# Ехэ Александр
Ехэ Александр (грек: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας гү, али Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος, Mégas Aléxandros; МЭҮ 356 BC - МЭҮ 323), гү, али Македониин III Александр (грек: Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' ὁ Μακεδών) эртэнэй Грекийн  Македониин хаан (басилевс) (МЭҮ 336–323) байһан. Тэрэ бүхы саг үеын хамагай ехэ амжалта гаргаһан сэрэгэй ударидагшадай нэгэ болоод тулалдаанда илагдашагүй гэгдэжэ байгаа. Тэрэ үхэхээһээ үмэнэ эртэнэй грекшүүдтэ мэдэгдэжэ байһан хуурай газарай ехэнхэ хэһэгые байлдан дахуулһан.
Александр эхэ газарай Грекай ехэнхэ хото уласые Македониин засаглал доро Коринфгой холбоондо нэгэдхэһэн өөрын эсэгэ II Филипые наһа бараһанай дараа Македониин хаан шэрээг абаба. Урда Грекай хот уласуудай бослогые даржа Македониин засаглалые батжуулжа, хойто хүршүүдынхээ эсэрэг богони болобош цус урасгаһан аян дайн хэһэныхээ дараа, Александр зүүн зүгэдэ Ахеменидиин Персиин Эзэнтэ Улас руу хүлгэй жолоогоо эргүүлжэ, уламаар эзэлэн абаа. Тэрээр сааша Анатоли, Сири, Финики, Иудей, Газа, Египет, Согд, Месопотамиие байлдан дахуулжа, эзэнтэ уласынхаа хилые Энэдхэгэй Пунжаб хүрэтэр тэлэбэ.
Александр үхэхээһээ үмэнэ Аравиин хахад арал руу аян дайн хэн, худалдаагаа үргэжүүлжэ, түүныхээ дараа арми баруун зүгдэ Карфаген, Рома, Ибериин хахад арал руу эргүүлэхээр түлэблэжэ байба. Гэхыдээ тэрэнэй эхинэй хүсэл эрмэлзэлэнь зүүн талада багын багша Аристотелиин ярижа байһан юртэмсын хизгаар, Номгон Далай руу шэглэжэ байгаа.

## Нэмжэ уншаха материал
- Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction, edited by A.B. Bosworth, E.J. Baynham. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2002 (Paperback, ISBN 0-19-925275-0).
- Baynham, Elizabeth. Alexander the Great: The Unique History of Quintus Curtius. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998 (hardcover, ISBN 0-472-10858-1); 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-472-03081-7).
- Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great by Joseph Roisman (editor). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003.
- Cartledge, Paul. Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past. Woodstock, NY; New York: The Overlook Press, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 1-58567-565-2); London: PanMacmillan, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 1-4050-3292-8); New York: Vintage, 2005 (paperback, ISBN 1-4000-7919-5).
- Dahmen, Karsten. The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins. Oxford: Routledge, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-415-39451-1; paperback, ISBN 0-415-39452-X).
- De Santis, Marc G. “At The Crossroads of Conquest.” Military Heritage, December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 46–55, 97 (Alexander the Great, his military, his strategy at the Battle of Gaugamela and his defeat of Darius making Alexander the King of Kings).
- Fuller, J.F. C; A Military History of the Western World: From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto; New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988. ISBN 0-306-80304-6
- Gergel, Tania Editor Alexander the Great (2004) published by the Penguin Group, London ISBN 0-14-200140-6 Brief collection of ancient accounts translated into English
- Larsen, Jakob A. O. "Alexander at the Oracle of Ammon", Classical Philology, Vol. 27, No. 1. (Jan., 1932), pp. 70–75.
- Lonsdale, David. Alexander the Great, Killer of Men: History's Greatest Conqueror and the Macedonian Way of War, New York, Carroll & Graf, 2004, ISBN 0786714298
- Pearson, Lionel Ignacius Cusack. The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great. Chicago Ridge, IL: Ares Publishers, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-89005-590-4).
- Thomas, Carol G. Alexander the Great in his World (Blackwell Ancient Lives). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0631232451; paperback, ISBN 063123246X).


### Грек/Латин буса байра һуури
- A. Shapur Shahbazi, "Iranians and Alexander", American Journal of Ancient History n.s. 2 (2003), 5–38: the Persian side of the story.
- R.J. van der Spek, "Darius III, Alexander the Great and Babylonian scholarship" in: Achaemenid History 13 (2003), 289–346: an overview of several Babylonian sources
- Two chapters of Jona Lendering's Dutch book Alexander de Grote, which uses the cuneiform sources, are available in translation. In this chapter Архивировалһан 2 арбан нэгэ һара 2015 оной., he argues that at Gaugamela, Alexander attacked a Persian army that was looking for an excuse to run away; and in this chapter Архивировалһан 21 арба һара 2013 оной., he offers a Babylonian perspective on Alexander's final days.


## Гадана холбооһон
Анхдагч эх сурвалж
- Plutarch, Of the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander the Great
- Justin, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus
- Alexander the Great: An annotated list of primary sources Архивировалһан 14 таба һара 2011 оной. from Livius.org
- Wiki Classical Dictionary, extant sources Архивировалһан 29 долоо һара 2013 оной. and fragmentary and lost sources

Бусад
- A Bibliography of Alexander the Great by Waldemar Heckel
- Pothos.org: Alexander's Home on the Web
- Alexander III the Great, entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
- Alexander the Great on the Web, a comprehensive directory of some 1,000 sites
- Alexander The Great in the French museum Le Louvre Архивировалһан 17 арбан хоёр һара 2018 оной.
- Alexander, The Great Mystery by T. Peter Limber in "Saudi Aramco Magazine" Архивировалһан 20 долоо һара 2008 оной.
- Trace Alexander's conquests on an animated map Архивировалһан 15 зургаа һара 2008 оной.
- Alexander the Great of Macedon, a project by John J. Popovic
- Alexander in the Punjab. A Photo Essay Архивировалһан 13 хоёр һара 2009 оной., photos of all sites Alexander visited
- Alexander the Great Coins Архивировалһан 6 таба һара 2010 оной., a site depicting Alexander's coins and later coins featuring Alexander's image


Ехэ Александр
{{Хаан
|name           = Ехэ Александр<br />Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος
|title          =[[Эртэнэй Грек|Македони]]ин хаан (басилевс)
|image          =[[Файл:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|200px]]
|caption        =Александр [[Перс]]иин хаан [[III Дарий]]тай тулалдажа байгаань. [[Неаполь|Неаполиин]] [[Помпей]]һоо олдоһон Александрын мозаик, Неаполиин Үндэһэнэй Археологиин Музей.
|reign          ={{МЭҮ}} 336-323
|coronation     =
|othertitles    =[[Эллинэй холбоо]]ной хегемон, [[Эртэнэй Египет|Египет]]ай [[фараон]], [[Перс]]иин [[Шаханшах]]
|native_lang1     =[[Грек хэлэн|Грек]]
|native_lang1_name1=Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας
|predecessor    =[[Македониин II Филип|II Филип]]
|successor      =[[Македониин IV Александр|IV Александр]]
|heir           =
|queen          =[[Роксана|Бактриин Роксана]] <br /> [[II Статейра|Персиин Статейра]]
|issue          =[[Македониин IV Александр|IV Александр]]
|royal house    =
|royal anthem   =
|father         =[[Македониин II Филип]]
|mother         =[[Эпир]]эй Олимпиас
|place of birth =[[Македон]]иин Пелла
|place of death =[[Вавилон]]
|place of burial=
}}

'''Ехэ Александр''' ({{lang-gr|Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας гү, али Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος}},<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Alexander&searchmode=none|title=Alexander|publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]}}</ref> ''Mégas Aléxandros''; {{МЭҮ}} 356 BC - {{МЭҮ}} 323),<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-20|url=http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t32.html|title=The birth of Alexander|publisher=Livius|archivedate=2016-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005011405/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_t32.html}} - Leo Depuydt, 'The Time of Death of Alexander the Great: 11 June 323 BC, ca. 4:00-5:00 PM' in: ''Die Welt des Orients'' 28 ([[1997 in literature|1997]]) 117-135.</ref> гү, али '''Македониин III Александр''' ({{lang-gr|Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' ὁ Μακεδών}}) [[эртэнэй Грек]]ийн <ref name=pomeroy1>{{cite book|author=Pomeroy, S.|coauthors=Burstein, S.; Dolan, W.; Roberts, J.|year=1998|title=Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-509742-4}} -Hammond, N. G. L. (1989). The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History. Oxford University Press, 12–13. ISBN 0-19-814883-6; -Perseus By Daniel Ogden; -Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians By Bob Brier, A. Hoyt Hobbs; -A Survey of Historic Costume By Phyllis G. Tortora, Keith Eubank ; -Jesus of History, Christ of Faith, By Thomas Zanzig; -Territory By David Storey; -The Man in the Garden By Bronwyn Johnson ; -Why the Nativity? By David Jeremiah; -Zinc By Leon Gray; -A Historical Atlas of India By Aisha Khan ; -Real Things in Nature By Edward Singleton Holden; -Women's Roots By June Stephenson; -The Great White Lies By Howard Randal Cox; -Writing in Ancient Egypt By Jil Fine; -Encountering Ancient Voices By Corrine L. Carvalho; -漫遊世界文明學英語 (20k+2cd) Published by 寂天文化 ISBN 9861840575, 9789861840574 ; -Shema is for Real By Joel Lurie Grishaver, Deena Bloomstone; -The Candlestick By E. Paul Braxton; moreover the [[Argead Dynasty]], to which Alexander belonged claimed direct descend from [[Argos]].</ref> Македониин хаан (басилевс) ({{МЭҮ}} 336–323) байһан. Тэрэ бүхы саг үеын хамагай ехэ амжалта гаргаһан сэрэгэй ударидагшадай нэгэ болоод тулалдаанда илагдашагүй гэгдэжэ байгаа. Тэрэ үхэхээһээ үмэнэ эртэнэй грекшүүдтэ мэдэгдэжэ байһан хуурай газарай ехэнхэ хэһэгые байлдан дахуулһан.<ref name="danforth" /><ref name="stoneman" /><ref name="compare map" group="n" />

Александр эхэ газарай Грекай ехэнхэ хото уласые Македониин засаглал доро Коринфгой холбоондо нэгэдхэһэн<ref>Sacks, David, ([[1995 in literature|1995]]), ''Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World'', London: Constable and Co. Ltd, ISBN 0-09-475270-2, p. 16.</ref> өөрын эсэгэ [[Македониин II Филип|II Филип]]ые наһа бараһанай дараа Македониин хаан шэрээг абаба<ref>[[Maurice Bowra|Bowra, C. M.]], [1957] (1994), ''The Greek Experience'', [[London]]: [[Phoenix Books|Phoenix]], [[Orion Publishing Group|Orion Books Ltd]], ISBN 1-85799-122-2, p. 9.</ref>. Урда Грекай хот уласуудай бослогые даржа Македониин засаглалые батжуулжа, хойто хүршүүдынхээ эсэрэг богони болобош цус урасгаһан аян дайн хэһэныхээ дараа, Александр зүүн зүгэдэ [[Ахеменидиин Эзэнтэ Улас|Ахеменидиин Персиин Эзэнтэ Улас]] руу хүлгэй жолоогоо эргүүлжэ, уламаар эзэлэн абаа. Тэрээр сааша [[Анатоли]], [[Сири]], [[Финики]], [[Иудей]], [[Газа]], [[Египет]], [[Согд]], [[Месопотами]]ие байлдан дахуулжа, эзэнтэ уласынхаа хилые [[Энэдхэг]]эй [[Пунжаб]] хүрэтэр тэлэбэ.

Александр үхэхээһээ үмэнэ [[Аравиин хахад арал]] руу аян дайн хэн, худалдаагаа үргэжүүлжэ, түүныхээ дараа арми баруун зүгдэ [[Карфаген]], [[Эртэнэй Рома|Рома]], [[Ибериин хахад арал]] руу эргүүлэхээр түлэблэжэ байба. Гэхыдээ тэрэнэй эхинэй хүсэл эрмэлзэлэнь зүүн талада багын багша [[Аристотель|Аристотелиин]] ярижа байһан юртэмсын хизгаар, [[Номгон Далай]] руу шэглэжэ байгаа.

== Зүүлтэ ==
{{зүүлтэ}}

== Нэмжэ уншаха материал ==
* ''Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction'', edited by A.B. Bosworth, E.J. Baynham. New York: Oxford University Press (USA), 2002 (Paperback, ISBN 0-19-925275-0).
* Baynham, Elizabeth. ''Alexander the Great: The Unique History of Quintus Curtius''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998 (hardcover, ISBN 0-472-10858-1); 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-472-03081-7).
* ''Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great'' by Joseph Roisman (editor). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003.
* [[Paul Cartledge|Cartledge, Paul]]. ''Alexander the Great: The Hunt for a New Past''. Woodstock, NY; New York: The Overlook Press, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 1-58567-565-2); London: PanMacmillan, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 1-4050-3292-8); New York: Vintage, 2005 (paperback, ISBN 1-4000-7919-5).
* Dahmen, Karsten. ''The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins''. Oxford: Routledge, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-415-39451-1; paperback, ISBN 0-415-39452-X).
* De Santis, Marc G. “At The Crossroads of Conquest.” ''[[Military Heritage]]'', December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 46–55, 97 (Alexander the Great, his military, his strategy at the Battle of Gaugamela and his defeat of Darius making Alexander the King of Kings).
* [[J.F.C. Fuller|Fuller, J.F. C]]; ''A Military History of the Western World: From the earliest times to the Battle of Lepanto''; New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988. ISBN 0-306-80304-6
* Gergel, Tania Editor ''Alexander the Great'' (2004) published by the [[Penguin Books|Penguin Group]], London ISBN 0-14-200140-6 Brief collection of ancient accounts translated into English
* Larsen, Jakob A. O. "Alexander at the Oracle of Ammon", ''Classical Philology'', Vol.&nbsp;27, No.&nbsp;1. (Jan., 1932), pp.&nbsp;70–75.
* Lonsdale, David. ''Alexander the Great, Killer of Men: History's Greatest Conqueror and the Macedonian Way of War'', New York, Carroll & Graf, 2004, ISBN 0786714298
* Pearson, Lionel Ignacius Cusack. ''The Lost Histories of Alexander the Great''. Chicago Ridge, IL: Ares Publishers, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-89005-590-4).
* Thomas, Carol G. ''Alexander the Great in his World (Blackwell Ancient Lives)''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0631232451; paperback, ISBN 063123246X).

=== Грек/Латин буса байра һуури ===
* A. Shapur Shahbazi, "Iranians and Alexander", ''American Journal of Ancient History'' n.s. 2 (2003), 5–38: the Persian side of the story.
* R.J. van der Spek, "Darius III, Alexander the Great and Babylonian scholarship" in: ''Achaemenid History'' 13 (2003), 289–346: an overview of several Babylonian sources
* Two chapters of [[Jona Lendering]]'s Dutch book ''Alexander de Grote'', which uses the cuneiform sources, are available in translation. In [http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z7.html this chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102192922/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z7.html |date=2015-11-02 }}, he argues that at Gaugamela, Alexander attacked a Persian army that was looking for an excuse to run away; and in [http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z6.html this chapter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021132516/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z6.html |date=2013-10-21 }}, he offers a Babylonian perspective on Alexander's final days.

== Гадана холбооһон ==
'''Анхдагч эх сурвалж'''
* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Fortuna_Alexandri*/home.html Plutarch, ''Of the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander the Great'']
* [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/english/index.html Justin, ''Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus'']
* [http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z1b.html Alexander the Great: An annotated list of primary sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514002230/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander_z1b.html |date=2011-05-14 }} from Livius.org
* Wiki Classical Dictionary, [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/wcd/Alexander_the_Great%2C_extant_sources extant sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729091452/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/wcd/Alexander_the_Great%2C_extant_sources |date=2013-07-29 }} and [http://www.ancientlibrary.com/wcd/Alexander_the_Great%2C_Fragmentary_and_lost_sources fragmentary and lost sources]
'''Бусад'''
* [http://hum.ucalgary.ca/wheckel/bibl/alex-bibl.pdf A Bibliography of Alexander the Great] by Waldemar Heckel
* [http://www.pothos.org/ Pothos.org: Alexander's Home on the Web]
* [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/alexander.html Alexander III the Great], entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
* [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/Alexanderama.html Alexander the Great on the Web], a comprehensive directory of some 1,000 sites
* [http://www.3dsrc.com/alexandrelegrand/multimedia.php Alexander The Great in the French museum Le Louvre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217000458/http://www.3dsrc.com/alexandrelegrand/multimedia.php |date=2018-12-17 }}
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200103/alexander-the.great.mystery.htm Alexander, The Great Mystery by T. Peter Limber in "Saudi Aramco Magazine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720101724/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200103/alexander-the.great.mystery.htm |date=2008-07-20 }}
* [http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Animation/alexander.html Trace Alexander's conquests on an animated map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615021840/http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~stephan/Animation/alexander.html |date=2008-06-15 }}
* [http://www.1stmuse.com/frames/ Alexander the Great of Macedon], a project by John J. Popovic
* [http://rambambashi.wordpress.com/2008/05/29/alexander-the-great-in-the-punjab-a-photo-essay/ Alexander in the Punjab. A Photo Essay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213072147/http://rambambashi.wordpress.com/2008/05/29/alexander-the-great-in-the-punjab-a-photo-essay/ |date=2009-02-13 }}, photos of all sites Alexander visited
* [http://rg.ancients.info/alexander/ Alexander the Great Coins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506002044/http://rg.ancients.info/alexander/ |date=2010-05-06 }}, a site depicting Alexander's coins and later coins featuring Alexander's image

{{1000 үгүүлэл}}

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