text: # Germanium
  Chăng-kō̤ Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Háng-cê gì bēng-buōng. / 參考閩東語漢字其版本。
  Germanium sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gĭng-sṳ̆k, iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng huá-hŏk nguòng-só.  Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só sê 32, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Ge.
  
title: Germanium
wikitext: {{twinLAT|鍺}}
  {{infobox element
  |number=32
  |symbol=Ge
  |name=Gecmani
  |enname=germanium
  |laname=germanium
  |left=[[gallium|Gali]]
  |right=[[Piĕ (nguòng-só)|Piĕ]]
  |above=[[Sĭk (nguòng-só)|Sĭk]]
  |below=[[Sék]]
  |series=lôi-gĭng-sṳ̆k
  |group=14
  |period=4
  |block=p
  |appearance=grayish-white
  |image name=Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg
  |image alt=Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface
  |image size=
  |image name comment=A 12&nbsp;gram (2&times;3&nbsp;cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
  |atomic mass=72.630
  |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
  |atomic mass 2=8
  |atomic mass comment=
  |electron configuration=&#91;[[argon|Ar]]&#93; 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 4p<sup>2</sup>
  |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 4
  |phase=gó-tā̤
  |density gpcm3nrt=5.323
  |density gpcm3mp=5.60
  |melting point K=1211.40
  |melting point C=938.25
  |melting point F=1720.85
  |boiling point K=3106
  |boiling point C=2833
  |boiling point F=5131
  |heat fusion=36.94
  |heat vaporization=334
  |heat capacity=23.222
  |vapor pressure 1=1644
  |vapor pressure 10=1814
  |vapor pressure 100=2023
  |vapor pressure 1 k=2287
  |vapor pressure 10 k=2633
  |vapor pressure 100 k=3104
  |vapor pressure comment=
  |crystal structure=diamond cubic
  |oxidation states='''4''', 3, '''2''', 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, '''−4'''
  |oxidation states comment=(an [[amphoterism|amphoteric]] oxide)
  |electronegativity=2.01
  |number of ionization energies=3
  |ionization energy 1=762
  |ionization energy 2=1537.5
  |ionization energy 3=3302.1
  |atomic radius=122
  |covalent radius=122
  |Van der Waals radius=211
  |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]]
  |magnetic ordering ref=<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.</ref>
  |electrical resistivity at 20=1
  |thermal conductivity=60.2
  |thermal expansion=6.0
  |speed of sound rod at 20=5400
  |Young's modulus=103
  |Young's modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe>{{cite news|url=http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Ge|title=Properties of Germanium|publisher=[[Ioffe Institute]]}}</ref>
  |Shear modulus=41
  |Shear modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/>
  |Bulk modulus=75
  |Bulk modulus ref=<ref name=ioffe/>
  |Poisson ratio=0.26
  |Poisson ratio ref=<ref name=ioffe/>
  |Mohs hardness=6.0
  |Vickers hardness=
  |Brinell hardness=
  |CAS number=7440-56-4
  |band gap=0.67
  |isotopes=
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=68 | sym=Ge | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=270.8&nbsp;d | dm=[[electron capture|ε]] | de=– | link1=gallium-68 | pn=68 | ps=Ga}}
  {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=70 | sym=Ge | na=21.23% | n=38 |firstlinks=yes}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=71 | sym=Ge | na=syn | hl=11.26 d | dm=ε | de=– | link1=gallium-71 | pn=71 | ps=Ga}}
  {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=72 | sym=Ge | na=27.66% | n=40 |firstlinks=no}}
  {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=73 | sym=Ge | na=7.73% | n=41 |firstlinks=no}}
  {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=74 | sym=Ge | na=35.94% | n=42 |firstlinks=no}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=76 | sym=Ge | na=7.44% |
  hl=1.78&times;10<sup>21</sup>&nbsp;y | dm=[[double beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=2.039
  |link1=selenium-76 | pn=76 | ps=Se}}
  |isotopes comment=
  |naming=after [[Germany]], homeland of the discoverer
  |predicted by=[[Dmitri Mendeleev]]
  |prediction date=1871
  |discovered by=[[Clemens Winkler]]
  |discovery date=1886
  }}
  '''Germanium''' sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[gĭng-sṳ̆k]], iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[huá-hŏk nguòng-só]].  [[Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só]] sê 32, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Ge.
  ==Huá-hŏk séng-cék==
  
  ==Éng-ê̤ṳng==
  
  ==Cié-chṳ̄==
  
  ==Chăng-kō̤ cṳ̆-lâiu==
  {{reflist}}
  
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  [[分類:Huá-hŏk nguòng-só]]