The image shows a man standing in front of a projector screen in a lecture hall. He is giving a presentation and is gesturing with his hands as he speaks. The screen displays a slide with text that reads "Recent Changes: The allocation of effort to discovery and search has changed as a consequence. The changes are due to improved information technologies, growing complexity of research, and policies favoring collaborative and interdisciplinary research. We explore these issues using a panel of 110 U.S. universities and 12 fields observed over the period of 1983-1999. This sample accounts for more than 80% of academic research spending in the U. S." There are people sitting in the audience, attentively listening to the presentation.