text: # Ruthenium
  Chăng-kō̤ Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Háng-cê gì bēng-buōng. / 參考閩東語漢字其版本。
  Ruthenium sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gĭng-sṳ̆k, iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng huá-hŏk nguòng-só.  Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só sê 44, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Ru.
title: Ruthenium
wikitext: {{twinLAT|釕}}
  {{Infobox element
  |number=44
  |symbol=Ru
  |name=Rutheni
  |enname=ruthenium
  |laname=ruthenium
  |left=[[technetium|Tecneti]]
  |right=[[rhodium|Rhodi]]
  |above=[[tiék]]
  |below=[[osmium|Osmi]]
  |series=guó-dô gĭng-sṳ̆k
  |group=8
  |period=5
  |block=d
  |image name=Ruthenium a half bar.jpg
  |appearance=silvery white metallic
  |atomic mass=101.07
  |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
  |atomic mass 2=2
  |atomic mass comment=
  |electron configuration=&#91;[[krypton|Kr]]&#93; 4d<sup>7</sup> 5s<sup>1</sup>
  |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 15, 1
  |density gpcm3nrt=12.45
  |density gpcm3mp=10.65
  |melting point K=2607
  |melting point C=2334
  |melting point F=4233
  |boiling point K=4423
  |boiling point C=4150
  |boiling point F=7502
  |heat fusion=38.59
  |heat vaporization=619
  |heat capacity=24.06
  |vapor pressure 1=2588
  |vapor pressure 10=2811
  |vapor pressure 100=3087
  |vapor pressure 1 k=3424
  |vapor pressure 10 k=3845
  |vapor pressure 100 k=4388
  |vapor pressure comment=
  |crystal structure=hexagonal close packed
  |oxidation states=-4, -2, 1,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openmopac.net/data_normal/ruthenium(i)%20fluoride_jmol.html|title=Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data|accessdate=2007-12-10|publisher=OpenMOPAC.net|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721084328/http://openmopac.net/data_normal/ruthenium%28i%29%20fluoride_jmol.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> 2, '''3''', '''4''', 5, 6, 7, 8 
  |oxidation states comment=(a&nbsp;mildly [[acid]]ic oxide)
  |electronegativity=2.2
  |number of ionization energies=3
  |ionization energy 1=710.2
  |ionization energy 2=1620
  |ionization energy 3=2747
  |atomic radius=134
  |covalent radius=146±7
  |magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]]
  |magnetic ordering ref=<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</ref>
  |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
  |electrical resistivity at 0=71
  |thermal conductivity=117
  |thermal expansion at 25=6.4
  |speed of sound rod at 20=5970
  |Young's modulus=447
  |Shear modulus=173
  |Bulk modulus=220
  |Poisson ratio=0.30
  |Mohs hardness=6.5
  |Brinell hardness=2160
  |CAS number=7440-18-8
  |isotopes=
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=96 | sym=Ru | na=5.52% | hl=[[1 E19 s and more|>6.7×10<sup>16</sup>&nbsp;y]] | dm=([[double beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>β<sup>+</sup>]]) | de=2.7188 | link1=molybdenum-96 | pn=96 | ps=Mo}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=97 | sym=Ru
   | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E5 s|2.9&nbsp;d]]
   | dm1=[[electron capture|ε]] | de1=– | link1=technetium-97 | pn1=97 | ps1=Tc
   | dm2=[[gamma radiation|γ]] | de2=0.215, 0.324 | pn2= | ps2=–}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=98 | sym=Ru | na=1.88% | hl=– | dm=([[spontaneous fission|SF]]) | de=<11.690 | pn= | ps=– }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=99 | sym=Ru | na=12.7% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<12.368 | pn= | ps=– }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=100 | sym=Ru | na=12.6% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<13.634 | pn= | ps=– }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=101 | sym=Ru | na=17.0% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<13.205 | pn= | ps=– }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=102 | sym=Ru | na=31.6% | hl=– | dm=(SF) | de=<12.049 | pn= | ps=– }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay2 | mn=103 | sym=Ru
   | na=syn | hl=[[1 E6 s|39.26&nbsp;d]]
   | dm1=[[beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de1=0.226 | link1=rhodium-103 | pn1=103 | ps1=Rh
   | dm2=γ | de2=0.497 | pn2= | ps2=–}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=104 | sym=Ru | na=18.7% | hl=– | dm=([[double beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>β<sup>−</sup>]]) | de=1.2997 | link1=palladium-104 | pn=104 | ps=Pd }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=106 | sym=Ru
   | na=syn | hl=[[1 E7 s|373.59&nbsp;d]]
   | dm=β<sup>−</sup> | de=0.039 | link1=rhodium-106 | pn=106 | ps=Rh}}
  |isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed
  |naming=after ''{{lang|la|[[Ruthenia]]}}'' (Latin for: medieval [[Kievan Rus'|Kyivska Rus']] region)
  |discovery and first isolation by=[[Karl Ernst Claus]]
  |discovery date=1844
  }}
  '''Ruthenium''' sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[gĭng-sṳ̆k]], iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[huá-hŏk nguòng-só]].  [[Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só]] sê 44, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Ru.
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