text: # Thorium
  Chăng-kō̤ Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Háng-cê gì bēng-buōng. / 參考閩東語漢字其版本。
  Thorium sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gĭng-sṳ̆k, iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng huá-hŏk nguòng-só.  Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só sê 90, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Th.
  
title: Thorium
wikitext: {{twinLAT|釷}}
  {{Infobox element
  |number=90
  |symbol=Th
  |name=Thori
  |laname=thorium
  |left=[[actinium|Actini]]
  |right=[[protactinium|Protactini]]
  |above=[[cerium|Ceri]]
  |below=(Uqb)
  |series=actinium-hiê
  |period=7
  |group=n/a
  |block=f
  |appearance=silvery, often with black tarnish
  |image name=Thorium sample 0.1g.jpg
  |atomic mass=232.0377
  |atomic mass ref=<ref name="IUPAC">[http://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm Standard Atomic Weights 2013]. [[Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights]]</ref>
  |atomic mass 2=4
  |atomic mass comment=
  |electron configuration= &#91;[[radon|Rn]]&#93; 6d<sup>2</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup>
  |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
  |phase=gó-tā̤
  |density gpcm3nrt=11.724
  |melting point K=2023
  |melting point C=1750
  |melting point F=3182
  |boiling point K=5061
  |boiling point C=4788
  |boiling point F=8650
  |heat fusion=13.81
  |heat vaporization=514
  |heat capacity=26.230
  |vapor pressure 1=2633
  |vapor pressure 10=2907
  |vapor pressure 100=3248
  |vapor pressure 1 k=3683
  |vapor pressure 10 k=4259
  |vapor pressure 100 k=5055
  |vapor pressure comment=
  |crystal structure=face-centered cubic
  |oxidation states= '''4''', 3, 2, 1
  |oxidation states coment=(a weakly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide)
  |electronegativity=1.3
  |number of ionization energies=3
  |ionization energy 1=587
  |ionization energy 2=1110
  |ionization energy 3=1930
  |atomic radius=179.8
  |covalent radius=206±6
  |magnetic ordering=[[paramagnetic]]
  |magnetic ordering ref=<ref name=magnet>{{cite book | url = http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | chapter = Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds | editor = Lide, D. R. | title = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics | edition = 86th | location = Boca Raton (FL) | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-8493-0486-5 | accessdate = 2018-06-10 | archive-date = 2011-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf | deadurl =  }}</ref>
  |electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
  |electrical resistivity at 0=157
  |thermal conductivity=54.0
  |thermal expansion at 25=11.0
  |speed of sound rod at 20=2490
  |Young's modulus=79
  |Shear modulus=31
  |Bulk modulus=54
  |Poisson ratio=0.27
  |Mohs hardness=3.0
  |Vickers hardness=295–685
  |Brinell hardness=390–1500
  |CAS number=7440-29-1
  |naming=after [[Thor]], the Norse god of thunder
  |isotopes=
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=227 | sym=Th
   | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=18.68&nbsp;d
   | dm=[[alpha decay|α]] | de=6.038<br/>5.978 | link1=radium-223 | pn=223 | ps=Ra}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=228 | sym=Th
   | na=trace | hl=1.9116&nbsp;y
   | dm=α | de=5.520 | link1=radium-224 | pn=224 | ps=Ra}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=229 | sym=Th
   | na=trace | hl=7917&nbsp;y
   | dm=α | de=5.168 | link1=radium-225 | pn=225 | ps=Ra}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=230 | sym=Th
   | na=trace | hl=75400 y
   | dm=α | de=4.770 | link1=radium-226 | pn=226 | ps=Ra}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=231 | sym=Th
   | na=trace | hl=25.5&nbsp;h
   | dm=[[beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.39 | link1=protactinium-231 | pn=231 | ps=Pa}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=232 | sym=Th
   | na=100% | hl=1.405&times;10<sup>10</sup>&nbsp;y
   | dm=α | de=4.083 | link1=radium-228 | pn=228 | ps=Ra}}
  {{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=234 | sym=Th
   | na=trace | hl=24.1&nbsp;d
   | dm=β<sup>−</sup> | de=0.27 | link1=protactinium-234 | pn=234 | ps=Pa}}
  |isotopes comment=
  |discovered by=[[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]]
  |discovery date=1829
  }}
  '''Thorium''' sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[gĭng-sṳ̆k]], iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng [[huá-hŏk nguòng-só]].  [[Nguòng-cṳ̄ sê̤ṳ-só]] sê 90, huá-hŏk hù-hô̤ sê Th.
  ==Huá-hŏk séng-cék==
  
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  [[分類:Huá-hŏk nguòng-só]]