united-states tort negligence
Negligence: Common Law Duty of Care
<p>What does common law duty of care refer to? My gut tells me it is just another way of referring to the reasonable/prudent person test but I am not sure. </p>

<p><strong>Case to look at:</strong></p>
<p>The case you want to look at is <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacPherson_v._Buick_Motor_Co" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><em>MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.</em>, 217 N.Y. 382, 111 N.E. 1050 (1916)</a>. Prior to this case, privity of contract was required to impose duty on a defendant. This case held that a carmaker's liability for a defective product reached beyond the immediate purchaser of that car.</p>
<p>Judge Cardozo eliminated that privity barrier to recovery and stated:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>If the nature of a thing is such that it is reasonably certain to place life and limb in peril when negligently made, it is then a thing of danger. Its nature gives warning of the consequence to be expected. If to the element of danger there is added knowledge that the thing will be used by persons other than the purchaser, and used without new tests, then, irrespective of contract, the manufacturer of this thing of danger is under a duty to make it carefully. That is as far as we need to go for the decision of this case. ... If he is negligent, where danger is to be foreseen, a liability will follow.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>What does the duty of care refer to?</strong></p>
<p>The <a href="https://lawshelf.com/courseware/entry/introduction-to-negligence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">duty of care</a> requires you to act as a reasonable person, acting under similar circumstances, would act. This is the <em>general</em> duty applicable in all negligence cases. Sometimes, however, there is a <em>special</em> duty imposed on a defendant by case law or statute in place of or in addition to the general duty (one simple example is a law requiring all residents of a city to shovel the snow on the sidewalk in front of their house after snowfall). Other variations to the level of care a duty imposes may include common carriers, doctors, etc.</p>
<p>To find a duty of care, a few states simply consider whether harming the plaintiff was a foreseeable consequence of the defendant's actions. Many more use some sort of multi-factor test to determine this. A California case, <em>Rowland v Christian</em>, 69 Cal. 2d 108 (1968) laid out this set of factors:</p>
<ul>
<li>the foreseeability of harm to the injured party;</li>
<li>the degree of certainty he or she suffered injury;</li>
<li>the closeness of the connection between the defendant’s conduct and the injury suffered;</li>
<li>the moral blame attached to the defendant’s conduct;</li>
<li>the policy of preventing future harm;</li>
<li>the extent of the burden to the defendant and the consequences to the community of imposing a duty of care with resulting liability for breach;</li>
<li>and the availability, cost, and prevalence of insurance for the risk involved</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_of_care" rel="nofollow noreferrer">As of about 8 years ago</a>, &quot;43 states used a multifactor analysis in 23 various incarnations.&quot;</p>
