england-and-wales ecommerce
Breach of contract between eBay users
<p>Breach of contract between eBay users</p>
<p>Bob bids on an item on eBay. He wins the auction. The seller, perhaps disappointed at the price the item had fetched, promptly&quot;cancels the order&quot; on spurious grounds of &quot;issues with the buyer's delivery address&quot;, when the auction was for collection from the seller's address by the buyer. The seller immediately relists the item with identical description and a rare enough item as it is with a higher starting price, thus breaking the contract. Bob hadn't yet had a chance to pay for the item before the seller cancelled it so there is no question of seeking a refund but does the contract of winning the auction not bind the seller as well as the buyer? Bob hadn't paid so have lost any money but he stole wants the item he won. How can he compel the seller to cancel the new auction and sell him the item as they contracted to do?</p>
<p>Related: <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/92528/lost-merchandise-replacement-or-refund">Lost merchandise: Replacement or refund</a></p>

<blockquote>
<p>How can he compel the seller to cancel the new auction and sell him the item as they contracted to do?</p>
</blockquote>
<h3>Expectation damages are the typical remedy for breach of contract</h3>
<p>The general measure of damages for breach of contract is <em>expectation damages</em>: &quot;the plaintiff will be entitled to the value of the promised performance&quot; (<em>Bank of America Canada v. Mutual Trust Co.</em>, <a href="https://canlii.ca/t/51s8#par26" rel="nofollow noreferrer">2002 SCC 43 at paragraph 26</a>); &quot;the purpose of expectation damages is to put the plaintiff in the same position it would have been <em>if the contract had been performed</em> (<em>Grandeur Homes Inc. v. Zeng</em>, <a href="https://canlii.ca/t/jgdx0#par19" rel="nofollow noreferrer">2021 ONSC 4005 at paragraph 19</a>).</p>
<p>This is a general principle of common-law contract law rooted in English jurisprudence. See <em>Robinson v. Harman</em> (1848) 1 Ex. 850, p. 855:</p>
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<p>The rule of the common law is, that where a party sustains a loss by reason of a breach of contract, he is, so far as money can do it, to be placed in the same situation, with respect to damages, as if the contract had been performed.</p>
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<p>This was recently confirmed by the U.K. Supreme Court in <em>Morris-Garner v. One Step (Support) Ltd.</em>, [2018] UKSC 20:</p>
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<p>Damage for breach of contract are ... a substitute for performance. That is why they are generally regarded as an adequate remedy. The courts <strong>will not prevent self-interested breaches of contract where the interests of the innocent party can be adequately protected by an award of damages.</strong></p>
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<h3>Specific performance is not usual</h3>
<p>Specific performance (cancelling the new auction and forcing the first sale) is an <em>exceptional</em> remedy for breach of contract. Specific performance is an <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/85675/what-are-equity-and-equitable-remedies">equitable remedy</a>. As an equitable remedy, it is always discretionary; the wronged party does not have a right to specific performance.</p>
<p>Specific performance may be ordered when:</p>
<ul>
<li>expectation damages are inadequate as a remedy</li>
<li>where the contract was for a sale of a particular piece of land (but even this has been limited in some jurisdictions to circumstances where the property is particularly unique)</li>
<li>difficulty in quantifying damages</li>
</ul>
<p>Specific performance is typically <em>not</em> ordered when a substitute is available by which expectation damages would be demonstrated.</p>
<p>See generally <em>Chitty on Contracts</em>, §30-015–30-025.</p>
