text: # Hafnium
  Chăng-kō̤ Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Háng-cê gì bēng-buōng. / 參考閩東語漢字其版本。
  Hafnium sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gĭng-sṳ̆k, iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng huá-hŏk nguòng-só.  Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só sê 72, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Hf.
  
title: Hafnium
wikitext: {{twinLAT|鉿}}
  {{Infobox element
  |number=72
  |symbol=Hf
  |name=Hafni
  |enname=hafnium
  |laname=hafnium
  |left=[[lutetium|Luteti]]
  |right=[[tantalum|Tantan]]
  |above=[[zirconium|Zirconi]]
  |below=[[rutherfordium|Rutherfordi]]
  |series=guó-dô gĭng-sṳ̆k
  |group=4
  |period=6
  |block=d
  |image name=Hf-crystal bar.jpg
  |image name 2=Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png
  |image name 2 comment=[[Spectral line]]s of hafnium (400&ndash;700&nbsp;nm)
  |appearance=steel gray
  |atomic mass=178.49
  |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
  |atomic mass 2=2
  |atomic mass comment=
  |electron configuration=&#91;[[Xenon|Xe]]&#93; 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>2</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
  |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
  |phase=gó-tā̤
  |density gpcm3nrt=13.31
  |density gpcm3mp=12
  |melting point K=2506
  |melting point C=2233
  |melting point F=4051
  |boiling point K=4876
  |boiling point C=4603
  |boiling point F=8317
  |heat fusion=27.2
  |heat vaporization=648
  |heat capacity=25.73
  |vapor pressure 1=2689
  |vapor pressure 10=2954
  |vapor pressure 100=3277
  |vapor pressure 1 k=3679
  |vapor pressure 10 k=4194
  |vapor pressure 100 k=4876
  |vapor pressure comment=
  |crystal structure=hexagonal close packed
  |oxidation states='''4''', 3, 2, 1, −2
  |oxidation states comment=(an [[amphoterism|amphoteric]] oxide)
  |electronegativity=1.3
  |number of ionization energies=3
  |ionization energy 1=658.5
  |ionization energy 2=1440
  |ionization energy 3=2250
  |atomic radius=159
  |covalent radius=175±10
  |magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]]
  |magnetic ordering ref=<ref name=magnet>{{cite book | url = http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | chapter = Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds | editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5 | accessdate = 2018-06-03 | archive-date = 2011-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | deadurl =  }}</ref>
  |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
  |electrical resistivity at 20=331
  |thermal conductivity=23.0
  |thermal expansion at 25=5.9
  |speed of sound rod at 20=3010
  |Young's modulus=78
  |Shear modulus=30
  |Bulk modulus=110
  |Poisson ratio=0.37
  |Mohs hardness=5.5
  |Vickers hardness=1520–2060
  |Brinell hardness=1450–2100
  |CAS number=7440-58-6
  |isotopes=
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=172 | sym=Hf
   | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=1.87&nbsp;y
   | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=0.350 | link1=lutetium-172| pn=172 | ps=Lu}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=174 | sym=Hf
   | na=0.162% | hl=2&times;10<sup>15</sup>&nbsp;y
   | dm=[[alpha emission|α]] | de=2.495 | link1=ytterbium-170 | pn=170 | ps=Yb}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=176 | sym=Hf | na=5.206% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=2.2550 | link1=ytterbium-172 | pn=172 | ps=Yb }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=177 | sym=Hf | na=18.606% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=2.2449 | link1=ytterbium-173 | pn=173 | ps=Yb }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=178 | sym=Hf | na=27.297% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=2.0832 | link1=ytterbium-174 | pn=174 | ps=Yb }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=178[[Nuclear isomer|m2]] | sym=Hf
   | na=syn | hl=31&nbsp;y
   | dm=[[Gamma ray|IT]] | de=2.446 | pn=178 | ps=Hf }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=179 | sym=Hf | na=13.629% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=1.8065 | link1=ytterbium-175 | pn=175 | ps=Yb }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=180 | sym=Hf | na=35.1% | hl=– | dm=(α) | de=1.2828 | link1=ytterbium-176 | pn=176 | ps=Yb }}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=182 | sym=Hf
   | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=8.9&times;10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;y
   | dm=[[beta emission|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.373 | link1=tantalum-182 | pn=182 | ps=Ta }}
  |isotopes comment=Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed
  |naming=after ''{{lang|la|[[Hafnia (Latin)|Hafnia]]}}''. Latin for: [[Copenhagen]], where it was discovered
  |predicted by=[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]
  |prediction date=1869
  |discovery and first isolation by=[[Dirk Coster]] and [[George de Hevesy]]
  |discovery date=1922
  }}
  '''Hafnium''' sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[gĭng-sṳ̆k]], iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[huá-hŏk nguòng-só]].  [[Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só]] sê 72, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Hf.
  
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