longer has the capacity to obey the court order. There are cases of people being incarcerated for indirect remedial contempt of court for more than a decade.</p>
<p>A law review article critical of this practice can be found <a href="https://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7789&amp;context=expresso" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>
<p>The longest case of incarceration for remedial contempt of court is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Beatty_Chadwick" rel="nofollow noreferrer">described by Wikipedia</a> as follows:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>H. Beatty Chadwick (born 1936) is the current American record holder
for the longest time being held in civil contempt of court. In
1995, a judge ruled that Chadwick hid millions of U.S. dollars in
overseas bank accounts so that he would not have to pay the sums to
his ex-wife during their divorce. He was incarcerated until such
time as he could present $2.5 million to the Delaware County Court in
Pennsylvania. Chadwick maintains that the money was lost in bad
investments and therefore he cannot surrender money he does not
possess. Although never charged with a crime, H. Beatty Chadwick spent
fourteen years of his life in prison.</p>
<p>On July 10, 2009, Chadwick was ordered released from prison by
Delaware County Judge Joseph Cronin, who determined his continued
incarceration had lost its coercive effect and would not result in him
surrendering the money.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>See also <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=8101209&amp;page=1" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this news report</a> on the same case. Legal commentary on that case can be found <a href="https://www.pennlawreview.com/2021/06/01/are-there-really-plenty-of-shapiros-out-there-%E2%80%A8a-comment-on-the-courage-of-norma-l-shapiro-part-three-chadwick-v-janecka-fourteen-years-of-civil-contempt/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Footnote Re Protection Orders</strong></p>
<p>Most if not all states issue protection orders typically ordering someone who has harassed, stalked, or threatened violence against someone to stay away from one or more persons or places, often in a domestic violence or toxic fan situation.</p>
<p>These orders, unlike almost all other civil court orders, can be enforced directly by law enforcement without a contempt of court process, and it is a crime other than contempt of court to violate such an order. In the case of all other civil court orders for injunctive relief, contempt of court is the only or primary remedy.</p>

<p><a href="/questions/tagged/england-and-wales" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;england-and-wales&#39;" aria-label="show questions tagged &#39;england-and-wales&#39;" rel="tag" aria-labelledby="tag-england-and-wales-tooltip-container">england-and-wales</a></p>
<p>In English law the maximum penalty for a single offence of contempt is <strong>two years of imprisonment, a fine of £2500, or both.</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>In any case where a court has power to commit a person to prison for contempt of court and (apart from this provision) no limitation applies to the period of committal, the committal shall (without prejudice to the power of the court to order his earlier discharge) be for a fixed term, and <strong>that term shall not on any occasion exceed two years</strong> in the case of committal by a superior court, or one month in the case of committal by an inferior court.</p>
<p>In any case where an inferior court has power to fine a person for contempt of court and (apart from this provision) no limit applies to the amount of the fine, <strong>the fine shall not on any occasion exceed £2,500.</strong></p>
<p><sub><sup><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/49" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Contempt of Court Act (1981)</a></sub></sup></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Note that if the person <em>continues</em> to demonstrate contempt, that would class as a new offence and could trigger a new sentence.</p>
