# የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ
የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በመረጃ ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የትምህርት መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የእውቀት አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል።
ከታሪክ አኳያ የመረጃ ሳይንስ (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከሥነ ልቦና፣ ከቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ ንግድ፣ ህግ፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ሂሳብ፣ ፍልስፍና፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል።

## መሠረቶች
ወሰን እና ቅርብ
የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የቴክኖሎጂ ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3]
ፍቺዎች
የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል።
"የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር   ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5]
የመረጃ ፍልስፍና
የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በስነ-ልቦና፣ በኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በፍልስፍና መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10]

## ሙያዎች
የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት
የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል።  ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል።
የስርዓት ተንታኝ
የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና ምርታማነትን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ።
የመረጃ ባለሙያ
የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን።

## ታሪክ
ቀደምት ጅምር
የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የእውቀት ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ ቤተ መጻሕፍት እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የባህል ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ ታሪክ ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ (ሎንዶን) የፍልስፍና ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው።
የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ 18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የፊላዴልፊያ ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በማሳቹሴትስ ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በማሳቹሴትስ ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ (ፓሪስ) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የሕክምና መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ (ሎንዶን) ላይ የተቀረጸው የአሜሪካ የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በፊላደልፊያ ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በጀርመን ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል።

## ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ
የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ ፌስቡክ እና ትዊተር ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ  "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ.

## የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች
የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው።
የመረጃ ተደራሽነት
የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ጥናት ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት ህግ እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ እውቀትን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ።
መረጃ መፈለግ
መረጃ መፈለግ በሰው እና በቴክኖሎጂ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል።
የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት
የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የእውቀት ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። አመክንዮው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው።

## ዋቢዎች
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Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, 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## ምንጮች
- Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X
- Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601Library Quarterly. 66 (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864
- Wark, McKenzie (1997). The Virtual Republic. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards
- Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". Library & Information Science Research. 23 (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811


## ተጨማሪ ንባብ
- Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5


## ውጫዊ አገናኞች
- https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ".
- https://www.ischools.org/
- http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html
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- https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html
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- https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making


የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ
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'''የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ''' (የመረጃ ጥናቶች በመባልም ይታወቃል) በዋነኛነት በመተንተን፣ በመሰብሰብ፣ በመመደብ፣ በማታለል፣ በማከማቸት፣ በማንሳት፣ በመንቀሳቀስ፣ በማሰራጨት እና በ[[የመረጃ ኅብረተሠብ|መረጃ]] ጥበቃ ላይ የሚያተኩር የ[[ትምህርት]] መስክ ነው።[1] በመስክ ውስጥ እና ከውጪ ያሉ ባለሙያዎች የመረጃ ስርአቶችን የመፍጠር፣ የመተካት፣ የማሻሻል ወይም የመረዳት አላማ በሰዎች፣ በድርጅቶች እና በማናቸውም ነባር የመረጃ ስርዓቶች መካከል ካለው መስተጋብር በተጨማሪ በድርጅቶች ውስጥ የ[[እውቀት]] አተገባበር እና አጠቃቀም ያጠናል።

ከታሪክ አኳያ [[የመረጃ ሳይንስ]] (ኢንፎርማቲክስ) ከ[[ኮምፒዩተር ሳይንስ]]፣ ከዳታ ሳይንስ፣ ከ[[ሥነ-ልቦና|ሥነ ልቦና፣]] ከ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]]፣ ከቤተመፃህፍት ሳይንስ፣ ከጤና አጠባበቅ እና ከስለላ ኤጀንሲዎች ጋር የተያያዘ ነው።[2] ሆኖም፣ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እንደ አርኪቫል ሳይንስ፣ የግንዛቤ ሳይንስ፣ [[ንግድ]]፣ [[ህግ]]፣ የቋንቋ ሳይንስ፣ ሙዚዮሎጂ፣ አስተዳደር፣ [[ሂሳብ]]፣ [[ፍልስፍና]]፣ የህዝብ ፖሊሲ ​​እና ማህበራዊ ሳይንሶች ያሉ የተለያዩ ዘርፎችን ያካትታል።

== መሠረቶች ==
'''ወሰን እና ቅርብ'''

የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ችግሮችን ከሚመለከታቸው ባለድርሻ አካላት አንፃር በመረዳት መረጃን እና ሌሎች ቴክኖሎጂዎችን እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ በመተግበር ላይ ያተኩራል። በሌላ አገላለጽ፣ በዚያ ሥርዓት ውስጥ ካሉ የ[[ቴክኖሎጂ]] ክፍሎች ይልቅ በመጀመሪያ የስርዓት ችግሮችን ይፈታል ማለት ነው። በዚህ ረገድ አንድ ሰው የመረጃ ሳይንስን ለቴክኖሎጂ ቆራጥነት ምላሽ አድርጎ ማየት ይችላል, ቴክኖሎጂ "በራሱ ህጎች ያድጋል, የራሱን እምቅ ችሎታ የሚገነዘበው, በሚገኙ ቁሳዊ ሀብቶች እና በገንቢዎቹ ፈጠራ ብቻ የተገደበ ነው. ስለዚህ ሁሉንም ሌሎች የህብረተሰብ ስርአቶችን የሚቆጣጠር እና የሚያሰራጭ ራሱን የቻለ ስርዓት ተደርጎ ይወሰድ።"[3]

'''ፍቺዎች'''

የመጀመሪያው የታወቀው "የመረጃ ሳይንስ" ቃል አጠቃቀም በ1955 ነበር።[4] የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ቀደምት ፍቺ (ወደ 1968 የአሜሪካ ሰነድ ኢንስቲትዩት እራሱን የአሜሪካ የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ማህበር ብሎ የሰየመበት አመት) እንዲህ ይላል።

"የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የመረጃ ባህሪ እና ባህሪን ፣ የመረጃ ፍሰትን የሚቆጣጠሩ ሀይሎችን እና የመረጃ አያያዝ ዘዴዎችን ለተመቻቸ ተደራሽነት እና አጠቃቀም የሚመረምር   ዲሲፕሊን ነው ። አመጣጡን ፣ አሰባሰብን በሚመለከት የእውቀት አካልን ይመለከታል። አደረጃጀት፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት፣ አተረጓጎም፣ ማስተላለፍ፣ መለወጥ እና መረጃን መጠቀም ይህ በተፈጥሮም ሆነ በአርቴፊሻል ሲስተም ውስጥ ያሉ የመረጃ ውክልናዎች ትክክለኛነት፣ የተቀላጠፈ መልእክት ለማስተላለፍ ኮዶችን መጠቀም እና የመረጃ ማቀነባበሪያ መሳሪያዎችን እና ቴክኒኮችን ማጥናትን ያጠቃልላል። እንደ ኮምፒውተር እና የፕሮግራም አወጣጥ ስርዓታቸው፡ ከሂሳብ፣ ከሎጂክ፣ ከቋንቋ፣ ከስነ ልቦና፣ ከኮምፒዩተር ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ከኦፕሬሽን ምርምር፣ ከግራፊክ ጥበብ፣ ከግንኙነት፣ ከማኔጅመንት እና ከሌሎች ተመሳሳይ ዘርፎች የተገኘ እና ተያያዥነት ያለው ኢንተርዲሲፕሊናዊ ሳይንስ ነው። አፕሊኬሽኑን ሳይመለከት ጉዳዩን የሚጠይቅ ንጹህ የሳይንስ ክፍል እና አገልግሎቶችን እና ምርቶችን የሚያዳብር ተግባራዊ ሳይንስ አካል። (ቦርኮ 1968፣ ገጽ 3) [5]

'''የመረጃ ፍልስፍና'''

የመረጃ ፍልስፍና በ[[ስነ-ልቦና]]፣ በ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]]፣ በኢንፎርሜሽን ቴክኖሎጂ እና በ[[ፍልስፍና]] መገናኛ ላይ የሚነሱ ፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ጉዳዮችን ያጠናል። ተለዋዋጭ ሁኔታዎችን ፣ አጠቃቀሙን እና ሳይንሶችን እንዲሁም የመረጃ-ንድፈ-ሀሳባዊ እና ስሌት ዘዴዎችን በፍልስፍና ችግሮቹ ላይ ማብራራት እና መተግበርን ጨምሮ የፅንሰ-ሀሳባዊ ተፈጥሮ እና የመረጃ መሰረታዊ መርሆችን መመርመርን ያጠቃልላል።[10]

== ሙያዎች ==
'''የመረጃ ሳይንቲስት'''

የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንቲስት ግለሰብ ነው፣ ብዙውን ጊዜ ተዛማጅነት ያለው የትምህርት አይነት ዲግሪ ወይም ከፍተኛ የትምህርት ደረጃ ያለው፣ በኢንዱስትሪ ውስጥ ላሉ ሳይንሳዊ እና ቴክኒካል ምርምር ሰራተኞች ወይም መምህራንን እና ተማሪዎችን በአካዳሚ ትምህርት የሚሰጥ መረጃ የሚሰጥ ነው። የኢንደስትሪው *የመረጃ ስፔሻሊስት/ሳይንቲስት* እና የአካዳሚክ መረጃ ርዕሰ ጉዳይ ስፔሻሊስት/ላይብረሪያን በአጠቃላይ ተመሳሳይ የርእሰ-ጉዳይ ዳራ ስልጠና አላቸው፣ነገር ግን የአካዳሚክ ቦታ ያዡ ሁለተኛ ዲግሪ (MLS/MI/MA in IS, e.g.) እንዲይዝ ይጠበቅበታል።  ከርዕሰ ጉዳይ ማስተር በተጨማሪ በመረጃ እና በቤተመጻሕፍት ጥናቶች። ርዕሱ በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ላይ ምርምር የሚያደርግ ግለሰብንም ይመለከታል።

'''የስርዓት ተንታኝ'''

የስርዓት ተንታኝ ለአንድ የተወሰነ ፍላጎት የመረጃ ስርዓቶችን በመፍጠር፣ በመንደፍ እና በማሻሻል ላይ ይሰራል። ብዙ ጊዜ የስርዓት ተንታኞች በድርጅቱ (ዎች) ውስጥ ቅልጥፍናን እና [[ምርታማነት]]ን ለማሻሻል ድርጅታዊ ሂደቶችን እና መረጃን የማግኘት ቴክኒኮችን ለመገምገም እና ለመተግበር ከአንድ ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ከሆኑ ንግዶች ጋር ይሰራሉ።

'''የመረጃ ባለሙያ'''

የመረጃ ባለሙያ ማለት መረጃን የሚጠብቅ፣ የሚያደራጅ እና የሚያሰራጭ ግለሰብ ነው። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች የተቀዳ እውቀትን በማደራጀት እና በማንሳት የተካኑ ናቸው። በተለምዶ ሥራቸው ከሕትመት ዕቃዎች ጋር ነው, ነገር ግን እነዚህ ችሎታዎች በኤሌክትሮኒክስ, ምስላዊ, ኦዲዮ እና ዲጂታል ቁሳቁሶች እየጨመሩ መጥተዋል. የመረጃ ባለሙያዎች በተለያዩ የህዝብ፣ የግል፣ ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ እና የትምህርት ተቋማት ውስጥ ይሰራሉ። የመረጃ ባለሙያዎችም በድርጅታዊ እና በኢንዱስትሪ ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ ሊገኙ ይችላሉ. የስርዓት ንድፍ እና ልማት እና የስርዓት ትንተና የሚያካትቱ ሚናዎችን ማከናወን።

== ታሪክ ==
'''ቀደምት ጅምር'''

የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ መረጃን መሰብሰብ፣ መመደብ፣ ማጭበርበር፣ ማከማቻ፣ ሰርስሮ ማውጣት እና ማሰራጨት በማጥናት የሰው ልጅ የ[[እውቀት]] ክምችት ውስጥ ነው። የመረጃ ትንተና የተካሄደው ቢያንስ በአሦር ኢምፓየር ዘመን ባሁኑ ጊዜ [[ቤተ መጻሕፍት]] እና መዛግብት በመባል የሚታወቁት የ[[ባህል]] ማስቀመጫዎች ብቅ እያሉ ነው።[14] በተቋም ደረጃ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ከሌሎች በርካታ የማህበራዊ ሳይንስ ዘርፎች ጋር ብቅ አለ። እንደ ሳይንስ ግን በሳይንስ [[ታሪክ]] ውስጥ ተቋማዊ ሥረ መሰረቱን ያገኘው በ1665 በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) የ[[ፍልስፍና]] ግብይቶች የመጀመሪያ እትሞችን ባጠቃላይ እንደ መጀመሪያው ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔት ከታተመ ጀምሮ ነው።

የሳይንስ ተቋማዊነት በ [[18ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት|18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን]] ውስጥ ተከስቷል. እ.ኤ.አ. በ1731 [[ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን]] በሕዝባዊ ዜጎች ቡድን ባለቤትነት የተያዘውን የ[[ፊላዴልፊያ]] ላይብረሪ ካምፓኒ አቋቋመ፣ እሱም በፍጥነት ከመጻሕፍት ግዛት አልፎ የሳይንሳዊ ሙከራ ማዕከል የሆነው እና የህዝብ ሳይንሳዊ ሙከራዎችን ያቀረበ።[15] ] ቤንጃሚን ፍራንክሊን በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ከተማ ለሁሉም በነጻ እንዲገኝ ድምጽ የሰጠችውን የመፅሃፍ ስብስብ በ[[ማሣቹሰትስ|ማሳቹሴትስ]] ላይ ኢንቨስት አድርጓል።[16] አካዳሚ ደ ቺሩርጊያ ([[ፓሪስ]]) በ1736 የመጀመሪያው የ[[ሕክምና]] መጽሔት ተብሎ የሚታሰበውን Memoires pour les Chirurgiens አሳተመ። በሮያል ሶሳይቲ ([[ለንደን|ሎንዶን]]) ላይ የተቀረጸው የ[[አሜሪካ]] የፍልስፍና ማህበር በ1743 በ[[ፊላዴልፊያ|ፊላደልፊያ]] ተቋቋመ። እንደ ሌሎች በርካታ ሳይንሳዊ መጽሔቶች እና ማህበረሰቦች ተመስርተው፣ አሎይስ ሴኔፌልደር በ1796 በ[[ጀርመን]] ውስጥ በጅምላ ማተሚያ ስራ ላይ የሚውል የሊቶግራፊን ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ አዳብረዋል።

== ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በሰዎች እና በኢንዱስትሪ ላይ የሚያሳድረው ተጽዕኖ ==
የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ኔትወርኮች ብዙ ጊዜ ወይም ባህላዊ የመረጃ ስርጭት መዳረሻ ላላቸው ሰዎች ክፍት የመረጃ አካባቢን ይሰጣሉ፣ "[26] የማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ውህደት እንደ የመዳረሻ ነጥብ ለተጠቃሚዎች እና አቅራቢዎች በጣም ጠቃሚ እና ሁለገብ ጠቃሚ መሳሪያ ነው። ሁሉም ዋና ዋና የዜና አቅራቢዎች ታይነት እና እንደ [[ፌስቡክ]] እና [[ትዊተር]] ባሉ አውታረ መረቦች በኩል የተመልካቾችን ስፋት ከፍ በማድረግ የመድረሻ ነጥብ አላቸው። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ሰዎች መረጃን በሚያውቁት ሰዎች ይመራሉ ወይም ይሰጣሉ። "በ...ይዘት ላይ ማጋራት፣ ላይክ እና አስተያየት የመስጠት" [28] መቻል ተደራሽነቱን ከባህላዊ ዘዴዎች የበለጠ እና ሰፊ ያደርገዋል። ሰዎች ከመረጃ ጋር መገናኘት ይወዳሉ፣ የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎች በእውቀት ክበባቸው ውስጥ ማካተት ያስደስታቸዋል። በማህበራዊ ሚዲያ ማጋራት በጣም ተደማጭነት ስላለው አሳታሚዎች ስኬታማ ለመሆን ከፈለጉ "በጥሩ መጫወት" አለባቸው። ምንም እንኳን ሁለቱንም የተጠቃሚ መሰረት ተሞክሮዎች ለማሻሻል ብዙ ጊዜ ለአሳታሚዎች እና ፌስቡክ  "አዲስ ይዘትን ማጋራት፣ ማስተዋወቅ እና ይፋ ማድረግ"[28] በጋራ ይጠቅማል። የብዙዎች አስተያየት ተጽእኖ ሊታሰብ በማይቻል መንገድ ሊሰራጭ ይችላል. ማህበራዊ ሚዲያ በቀላሉ ለመማር እና በመሳሪያዎች ተደራሽነት መስተጋብር ይፈቅዳል። ዎል ስትሪት ጆርናል በፌስቡክ በኩል መተግበሪያን ያቀርባል፣ እና ዋሽንግተን ፖስት አንድ እርምጃ ወደ ፊት ሄዶ በ6 ወራት ውስጥ በ19.5 ሚሊዮን ተጠቃሚዎች የወረደ ራሱን የቻለ ማህበራዊ መተግበሪያ ያቀርባል፣ መረጃ.

== የምርምር ዘርፎች እና መተግበሪያዎች ==
የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ የሚመረምረው እና የሚያዳብርባቸው የሚከተሉት ዘርፎች ናቸው።

'''የመረጃ ተደራሽነት'''

የመረጃ ተደራሽነት የኢንፎርማቲክስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ የኢንፎርሜሽን ደህንነት፣ የቋንቋ ቴክኖሎጂ እና የ[[ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ]] መገናኛ ላይ የምርምር መስክ ነው። የመረጃ ተደራሽነት [[ጥናት]] ዓላማዎች ብዙ እና ያልተጠቀሙ መረጃዎችን በራስ ሰር ማቀናበር እና የተጠቃሚዎችን ተደራሽነት ቀላል ማድረግ ነው። መብቶችን ስለመስጠት እና ያልተፈቀዱ ተጠቃሚዎችን መዳረሻ ስለመገደብስ? የተደራሽነት መጠን ለመረጃው በተሰጠው የማረጋገጫ ደረጃ መገለጽ አለበት። ተፈፃሚነት ያላቸው ቴክኖሎጂዎች መረጃን ማግኘት፣ የጽሑፍ ማዕድን ማውጣት፣ የጽሑፍ ማረም፣ የማሽን ትርጉም እና የጽሑፍ ምድብ ያካትታሉ። በውይይት ውስጥ፣ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት ብዙውን ጊዜ የነጻ እና የተዘጋ ወይም የህዝብ የመረጃ ተደራሽነት መድንን በሚመለከት ይገለጻል እና በቅጂ መብት፣ በፓተንት [[ሕግ|ህግ]] እና በህዝባዊ አገልግሎት ላይ በሚደረጉ ውይይቶች ይነሳል። የህዝብ ቤተ መፃህፍት የመረጃ ማረጋገጫ [[እውቀት]]ን ለመስጠት ግብዓቶችን ይፈልጋሉ።

'''መረጃ መፈለግ'''

መረጃ መፈለግ በ[[ሰው]] እና በ[[ቴክኖዎሎጂ|ቴክኖሎጂ]] ሁኔታዎች ውስጥ መረጃን ለማግኘት የመሞከር ሂደት ወይም እንቅስቃሴ ነው። መረጃ መፈለግ ከመረጃ ማግኛ (IR) ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ነገር ግን የተለየ ነው። ብዙ የቤተ-መጻህፍት እና የመረጃ ሳይንስ (LIS) ምርምር በተለያዩ የሙያ ስራዎች መስክ ውስጥ ባሉ ባለሙያዎች መረጃ ፍለጋ ልምዶች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው. የቤተ-መጻህፍት ባለሙያዎች፣[35] ምሁራን፣[36] የህክምና ባለሙያዎች፣ [37] መሐንዲሶች [38] እና ጠበቆች [39] (ሌሎችም መካከል) መረጃ የመፈለግ ባህሪ ላይ ጥናቶች ተካሂደዋል። አብዛኛው ይህ ጥናት በሌኪ፣ ፔትግሪው (አሁን ፊሸር) እና ሲልቫን በ1996 የኤልአይኤስን ስነ-ጽሁፍ (እንዲሁም የሌሎች አካዳሚያዊ መስኮች ስነ-ጽሁፍ) የባለሙያዎችን መረጃ በመፈለግ ላይ ሰፊ ግምገማ ባደረጉት ስራ ላይ ተወስዷል።

'''የእውቀት ውክልና እና ምክንያታዊነት'''

የእውቀት ውክልና (KR) እውቀትን በምልክቶች ውስጥ ለመወከል የታለመ የሰው ሰራሽ ኢንተለጀንስ ጥናት አካባቢ ሲሆን ከእነዚህ የ[[እውቀት]] ክፍሎች መረዳትን ለማመቻቸት እና አዳዲስ የእውቀት ክፍሎችን መፍጠር። KR ከስር የእውቀት ሞዴል ወይም የእውቀት መሰረት ስርዓት (KBS) እንደ የትርጉም አውታረመረብ ነጻ እንዲሆን ማድረግ ይቻላል።[42]የ[[እውቀት]] ውክልና (KR) ምርምር እንዴት በትክክል እና በትክክል ማመዛዘን እንደሚቻል እና በእውቀት ጎራ ውስጥ ያሉ የእውነታዎችን ስብስብ ለመወከል የምልክት ስብስቦችን እንዴት መጠቀም እንደሚቻል ላይ ትንተናን ያካትታል። የምልክት መዝገበ ቃላት እና የአመክንዮ ስርዓት አንድ ላይ ተጣምረው በKR ውስጥ ስላሉት ንጥረ ነገሮች ግምቶችን ለማስቻል አዲስ የKR ዓረፍተ ነገሮችን ለመፍጠር። አመክንዮ የማመዛዘን ተግባራት በKR ስርዓት ውስጥ ባሉ ምልክቶች ላይ እንዴት መተግበር እንዳለባቸው መደበኛ ትርጓሜዎችን ለማቅረብ ይጠቅማል። አመክንዮ ኦፕሬተሮች እንዴት እውቀቱን እንደሚያስኬዱ እና እንደሚያሻሽሉ ለመግለጽ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል። የኦፕሬተሮች እና ኦፕሬሽኖች ምሳሌዎች፣ አሉታዊነት፣ ትስስር፣ ተውላጠ-ቃላት፣ ቅጽሎች፣ ኳንቲፊየሮች እና ሞዳል ኦፕሬተሮችን ያካትታሉ። [[ስነ አምክንዮ|አመክንዮ]]ው የትርጓሜ ቲዎሪ ነው። እነዚህ ንጥረ ነገሮች-ምልክቶች፣ ኦፕሬተሮች እና የትርጓሜ ፅንሰ-ሀሳብ በKR ውስጥ የምልክቶችን ቅደም ተከተል የሚሰጡ ናቸው።

== ዋቢዎች ==

# Stock, W.G., & Stock, M. (2013) https://books.google.com/books?id=d1PnBQAAQBAJ&q=%22information+science%22 Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur.
# Yan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23) https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510 ''Information''. '''2''' (3): 510–527. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Finfo2030510
# https://web.archive.org/web/20111112233108/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/TECHNO_DETER.html Principia Cibernetica Web. Archived from http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html {{Wayback|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ASC/Techno_deter.html |date=20111112233108 }} on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
# https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information%20science ''www.merriam-webster.com''. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2017-09-25.
# Borko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? ''American Documentation'' 19(1), 3¬5. 
# Luciano Floridi, http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pci/downloads/introduction.pdf |date=20121009171740 }} 2012-03-16 at the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine ''Metaphilosophy'', 2002, (33), 1/2
# Garshol, L. M. (2004)https://web.archive.org/web/20081017174807/http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773  ''Archived from'' http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tm-vs-thesauri.html#N773 ''on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.''
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber  (June 1993). http://tomgruber.org/writing/ontolingua-kaj-1993.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Acquisition'''5''' (2): 199–220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.101.7493 from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
# Arvidsson, F.; Flycht-Eriksson, A.https://web.archive.org/web/20081217030507/http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 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}}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }}{{Wayback|url=http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf |date=20081217030507 }} Archived from http://www.ida.liu.se/~janma/SemWeb/Slides/ontologies1.pdf<nowiki/>PDF) on 17 December 2008. 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# Emard, J. P. (1976). "An information science chronology in perspective". ''Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science''. '''2''' (8): 51–56.
# Smith, E. S. (1993). "On the shoulders of giants: From Boole to Shannon to Taube: The origins and development of computerized information from the mid-19th century to the present". ''Information Technology and Libraries''. '''12''' (2): 217–226.
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== ምንጮች ==

* Borko, H. (1968)."የመረጃ ሳይንስ: ምንድን ነው?". የአሜሪካ ሰነድ. ዊሊ. 19 (1)፡ 3–5.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasi.5090190103 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier) https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-946X
* Leckie, Gloria J.; Pettigrew, Karen E.; Sylvain, Christian (1996).https://semanticscholar.org/paper/4a6306d8d099966ffde9f3a0e4d11272727be601''Library Quarterly''. '''66''' (2): 161–193.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1086%2F602864 
* Wark, McKenzie (1997). ''The Virtual Republic''. Allen & Unwin, St Leonards 
* Wilkinson, Margaret A (2001). "ችግርን ለመፍታት በጠበቆች የሚጠቀሙባቸው የመረጃ ምንጮች፡ ተጨባጭ ዳሰሳ". ''Library & Information Science Research''. '''23''' (3): 257–276 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier) https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0740-8188%2801%2900082-2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59067811

== ተጨማሪ ንባብ ==

* Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi (2005-03-22). የመረጃ ሳይንስ እና ቴክኖሎጂ ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ. የሃሳብ ቡድን ማጣቀሻ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-553-5

== ውጫዊ አገናኞች ==

* https://www.asist.org/ "በኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ ልምምድ እና በምርምር መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት የሚያጠናቅቅ የባለሙያ ማህበር። ASIS & T አባላት የኢንፎርሜሽን ሳይንስ፣ ኮምፒውተር ሳይንስ፣ ሊንጉስቲክስ፣ አስተዳደር፣ ላይብረሪያንሺፕ፣ ምህንድስና፣ የውሂብ ሳይንስ፣ የመረጃ አርክቴክቸር፣ ህግ፣ ህክምና፣ ኬሚስትሪ፣ ትምህርት እና ተዛማጅ ጉዳዮችን ይወክላሉ። ቴክኖሎጂ".
* https://www.ischools.org/
* http://www.success.co.il/is/index.html
* http://jis.sagepub.com/
* http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120521123701/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/ISB/Science.asp
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110319220648/http://www.twu.edu/library/Nitecki/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110221054829/http://gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/Berkeley.html
* http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM {{Wayback|url=http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/istchron/ISCNET/ISCHRON.HTM |date=20110514235219 }}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140605070024/http://libres.curtin.edu.au/
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_decision-making