# Еврей үндэһэтэн
Еврейшүүд (иврит: יְהוּדִים, ISO 259-2: Yehudim, Израиль хэлэлгэ: [jehuˈdim]) гү, али Еврей арад болбол этношажанай бүлгэм үндэһэтэн, ба түүхэн Израиль ба Иудеягай Израилитууд ба Ивритуудһаа гаралтай. Еврейн үндэһэтэнэй хамаа, национальность, ба шажан нь хоорондоо нягта холбоотой, ушариинь Иудаизм нь Еврей арадай үндэһэнэй шажан, болобошье түүнэй сахилга шангаһаа үгы хүрэтэр хубилгадаг.

Еврей үндэһэтэн
{{Инфобокс үндэһэтэн
| group            = Еврейшүүд
| native_name      = {{Script/Hebrew|יְהוּדִים‬}} ({{lang|he-Latn|Yehudim}})
| native_name_lang = he
| rawimage         = [[File:Star of David.svg|150px]]
| image            = 
| image_caption    = [[Давидай Одон]], Еврей арадай </br>ниитын һүлдэ тэмдэг
| total            = '''14.6–17.8 сая'''<br />
'''Ехэдхэһэн хүн зон (бүрин гү, али </br>хахад Еврей уг гарбал ороно):''' <br />
'''20.7 сая'''
| total_year       = 2018
| total_source     = estimate
| total_ref        = <ref name="JDB">{{cite report |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-first=Arnold |editor-link1=Arnold Dashefsky |editor2-last=Della Pergola |editor2-first=Sergio |editor-link2=Sergio Della Pergola |editor3-last=Sheskin |editor3-first=Ira |date=2018 |title=World Jewish Population|url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2018-World_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,_DellaPergola)_DB_Final.pdf|publisher=[[Berman Jewish DataBank]]|access-date=22 June 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Jewish people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| region1          = {{flag|Израиль}}
| pop1             = 6,558,000–6,958,000
| ref1             = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region2          = {{flag|АНУ}}
| pop2             = 5,700,000–10,000,000
| ref2             = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region3          = {{flag|France}}
| pop3             = 453,000–600,000
| ref3             = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region4          = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop4             = 391,000–550,000
| ref4             = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region5          = {{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}
| pop5             = 290,000–370,000
| ref5             = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region6          = {{flag|Argentina}}
| pop6             = 180,000–330,000
| ref6             = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region7          = {{flag|Russia}}
| pop7             = 172,000–440,000
| ref7             = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region8          = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop8             = 116,000–225,000
| ref8             = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region9          = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop9             = 113,000–140,000
| ref9             = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region10         = {{flag|Brazil}}
| pop10            = 93,000–150,000
| ref10            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region11         = {{flag|South Africa}}
| pop11            = 69,000–80,000
| ref11            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region12         = {{flag|Ukraine}}
| pop12            = 50,000–140,000
| ref12            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region13         = {{flag|Hungary}}
| pop13            = 47,000–100,000
| ref13            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region14         = {{flag|Mexico}}
| pop14            = 40,000–50,000
| ref14            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region15         = {{flag|Netherlands}}
| pop15            = 30,000–52,000
| ref15            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region16         = {{flag|Belgium}}
| pop16            = 29,000–40,000
| ref16            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region17         = {{flag|Italy}}
| pop17            = 28,000–41,000
| ref17            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region18         = {{flag|Switzerland}}
| pop18            = 19,000–25,000
| ref18            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region19         = {{flag|Chile}}
| pop19            = 18,000–26,000
| ref19            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region20         = {{flag|Uruguay}}
| pop20            = 17,000–25,000
| ref20            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region21         = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop21            = 15,000–21,000
| ref21            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| region22         = {{flag|Sweden}}
| pop22            = 15,000–25,000
| ref22            = <ref name="JDB"/>
| languages        = {{plainlist|
* '''Үлүү ехэ яряанай:'''<ref name=Languages>{{cite web|url=http://www.bh.org.il/links.aspx |title=Links |access-date=2 April 2012 |publisher=[[Beth Hatefutsoth]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326102214/http://www.bh.org.il/links/jewishlangs.asp |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref></br>[[Мүнөөнэй Иврит]]{{·}}[[Англи хэлэн|Англи]]{{·}}[[Ород хэлэн|Орос]]{{·}}</br>[[Франци хэлэн|Франци]]{{·}}[[Испани хэлэн|Испани]]
* '''Түүхэн:'''</br>[[Идиш]]{{·}}[[Сефард хэлэн|Ладино]]{{·}}[[Еврей-Араб диалектууд|Еврей-Араб]]{{·}}[[Еврейн хэлэнүүд|бусад]]
* '''Нангин:'''</br>[[Библиин Иврит]]{{·}}[[Библиин Арамей хэлэн|Библиин Арамей]]{{·}}</br>[[Талмудай Арамей хэлэн|Талмудай Арамей]]
}}
| religions        = [[Иудаизм]]
| related_groups   = Еврейн үндэһэтэнэй хубаалга</br> ([[Ашкенази еврейшүүд|Ашкенази]], [[Сефард еврейшүүд|Сефард]] ба [[Мизрахим]])</br> [[Семит хүнүүд|Семит-хэлэтэй хүн]]үүд: </br>[[Самаришууд]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Genes, Polymorphisms and the Making of Societies: How Genetic Behavioral Traits Influence Human Cultures |last=Kiaris|first= Hippokratis|publisher=Universal Publishers|year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61233-093-8 |page=21}}</ref><ref name="evolutsioon" /><ref name=DigitalSamaritans>{{Cite book |title=Digital Samaritans: Rhetorical Delivery and Engagement in the Digital Humanities |last=Ridolfo |first=Jim |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-472-07280-4 |page=69}}</ref> [[Арабууд]]<ref name="evolutsioon">{{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Peidong |last2=Lavi |first2=Tal |last3=Kivisild |first3=Toomas |last4=Chou |first4=Vivian |last5=Sengun |first5=Deniz |last6=Gefel |first6=Dov |last7=Shpirer |first7=Issac |last8=Woolf |first8=Eilon |last9=Hillel |first9=Jossi |last10=Feldman |first10=Marcus W. |last11=Oefner |first11=Peter J. |title=Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation |journal=Human Mutation |date=September 2004 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=248–260 |doi=10.1002/humu.20077 |pmid=15300852 |s2cid=1571356 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity|first= Nicholas|last= Wade|date=9 June 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/science/10jews.html|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nebel |first1=Almut |last2=Filon |first2=Dvora |last3=Weiss |first3=Deborah A. |last4=Weale |first4=Michael |last5=Faerman |first5=Marina |last6=Oppenheim |first6=Ariella |last7=Thomas |first7=Mark G. |title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews |journal=Human Genetics |date=December 2000 |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=630–641 |doi=10.1007/s004390000426 |pmid=11153918 |s2cid=8136092 }}</ref><ref name="sciencedaily">{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/05/000509003653.htm |title=Jews Are The Genetic Brothers Of Palestinians, Syrians, And Lebanese |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=9 May 2000 |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref></br> [[Ассиришууд]]<ref name="Abraham 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Atzmon |first1=Gil |last2=Hao |first2=Li |last3=Pe'er |first3=Itsik |last4=Velez |first4=Christopher |last5=Pearlman |first5=Alexander |last6=Palamara |first6=Pier Francesco |last7=Morrow |first7=Bernice |last8=Friedman |first8=Eitan |last9=Oddoux |first9=Carole |last10=Burns |first10=Edward |last11=Ostrer |first11=Harry |title=Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=June 2010 |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=850–859 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015 |pmid=20560205 |pmc=3032072 }}</ref> ба [[Левант]]шууд<ref name="evolutsioon" /><ref name="sciencedaily" /><ref name=DigitalSamaritans/> </br> [[Еврейшүүдэй генетикын шэнжэлгэ|Бусад]]
}}

'''Еврейшүүд''' ({{lang-he|יְהוּדִים}}, {{small|[[ISO 259#ISO 259-2|ISO 259-2]]:}} {{transl|he|''Yehudim''}}, {{small|[[Мүнөөнэй Иврит|Израиль хэлэлгэ]]:}} {{IPA-he|jehuˈdim|}}) гү, али '''Еврей арад''' болбол [[этношажанай бүлгэм]]<ref name="Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group" /> [[үндэһэтэн]]<ref name="Nicholson2002" /><ref name="Dowty1998" />, ба түүхэн [[Израиль ба Иудея]]гай [[Бану Исраил|Израилитууд]]<ref name="Scheindlin1998">{{cite book|author=Raymond P. Scheindlin|title=A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfsuicMmrE0C&pg=PA1|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513941-9|pages=1–}} Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"</ref><ref name="Incorporated2009">{{cite book|author=Facts On File, Incorporated|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA337|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|pages=337–}}"The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"</ref><ref name="MD2012">{{cite book|author=Harry Ostrer MD|title=Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RayZR3V1SFwC&pg=PT26|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-997638-6|pages=26–}}</ref> ба [[Ивритууд]]һаа<ref>"In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament." [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303358/Jew Jew] at [http://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref><ref>"Hebrew, any member of an ancient northern Semitic people that were the ancestors of the Jews." [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259033/Hebrew Hebrew (People)] at [http://www.britannica.com/ Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> гаралтай. Еврейн үндэһэтэнэй хамаа, национальность, ба шажан нь хоорондоо нягта холбоотой,<ref name="Lederhendler2001">{{cite book|author=Eli Lederhendler|title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wvahJv83AgC&pg=PA101|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534896-5|pages=101–}} "Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts"</ref><ref name="Yee2005">{{cite book|author=Tet-Lim N. Yee|title=Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4OwXhMOn5cC&pg=PA102|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44411-8|pages=102–}} "This identification in the Jewish attitude between the ethnic group and religious identity is so close that the reception into this religion of members not belonging to its ethnic group has become impossible."</ref> ушариинь [[Иудаизм]] нь Еврей арадай [[үндэһэнэй шажан]], болобошье түүнэй сахилга шангаһаа үгы хүрэтэр хубилгадаг.<ref name="KrauszTulea">{{cite book|author1=Ernest Krausz|author2=Gitta Tulea|title=Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; &#91;... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnxv-Mlz0JIC&pg=PA90|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-1-4128-2689-1|pages=90–}} "A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"</ref><ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/|title=A Portrait of Jewish Americans|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=1 October 2013|website=Pew Research Center|quote=But the survey also suggests that Jewish identity is changing in America, where one-in-five Jews (22%) now describe themselves as having no religion.}}</ref>

== Зүүлтэ ==
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