united-states defamation
Can victims of defamation get restitution from people who acted on the defamatory statements?
<p>Alice accuses Bob of animal abuse.  She uses her moderate social media following to harass Bob and get him fired, by having dozens of people call his job and demand to know why they employ an animal abuser.</p>
<p>Bob has not abused any animals, Alice has no evidence, and Bob has proof directly and incontrovertibly contradicting her claims.  The trial is a slam-dunk win for Bob.  Bob had a well-paying job, Alice is broke, and so could not possibly pay for Bob's lost pay.  Can Bob seek remedy from his former employer somehow?</p>

<p>To make headway in a suit against the employer, Bob has to establish that the employer has a duty to not fire him. In the US, firing could be illegal as discriminatory, but being an alleged animal abuser is not a protected class. There are other forms of wrongful termination such as retaliation for a legal action by the employee (reporting a wrong-doing or filing a workman's comp claim). In California, Connecticut, South Carolina, and Louisiana, political expression is a protected activity but otherwise you can be fires for being red in a blue shop. Montana does not adhere to the at-will employment doctrine, so after the probationary period, you can only be fired for <a href="https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/title_0390/chapter_0020/part_0090/section_0030/0390-0020-0090-0030.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">good cause</a> which</p>
<blockquote>
<p>means reasonable job-related grounds for dismissal based on a failure
to satisfactorily perform job duties, disruption of the employer's
operation, or other legitimate business reason. The legal use of a
lawful product by an individual off the employer's premises during
nonworking hours is not a legitimate business reason, unless the
employer acts within the provisions of 39-2-313(3) or (4).</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Elsewhere it reduces to a contractual question. As a tenured professor in the state university system of Ohio, there are specific criteria for firing Bob, which do not include being an actual animal abuser. So Bob might prevail in a lawsuit for damages against the university. But as a programmer working for Microsoft, pursuant to <a href="http://aaronhollingshead.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/2/13221669/msagreement.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">para 2 of the employment contract</a>, Bob can be fired at any time for any reason. As a star player for the Seattle Supersonics (<em>cough</em>), there is a specially crafted clause in the contract that only allows termination of the contract before the end of the 5 year term for &quot;egregiously immoral behavior&quot;. In that case, Bob would likely prevail in the lawsuit since he did not engage in egregiously immoral behavior, by any reasonable understanding of the expression. Barring such a contract clause, Bob is out of luck in a lawsuit against the employer.</p>

<blockquote>
<p>Can victims of defamation get restitution from people who acted on the defamatory statements? Can Bob seek remedy from his former employer somehow?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Bob might have also against the dozens of callers a viable claim of defamation, and it is unlikely that all callers are broke like Alice. The <a href="https://law.stackexchange.com/questions/72552/can-victims-of-defamation-get-restitution-from-people-who-acted-on-the-defamator#comment151070_72552">comment by Nate Eldredge</a> is accurate in regard to Bob's employer.</p>
<p>Callers' reliance on Alice's defamatory falsehood does not necessarily release them from liability. Bob could prevail from the standpoint of callers' <em>negligence</em>. See, for instance, <a href="http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(dsgiupx2tfq2uhqkfkfvam5m))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&amp;objectName=mcl-600-2911" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MCL 600.2911</a>(7). Since the spread of falsehoods on social media is a well-known risk, callers' deliberate propagation of Alice's falsehood constitutes <em>failure to exercise ordinary care</em> (see definition of <em>negligence</em> in <a href="http://heimatundrecht.de/sites/default/files/dokumente/Black%27sLaw4th.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Black's Law Dictionary</a>). In fact, your description reflects that the callers themselves made those statements to the employer. In this case, the recovery of what is known as <em>special damages</em> includes --but is not limited to-- compensation for lost income.</p>
<p>If Bob is a public figure, or sues also for <em>defamation per se</em>, or seeks exemplary &amp; punitive damages, his burden of proof is heavier. He will need to prove callers' <em>actual malice</em>, meaning that they acted with <em>reckless disregard</em> of whether or not Alice's statements were truthful.</p>
