# Bulgaria
Bulgaria（保加利亞）

## Takaray a sowal(概要)
Pawciyaliya Kapolongan-Kitakit(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Република България; Latin a tilid:Republika Bŭlgariya; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞共和國,通稱保加利亞). O itiraay i katimol no sakawali no Yoropa a Parkan-Pecihan-Kanatal a kitakit. Malafiyaway ato Romaniya, Sayrwiya, Ka’amisay-Maciton , Kitisiya ato Torki, i sakawali misi’ayaway to Kahetinay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:Black Sea; Kuwaping a sowal:黑海). 
O Sofia(索菲亞) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日).Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 3 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Roymen Ratifo( Rumen Radev;魯門·雷得夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. 

## Kaitiraan (地理位置)
Itini i 43 00 N, 25 00 E, noYoropi ko Bulgaria(保加利亞).Polong no sekalay i 110,879 sq km “saka 105 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 108,489 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,390 sq km Polong i 7,144,653 ko tamdaw.
sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 46.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 36.70%, malo no roma to a sera 16.40%.

## Rikisi(歷史)
O saka’amis a kaitiraan no Pawciyaliya anini malecad o Sakawali no Mosiya(Latin a sowal:Moesia; Kuwaping a sowal:默西亞)ito’asan ho, roma sa i,o sakatimol no aniniay Pawciyaliya malecad o saka’amis no Soloysi(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Тракия; Torki a sowal:Trakya ; Kuwaping a sowal:色雷斯) ito’asan ho.
O liteng a finacadan no Pawciyaliya i, o Soloysi-Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:Thracians ;Latin a sowal:Thraci). I tiya i’ayaw latek iikor no sakacecay miheca naikoranni Yiso, ona pala itini malapecih no Roma-Hotian Kitakit, malalikel to Soloysi-Sakowan ato Mosiya-Sakowan. To ikor to o Pacantin-Hontian Kitakit komidotocay. 

### Sakacecay a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit(第一帝國)
Sakaenem sici sa’aloman sa ko tayniay a Slafo-Tamdaw, ato mamang a mikeridan ni Aspaluhe (Pawciyaliya a sowal:Аспарух; Kuwaping a sowal:阿斯巴魯赫) nani ka’amisay lilis no Kohetingay-Riyar ato ka’amisay Kawciyaso maforaw tayra i Misiya , macamamol ato o Tocie ko sowal a Pawciyar-Tamdaw, onini ko lalengawan no Pawciyaliya-Tamdaw.
I aikor ni Yiso 681 miheca, Aspoluko-Kitakit malowid nira ko Honti no Paycantin ci Casitinni sakatosa( Sila a sowal:Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος;Kuwaping a sowal:查士丁尼二世;
ocimil a ngangan:makelacay ko ngoso a tamdaw:被剜鼻者), matatilid to kakaketonan, malaheci maala ko sakatimol no Tonaw-‘alo ato saka’misay etal no Parkan lotolotokan no Paycantin, patireng to Pawciyaliya-Hontian Kitakit(latek nani 681 tahira i 1018 miheca ). Sanoyanan sa to tolo so’ot ko mihecan o sakakaay a Misiikeday-Hontian kitakit ko Pawciyaliya,o ‘icel no Pawciyaliya ma’edengay mamatoktok ato Paycantin,kinapinapina to sapico’ecoaw to tata’angay niyaro’ no Paycantin ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya.
Onini to ko sakalalood no Paycantin ato Pawciyaliya. I 755 miheca, o saeawa’an no Pawciyaliya ci Cielice mi’eco to Paycatin, malowid no honti no Paycantin ci Cinstantin sakalima(Sila a sowal:Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄;Kuwaping a sowal:君士坦丁五世) ko Pawciyaliya,itiya sato 759 ato 763 miheca tokitok sa mapidah. Itira sato i 767 miheca matatilid to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan.
889 miheca, o kalali’aca ko lalengatan a miliyaw heca amalalood. 984 miheca, o sawara’an no Pawciyaliya ci Simiang sakacecay(Pawciyaliya a sowal( Pawciyaliya a sowal:Симеон I Велики ; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂一世)pakalowid to sofitay no Sila. I 913 miheca ona ci Simiang sakacecay patedo sa a milekal a mala Safang(Цар; 沙皇), keriden ningra ko sofitay miraod tangasa i Cinstantinpaw,cowa ho kalalood o patalaw aca, mapatangic ko Pacantin a matatilid to kakaketonan, adihay ko nipafelian no Paycantin a dafong , adihay ho koni afasan a sapakining.
Itira sato i 981 miheca, o honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa(Sila a sowal:Βασίλειος;Latin a sowal:Basileios; Kuwaping a sowal:巴西爾二世) sapicowataw to Pawciyaliya, malowid no honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur(Самуил; 薩穆爾) i ngata no Sofiya. I 986 miheca micowat ko honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur to Tisaliya, toker han no honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa.
Tahira to i 1072 miheca,o wawa to no wawa no Samur ci Kangstantin-Pocin patedo sa tomireng malahonti, ci Pitoro sakatolo, patokitok ho a mitoker to Paycantin.

### Sakatosa a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit(第二帝國)
1185 miheca,ca Pitoro saka sepat aci Yfan-Asin sakacecay malikaka mikeridan to Pawciyaliya a tamdaw miliyaw 
milood, ptireng to dakatosa a Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit. Mitangic to Paycantin i 1187 miheca to pihai to pisiiked no Pawciyaliya. Tahira sato i saka13 sici, cemahad to ko tili’etanan, matongal ko kaahdihay no niyaro’. O honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, isakakaay to ko kacemahd no kitakit, sakakahaday ko pala no kitakit, katimol tahira i Soloysi, isaka’etip ato sakawali tangasa i riyar.
 Yo mapatay to ko honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, malikelon to ko ’icel no kitakit. 1242 miheca, o kakeridan no sofitay no Monko-Hontian kitakit ci Pato hakelong nira ko sofitay mihidefong to pala no Pawciyaliya, I 1258 miheca tekop sato ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit. Oya sa Paycantin midongdong a mi’eco to Pawciyaliya, mi’afas to Anciyarusi-Minato ato Maysaimupoliya-Minato.
Itiya sato i 1277 miheca, o cecay mikapotay a kitakit no Monko oya Cincahan-Kitakit( Ikiris a sowal: Golden Horde; Monko a sowal:Алтан Орд;Altan Ord ;Kuwaping a sowal:欽察汗國) midefong i saka’amis no Pawciyaliya, tona a mihecaan patokeled sa ko Paucantin a mi’eco to Tinofa, nikawrira, malowid. 1330 miheca, malamikotoday a kitakit ko Pawciyaliya no Saywirwiya, nika cakahalafin mapapecihpecih mala pinapina a mamangay kitakit. 

### O pikowan no micowatay a Otoman-Hontian Kitakit(鄂圖曼帝國統治)
I ikor no Kosofo-Lalood(Saywirwiya a sowal:Косовски бој或Бој на Косову; Kuwaping a sowal:科索沃戰役) I 1389 miheca ato Nikopaw-Lalood [1]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:Битка при Никопол、Bitka pri Nikopol; Torki a sowal:Niğbolu Savaşı )I 1396 miheca, matekop a malahedaw ko Nikisiiked no sakatosa a Pawciyaliya-Hotian Kitakit, malocecay a nikowanan no Otoman-Torki Hotian-Kitakit. Itira to i ikor no saka 19 sici, o nipikerid ni Wasir-Lifusici (Pawciyaliya a sowal:Васил Левски) ta malaliyad heca ko pidemak to sakapisiikedan no Pawciyaliya. Toyanan nornor sato a malikelon ko ’icel no Otoman-Hontian Kitakit, itira to ko pisa’imer no Pawciyaliya a mipaco’ay, tahitkeda to pitoker no Torki safitay a ma’enec, patodeled sa ko Honti no Rosiya a milood to Otoman, mitedal to roray no Slafo-Salikaka saan, ikor tona lalood matatilid to「Polin-kakaketonan」(Toic a sowal:Berliner Kongress)[2] pakaala ko Pawciliya to Niyah-Pikowan, patireng to safatad sanay ho a Misiikeday Pawciyaliya- Hontian-Kitakit [3]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:Царство България; Roma a tilid:Tsarstvo Bulgaria; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞王國). Tahira to i 1885 miheca nga’ simsim hato ko matatodongay a tamdaw a mala no niyahan a honti, itini to ka kalaheci no kitakit a malacecay.

### Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit a mihecahecaan(保加利亞王國時期)
Ira ko pidama no Rosiya ato Ci’icelay-Kitkitakit tamanga’ay nornor sato ko Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit miliyas to pikowan no Otoman, tangasa i 1908 miheca malahontian kitakit, i ikor no Parkan-Lalood, o Pawciyaliya, Saywirya, Kahetingay-Lotok kitakit, ato Sila cifaloco’ to sapipecihaw to sera no Torki itira i Yoropa.
Itiya i sarakarakat ho no sakacecay Lalood no Hekal, cifaloco’ ko Pawciyaliya to sapipaco’ay, I 1915 miheca mikapot to Nipatekoan-Kitakit(Toic a sowal:Mittelmächte ;Kuwaping a sowal:同盟國), tangsolsol sa malacafay ato Toic-Hontian kitakit ato Awsyong-Hontian Kitakit mi’eco to Sayrwiya, to ikor micowat ho to Romaniya. Yo miliyas sato ko sofitay no Toic, o sakakaay to ko sofitay no Pawciliya, sanga’ay sa ko aro’ no sofitay no Pawciyaliya tahira i 1918 miheca malepon to kona Sakacecay Hekalay-Lalood.
I sarakarakat ho no Sakatosa Hekalay-Lalood, o Nacui-Toic(Toic a sowal:Nationalsozialistische Deutschland; Kuwaping a sowal:納粹德國;第三帝國) ato Itali Hontian-Kitakit masasowal (Ikiris a sowal:arbitration award; Kuwaping a sowal:維也納仲裁裁決) a midama to Pawciyaliya mi’afas a patikor to Nantopoloka.
1941 miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 romi’ad, ira ko pasitiraay i Toic a Congli no Pawciyaliya ci Pokotan Filofo mipangangan i『Kakaketonan no Toloay Kitakit』(Ikiris a sowal:Tripartite Pact; Kuwaping a sowal:德意日三國同盟條約) to pipaheci a mikapot to「Tokodan-Kitakit」(Ikiris a sowal:Axis power;Toic a sowal:Die Achsenmächte;Kuwaping a sowal:軸心國). Yo milood sato ko Toic to Nanslafo, mipadang ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya to Toic, iikor to no kalaloodan cililam ko Pawciyaliya to kakahaday a pala no Nanslafo-Maciton itira no Sila alalood, pakapi’eco ko Pawciyaliya to Sa’etipay-Seloysi a pala no Sila.
Itira i 1941 miheca saka 12 folad saka 12 romi’ad, mitakaw a mitefad to pakotang ko Dipon Cinco-Minato no Hawai, mitoor a milekal milood to Amirika. 

### Aniniay Rikisi(現代歷史)
Yo malepon sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal, mapatatiko a maala koya Satimolan no Topoloka, nikawrira, itiraan i sakowan no Solin a miteli. 1946 miheca palasawad to Sawara’an-Faco no kitakit, patireng to Pawciyaliya Nikapolong-Kitakit (Pawciyaliya a sowal:Народна Pепублика България,Narodna Republika Balgariya;Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞人民共和國), ci Koawrci-Titolofu-Mihailofu (Pawciyaliya asowal:Георги Димитров Михайлов;Kuwaping a sowal:格奧爾基·迪米特羅夫·米哈伊洛夫) ko sarakatay a malatapang no kitakit. 

## Sieci(政治)
O finawlan ko misinkiway to congtong no Pawciyaliya, 5 miheca ko kalacongtonan, manga’ay pararid to kinacecay. O congtong i,o sawara’an no kitakit ato sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay,o mikomoday a tamdaw to Sakarihaday no Kitakit a Pitenglan a Iinkay, ano awawaay ko sapisanga’ to rikec a ’icel, nikawrira ira ko ’icel a patiko to rikec i Pikaykian no Kitakit papiliyaw a masasowal a mifalic toya rikec, o Pikaykian no Kitakit o ’alomanay a pihai no kiing a mifelih toya mipatikoan no congton a rikec ta malaheci ko kapisanga’ tora rikec.
O Pikaykian-Nikapolongan Faco ko Pawciyaliya (Ikiris a sowal:parliamentary republic; Kuwaping a sowal:議會共和制). O Finawlan-Pikaykian(Народно събрание) a faco o Cecayay-Pikaykian-Faco, o polong no kiing ira ko 240 ko tamdaw, sepat ko mihecaan ko kalakiingan. 
O cecay a kasafelaw no sieci (centang) pakaala to 4% a satopa no misinkiway nga’ manga’ay mikapot i pikaykian. Ona pikaykian ira ko ’icel to sapisanga’ to rikec no kitakit, mihai to yosang a sakatayal a payso no sifo, milaleko to pisinkiw to congtong,misinkiw ato palasawad to kamaro’an no congli tapang no sifo, milekal to lalood, miketon to sowal to pihai to sofitay tayra i roma akitakit, mihai to kasasowal pakayni to kacacofelan a demak.   
2001 miheca saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad a tata’angay a sinkiw, oni keridan ni Simiyang-Sakatos(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Симеон II; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂二世） a Polong-Kitakit-Tang pakaala to 42.7% a satopa no misinkiway. Ona ci Simiyang-Sakatos o sarikoray a hotnti, namisawad a malahonti o pakalowid to sinkiw a malasawrra’an no kitakit.
1995 miheca saka 12 folad, misinsi to sapicomodaw Yoropa-Lekatep(European Union, EU; 歐盟)[4]. 2004 miheca saka 3 folad saka 29 romi’ad, mikapot ko Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織). 2006 miheca saka 12 folad, mitoor to sowal no Citodongay to Demak no Yoropa-Lekatep, o kakeridan no Yoropa-Lekatep a kayki mihai to pikapot no Pawciyaliya i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka1 romi’ad.[5] Tahira to i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad laheci sato ko pikapot no Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織).[6]  
Itiya i 1990 miheca saka 7 folad saka7 romi’ad malaheci ko sowal to pipacarcar ho to pidemak to i patay no ciraraway a tamdaw, noyanan to i 1998 miheca saka 12 folad saka12 romi’ad palaheci hananay to a palasawad ko mipatayay a demak to ciraraway a tamdaw.   
Kasasilsil no sakowan(行政區劃)   
O kakahad no pala no Pawciyaliya i,iraay ko 110,910㎢, o tatapangan a tokai i Sofiya[1] [2](Pawciyaliya a sowal:София，Ronaan tilid:Sofiya ;Kuwaping a sowal:索菲亞) . o polong a tata’angay sakowan(州) ira ko 28 ko sakowan:
| #  | ’Amis/ Sakowan     | Pawciyaliya           | Kuwaping         | Kakahad/㎢ | Tamadaw/ 2006 |
| 1  | Polakoyifkole      | Област Благоевград    | 布拉格耶夫格勒州 | 6,449      | 364,076       |
| 2  | Porkos             | Област Бургас         | 布爾加斯州       | 7,748      | 457,750       |
| 3  | Somen              | Област Шумен          | 舒門州           | 3,390      | 205,198       |
| 4  | Topolici           | Област Добрич         | 多布里奇州       | 4,719      | 213,325       |
| 5  | Kapolowo           | Област Габрово        | 加布羅沃州       | 2,023      | 137,461       |
| 6  | Haskowo            | Област Хасково        | 哈斯科沃州       | 5,543      | 307,067       |
| 7  | Korciyali          | Област Кърджали       | 克爾賈利州       | 3,209      | 164,019       |
| 8  | Ciwstentil         | Област Кюстендил      | 丘斯滕迪爾州     | 3,084      | 163,889       |
| 9  | Lowici             | Област Ловеч          | 洛維奇州         | 4,128      | 167,931       |
| 10 | Montana            | Област Монтана        | 蒙塔納州         | 3,618      | 183,353       |
| 11 | Pocarciko          | Област Пазарджик      | 帕札爾吉克州     | 4,459      | 317,358       |
| 12 | Pirniko            | Област Перник         | 佩爾尼克州       | 2,390.     | 156,561       |
| 13 | Poliwen            | Област Плевен         | 普列文州         | 4,333      | 320,449       |
| 14 | Polofutifu         | Област Пловдив        | 普羅夫迪夫州     | 5,973      | 755,570       |
| 15 | Lacikole           | Област Разград        | 拉茲格勒州       | 2,637      | 152,417       |
| 16 | Posay              | Област Русе           | 魯塞州           | 2,803      | 278,890       |
| 17 | Silisto            | Област Силистра       | 錫利斯特拉州     | 2,846      | 142,000       |
| 18 | Simoliyang         | Област Смолян         | 斯莫梁州         | 3,193      | 140,066       |
| 19 | Sofiya-Si          | София，               | 索菲亞市         | 1,310      | 1,246,791     |
| 20 | Sofiya             | Софийска област       | 索菲亞州         | 7,059      | 262,032       |
| 21 | Telang Cakola      | Област Стара Загора   | 舊扎戈拉州       | 5,151      | 388,556       |
| 22 | Korkowisinto       | Област Търговище      | 特爾戈維什特州   | 2,716      | 170,200       |
| 23 | Warna              | Област Варна          | 瓦爾納州         | 3,820      | 496,768       |
| 24 | Tata’angay Tornowo | Област Велико Търново | 大特爾諾沃州     | 4,662      | 293,172       |
| 25 | Witin              | Област Видин          | 維丁州           | 3,032      | 128,050       |
| 26 | Folaca             | Област Враца          | 弗拉察州         | 3,621      | 235,189       |
| 27 | Yangpor            | Област Ямбол          | 揚博爾州         | 3,335      | 156,631       |
| 28 | Seliwen            | Област Сливен         | 斯利文州         | 3,544      | 218,747       |


## Kaitiraan(地理)
Makalitosaay no Parkan-Lotolotokan(Pawciyaliya a sowal ato Sayrwiya a sowal:Стара планина / Stara Planina;
Kuwaping巴爾幹山脈)ko Pawciyaliya, isaka’mis i,o Tonaw-’Alo Dafdaf, isakatimol i,o Soloysi-Dasdas. O katimol no saka’etip i, o Lotopi-Lotok, o kolokolol nona lotok o Musala-’apocok(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Мусала, Kuwaping a sowal:穆薩拉峰) nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,925m ko ’akawang, o sa’akawangay no Parkan-Pecih Kanatal(Balkans;巴爾幹半島). Pasiwali misi’ayaway to Kohetingay-Riyar(Black Sea; 黑海), o kalala’edan no Pawciyaliya ato Romaniya ko Tonaw ’Alo.
Ono Lafa’efa’ay a so’emetay a Karopaw Kakarayan ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, isakwaliay a kakarayan masiwaray no Kahetingay Riyar, isaktimol masiwaray no Sifo’ay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:Mediterranean Sea; Kuwaping a sowal:地中海）ko kakarayan, ono Sifo'ay-Riyar a kakarayan.
O fa’edet no romi’ad i sakacecay folad itiraay i sifo’ no -2℃ato2℃, i saka7 folad nani 19℃tahira 25℃(tokos10℃). O lalen no ’orad no mihecaan 450 tahira 600mm (i tokos tahiraay i 1300mm).     

## Kicai(經濟)
I 1989 miheca yo tatiih to ko kalali’aca to dafong ato Solin(Rosiya a sowal:Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, decdec:СССР; Kuwaping a sowal:蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟,簡稱蘇聯), tata’ang ko nikasipon no Pawciyaliya., o lalen no ’orip no tamtamdaw mataefad 40%. Tahira to i 1994 mihecaan nga’ saidahi sato ko kahirahira a katayalan. Nikawrira, nikacaay ka harerek ko pisongila’ a mifalic ko pakayniay i kicai a demak ato nikacaay ho kahinaker ko faco no kinko, 1996 miheca malaliyaw heca ko katatiih no kicai to katayalan.tahira to i 2003 miheca nga’ manga’ay ko katayalan no polong no kitakit.
Nano to’asan o maomahay ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, orasak o mikuy a hana(Rosa rugosa;玫瑰), yuko(Ikiris a sowal:Yogurt; Kuwaping a sowal:優格) ato poto ’epah tadamanga’ay tata’ang ko ngangan i hekal manga’ay ko ‘aca. 
O misanga’ay to dafong a demak i, o misonga’ay to kakaenen ato mililecay a tayal, cemahad sanay to ko pisalamaan no lafang a demak. O mikapotay i Paifaloco'ay Kali'aca a Katatelekan no Sifo’ay Yoropa(Central European Free Trade Agreement，CEFTA;中歐自由貿易協定).

## Pitooran ato Tamdaw(宗教和人口)
O misakristoay ko 65% a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya , ilaloma’ nonini i,mahaop ko 64% o Pawciyaliya So’elinay Kiwkai(Orthodox church ;正教會). 13% o mitooray to Muslin, sahetoay o Pomako tamdaw ato Mamangay-Finacadan no Torki.

## Punka(文化)
Tadaadihay ko naikoran no rocok no payrayrag a ma’arw i punka, rikisi ato rocokan, mahaop ko Sroysi tamdaw, Katelang a Sila tamdaw ,Roma a tamdaw, Selafo a tamdaw, Walyangko tamdaw ato Pawciyar tamdaw. Oninian ko kacidafong no Pawciyaliya to kahirahira a lisinan itini i hekal, o tinooy ato mito’eto’an dafong no Soroysi tamdaw, o rocok no radiw ato katelang a nipatirenganno Pawciyar tamdaw. 
O makeraay a satelangay a misanga’an a tada’emin dafong i Waerna tadem no Pawciyaliya, o rikisi nonini dafong miso’edac to 5,000 ko mihecaan.[9] I sifo’an sici o cecay no kahiceraan no Selafo Punka ko Pawciyaliya, o nikahadakan no Silirtilid(Rosiya a sowal:Кирилли́ческий алфави́т或Кири́ллица，falicen a mitilid:Kirilličeskij alfavit或者Kirillica ; Kuwaping a sowal:西里爾字母或斯拉夫字母). 
Tahira to i saka 19 sici ato saka 20 sici, o mirocokay to ’ilang no Pawciyaliya ato Ikiris a malatamdaway no Amirika ci Yohani-Wensin-Atanasofo (Ikiris a sowal:John Vincent Atanasoff; Kuwaping a sowal:約翰·文森·阿塔納索夫) o mikapotay a mipasadak to Tinnaw(computer;電腦).
Itini i Pawciyaliya ano sata’ota’ong sa o mminayay, ano miingaing o mihaiyan.[10] O winaan a sowal no Pawciyaliya ko Pawciyaliya a sowal,do’edo’en ko「Eurobarometer report（2006）」a nipasadakan a sowal, o mafana’ay somowal to Ikiris a sowal no Pawciyaliya i,latek ira ko 120 ofad ko tamdaw, mahaop ko 23% no polong a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya.  ci Safulo  komihongyakuay.

## Pipalafangan Lihad(旅遊資訊)
Itini i WIKI-Nipalalan to pipalafangan a tilid no Pawciyaliya ira ko:
- Bulgaria -     video presentations from Bulgaria Tourism Authority（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- All cities and villages（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- The     mountains of Bulgaria
- Image     Gallery of Bulgaria
- Large Image Gallery of Bulgaria（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- Cars     from antiquity to their appearance in Bulgaria


## Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻)
[1] Kenneth Meyer Setton、Harry W. Hazard. A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1975年: 第83頁. ISBN 0299066703 （英語）.
[2] "Besides Turkey, there were six Great Powers during the late nineteenth century: Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany." Sowards, Steven W. Lecture 10: The Great Powers and the Eastern Question. Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism). [14 February 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-14）.
[3] 6FP NoE 4M in Bulgaria - Sofia Info. [2013-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-09
[4] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-31） （中文）.
[5] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-31） （中文）.
[6] European Union. European Union. European Union. [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-10） （英語）.
[7] Editors of Britannica. Sofia. Encyclopædia Britannica. [12 February 2016].
[8] Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2013-06-01. ISBN 9781615309870.
[9] New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, By: Higham, Tom; Chapman, John; Slavchev, Vladimir; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Honch, Noah; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Branimira; September 1, 2007
[10] “Yes”and“No”Gestures. Learn Bulgarian Easily. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-09）.

## Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接)
- CIA
- 外交部
- List of current heads of state and government
- Official governmental site（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- President of The Republic of Bulgaria（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria
- Chief of State and Cabinet Member


Bulgaria
Bulgaria（保加利亞）

== Takaray a sowal(概要) ==
Pawciyaliya Kapolongan-Kitakit(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Република България''; Latin a tilid:''Republika Bŭlgariya''; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞共和國,通稱保加利亞). O itiraay i katimol no sakawali no Yoropa a Parkan-Pecihan-Kanatal a kitakit. Malafiyaway ato Romaniya, Sayrwiya, Ka’amisay-Maciton , Kitisiya ato Torki, i sakawali misi’ayaway to Kahetinay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:''Black Sea''; Kuwaping a sowal:黑海). 

O Sofia(索菲亞) ko Siyoto.katomirengan no kitakit a romi’ad(國家紀念日).Pihiratengan no kitakit a romi’ad i sakatolo 3 a romi’ad.O Sawara’an no kitakit anini i ci Roymen Ratifo( [[Rumen Radev|''Rumen Radev'']];魯門·雷得夫), patirengan a romi’ad i 2017 a miheca saka 1 folad saka 22 a romi’ad. 

[[Faylo:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|縮圖|Hata no Pawciyaliya (Flag of Bulgaria)|alt=Flag of Bulgaria.svg]]
[[Faylo:EU-Bulgaria.svg|縮圖|Kaitiraan (Bulgaria)]]

== Kaitiraan (地理位置) ==
Itini i 43 00 N, 25 00 E, noYoropi ko [[Bulgaria]](保加利亞).Polong no sekalay i 110,879 sq km “saka 105 ko rayray no ngangan. O sekalay no sera i, 108,489 sq km, no nanom a sekalay i, 2,390 sq km Polong i 7,144,653 ko tamdaw.

sera(土地) Masakilac ko sera o malo kakaomahen(農業) a sera 46.90%, Malo no kilakilangan(林業) a sera 36.70%, malo no roma to a sera 16.40%.

== '''Rikisi'''(歷史) ==
O saka’amis a kaitiraan no Pawciyaliya anini malecad o Sakawali no Mosiya(Latin a sowal:Moesia; Kuwaping a sowal:默西亞)ito’asan ho, roma sa i,o sakatimol no aniniay Pawciyaliya malecad o saka’amis no Soloysi(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Тракия''; Torki a sowal:''Trakya'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:色雷斯) ito’asan ho.

O liteng a finacadan no Pawciyaliya i, o Soloysi-Tamdaw(Ikiris a sowal:''Thracians'' ;Latin a sowal:''Thraci''). I tiya i’ayaw latek iikor no sakacecay miheca naikoranni Yiso, ona pala itini malapecih no Roma-Hotian Kitakit, malalikel to Soloysi-Sakowan ato Mosiya-Sakowan. To ikor to o Pacantin-Hontian Kitakit komidotocay. 

=== '''Sakacecay a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit'''(第一帝國) ===
Sakaenem sici sa’aloman sa ko tayniay a Slafo-Tamdaw, ato mamang a mikeridan ni Aspaluhe (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Аспарух''; Kuwaping a sowal:阿斯巴魯赫) nani ka’amisay lilis no Kohetingay-Riyar ato ka’amisay Kawciyaso maforaw tayra i Misiya , macamamol ato o Tocie ko sowal a Pawciyar-Tamdaw, onini ko lalengawan no Pawciyaliya-Tamdaw.

I aikor ni Yiso 681 [[miheca]], Aspoluko-Kitakit malowid nira ko Honti no Paycantin ci Casitinni sakatosa( Sila a sowal:''Ιουστινιανός Β' ο Ρινότμητος;''Kuwaping a sowal:查士丁尼二世;
[[Faylo:Solidus_of_Justinian_II,_Second_Reign,_Constantinople,_705_AD,_gold_-_Arthur_M._Sackler_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC01501.jpg|縮圖|Casitinni sakatosa(Solidus of Justinian II, Second Reign, Constantinople, 705 AD, gold - Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University - DSC01501)]]
ocimil a ngangan:makelacay ko ngoso a tamdaw:被剜鼻者), matatilid to kakaketonan, malaheci maala ko sakatimol no Tonaw-‘alo ato saka’misay etal no Parkan lotolotokan no Paycantin, patireng to Pawciyaliya-Hontian Kitakit(latek nani 681 tahira i 1018 miheca ). Sanoyanan sa to tolo so’ot ko mihecan o sakakaay a Misiikeday-Hontian kitakit ko Pawciyaliya,o ‘icel no Pawciyaliya ma’edengay mamatoktok ato Paycantin,kinapinapina to sapico’ecoaw to tata’angay niyaro’ no Paycantin ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya.

Onini to ko sakalalood no Paycantin ato Pawciyaliya. I 755 miheca, o saeawa’an no Pawciyaliya ci Cielice mi’eco to Paycatin, malowid no honti no Paycantin ci Cinstantin sakalima(Sila a sowal:Κωνσταντίνος Ε΄;Kuwaping a sowal:君士坦丁五世) ko Pawciyaliya,itiya sato 759 ato 763 miheca tokitok sa mapidah. Itira sato i 767 miheca matatilid to Sakarihaday-Kakaketonan.

889 miheca, o kalali’aca ko lalengatan a miliyaw heca amalalood. 984 miheca, o sawara’an no Pawciyaliya ci Simiang sakacecay(Pawciyaliya a sowal( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Симеон I Велики'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂一世)pakalowid to sofitay no Sila. I 913 miheca ona ci Simiang sakacecay patedo sa a milekal a mala Safang(''Цар; 沙皇),'' keriden ningra ko sofitay miraod tangasa i Cinstantinpaw,cowa ho kalalood o patalaw aca, mapatangic ko Pacantin a matatilid to kakaketonan, adihay ko nipafelian no Paycantin a dafong , adihay ho koni afasan a sapakining.

Itira sato i 981 miheca, o honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa(Sila a sowal:''Βασίλειος'';Latin a sowal:''Basileios''; Kuwaping a sowal:巴西爾二世) sapicowataw to Pawciyaliya, malowid no honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur(Самуил; 薩穆爾) i ngata no Sofiya. I 986 miheca micowat ko honti no Pawciyaliya ci Samur to Tisaliya, toker han no honti no Paycantin ci Pasir sakatosa.

Tahira to i 1072 miheca,o wawa to no wawa no Samur ci Kangstantin-Pocin patedo sa tomireng malahonti, ci Pitoro sakatolo, patokitok ho a mitoker to Paycantin.

=== '''Sakatosa a Micowatay Hontian-Kitakit'''(第二帝國) ===
1185 miheca,ca Pitoro saka sepat aci Yfan-Asin sakacecay malikaka mikeridan to Pawciyaliya a tamdaw miliyaw 
[[Faylo:N_pavlovic_assen.jpg|縮圖|Yfan-Asin sakacecay (N. pavlovic assen)]]
milood, ptireng to dakatosa a Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit. Mitangic to Paycantin i 1187 miheca to pihai to pisiiked no Pawciyaliya. Tahira sato i saka13 sici, cemahad to ko tili’etanan, matongal ko kaahdihay no niyaro’. O honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, isakakaay to ko kacemahd no kitakit, sakakahaday ko pala no kitakit, katimol tahira i Soloysi, isaka’etip ato sakawali tangasa i riyar.

 Yo mapatay to ko honti ci Yfan-Asin sakatosa, malikelon to ko ’icel no kitakit. 1242 miheca, o kakeridan no sofitay no Monko-Hontian kitakit ci Pato hakelong nira ko sofitay mihidefong to pala no Pawciyaliya, I 1258 miheca tekop sato ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit. Oya sa Paycantin midongdong a mi’eco to Pawciyaliya, mi’afas to Anciyarusi-Minato ato Maysaimupoliya-Minato.

Itiya sato i 1277 miheca, o cecay mikapotay a kitakit no Monko oya Cincahan-Kitakit( Ikiris a sowal: ''Golden Horde''; Monko a sowal:''Алтан Орд'';''Altan Ord'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:欽察汗國) midefong i saka’amis no Pawciyaliya, tona a mihecaan patokeled sa ko Paucantin a mi’eco to Tinofa, nikawrira, malowid. 1330 miheca, malamikotoday a kitakit ko Pawciyaliya no Saywirwiya, nika cakahalafin mapapecihpecih mala pinapina a mamangay kitakit. 

=== '''O pikowan no micowatay a Otoman-Hontian Kitakit'''(鄂圖曼帝國統治) ===
[[Faylo:Battle_of_Kosovo,_Adam_Stefanović,_1870.jpg|縮圖|1387miheca Kosofo-Lalood (Battle of Kosovo, Adam Stefanović, 1870)]]
I ikor no Kosofo-Lalood(Saywirwiya a sowal:''Косовски бој或Бој на Косову;'' Kuwaping a sowal:科索沃戰役) I 1389 miheca ato Nikopaw-Lalood [1]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Битка при Никопол、Bitka pri Nikopol''; Torki a sowal:''Niğbolu Savaşı'' )I 1396 miheca, matekop a malahedaw ko Nikisiiked no sakatosa a Pawciyaliya-Hotian Kitakit, malocecay a nikowanan no Otoman-Torki Hotian-Kitakit. Itira to i ikor no saka 19 sici, o nipikerid ni Wasir-Lifusici (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Васил Левски'') ta malaliyad heca ko pidemak to sakapisiikedan no Pawciyaliya. Toyanan nornor sato a malikelon ko ’icel no Otoman-Hontian Kitakit, itira to ko pisa’imer no Pawciyaliya a mipaco’ay, tahitkeda to pitoker no Torki safitay a ma’enec, patodeled sa ko Honti no Rosiya a milood to Otoman, mitedal to roray no Slafo-Salikaka saan, ikor tona lalood matatilid to「Polin-kakaketonan」(Toic a sowal:''Berliner Kongress'')[2] pakaala ko Pawciliya to Niyah-Pikowan, patireng to safatad sanay ho a Misiikeday Pawciyaliya- Hontian-Kitakit [3]( Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Царство България''; Roma a tilid:''Tsarstvo Bulgaria''; Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞王國). Tahira to i 1885 miheca nga’ simsim hato ko matatodongay a tamdaw a mala no niyahan a honti, itini to ka kalaheci no kitakit a malacecay.

=== '''Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit a mihecahecaan''' (保加利亞王國時期) ===
Ira ko pidama no Rosiya ato Ci’icelay-Kitkitakit tamanga’ay nornor sato ko Pawciyaliya Hontian-Kitakit miliyas to pikowan no Otoman, tangasa i 1908 miheca malahontian kitakit, i ikor no Parkan-Lalood, o Pawciyaliya, Saywirya, Kahetingay-Lotok kitakit, ato Sila cifaloco’ to sapipecihaw to sera no Torki itira i Yoropa.
[[Faylo:Bulgarian_Macedonians.jpg|縮圖|Sofitay no Pawciyaliya i Ka'amisay- Maciton (Bulgarian Macedonians)]]
Itiya i sarakarakat ho no sakacecay Lalood no Hekal, cifaloco’ ko Pawciyaliya to sapipaco’ay, I 1915 miheca mikapot to Nipatekoan-Kitakit(Toic a sowal:''Mittelmächte'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:同盟國), tangsolsol sa malacafay ato Toic-Hontian kitakit ato Awsyong-Hontian Kitakit mi’eco to Sayrwiya, to ikor micowat ho to Romaniya. Yo miliyas sato ko sofitay no Toic, o sakakaay to ko sofitay no Pawciliya, sanga’ay sa ko aro’ no sofitay no Pawciyaliya tahira i 1918 miheca malepon to kona Sakacecay Hekalay-Lalood.

I sarakarakat ho no Sakatosa Hekalay-Lalood, o Nacui-Toic(Toic a sowal:''Nationalsozialistische Deutschland''; Kuwaping a sowal:納粹德國;第三帝國) ato Itali Hontian-Kitakit masasowal (Ikiris a sowal:''arbitration award; Kuwaping a sowal:''維也納仲裁裁決) a midama to Pawciyaliya mi’afas a patikor to Nantopoloka.

1941 miheca saka 3 folad saka 1 romi’ad, ira ko pasitiraay i Toic a Congli no Pawciyaliya ci Pokotan Filofo mipangangan i『Kakaketonan no Toloay Kitakit』(Ikiris a sowal:''Tripartite Pact;'' Kuwaping a sowal:德意日三國同盟條約) to pipaheci a mikapot to「Tokodan-Kitakit」(Ikiris a sowal:''Axis power'';Toic a sowal:''Die Achsenmächte'';Kuwaping a sowal:軸心國). Yo milood sato ko Toic to Nanslafo, mipadang ko sofitay no Pawciyaliya to Toic, iikor to no kalaloodan cililam ko Pawciyaliya to kakahaday a pala no Nanslafo-Maciton itira no Sila alalood, pakapi’eco ko Pawciyaliya to Sa’etipay-Seloysi a pala no Sila.

Itira i 1941 miheca saka 12 folad saka 12 romi’ad, mitakaw a mitefad to pakotang ko Dipon Cinco-Minato no Hawai, mitoor a milekal milood to Amirika. 
[[Faylo:Georgi_Dimitrov.jpg|縮圖|itolofu-Mihailofu (Georgi Dimitrov)]]

=== '''Aniniay Rikisi''' (現代歷史) ===
Yo malepon sato ko Sakatosa-Lalood no Hekal, mapatatiko a maala koya Satimolan no Topoloka, nikawrira, itiraan i sakowan no Solin a miteli. 1946 miheca palasawad to Sawara’an-Faco no kitakit, patireng to Pawciyaliya Nikapolong-Kitakit (Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Народна Pепублика България,Narodna Republika Balgariya;''Kuwaping a sowal:保加利亞人民共和國), ci Koawrci-Titolofu-Mihailofu (Pawciyaliya asowal:''Георги Димитров Михайлов;''Kuwaping a sowal:格奧爾基·迪米特羅夫·米哈伊洛夫) ko sarakatay a malatapang no kitakit. 

==  '''Sieci''' (政治) ==
O finawlan ko misinkiway to congtong no Pawciyaliya, 5 miheca ko kalacongtonan, manga’ay pararid to kinacecay. O congtong i,o sawara’an no kitakit ato sakakaay kakeridan no sofitay,o mikomoday a tamdaw to Sakarihaday no Kitakit a Pitenglan a Iinkay, ano awawaay ko sapisanga’ to rikec a ’icel, nikawrira ira ko ’icel a patiko to rikec i Pikaykian no Kitakit papiliyaw a masasowal a mifalic toya rikec, o Pikaykian no Kitakit o ’alomanay a pihai no kiing a mifelih toya mipatikoan no congton a rikec ta malaheci ko kapisanga’ tora rikec.

O Pikaykian-Nikapolongan Faco ko Pawciyaliya (Ikiris a sowal:''parliamentary republic;'' Kuwaping a sowal:議會共和制). O Finawlan-Pikaykian(''Народно събрание'') a faco o Cecayay-Pikaykian-Faco, o polong no kiing ira ko 240 ko tamdaw, sepat ko mihecaan ko kalakiingan. 
[[Faylo:Simeon_Borisov_Sakskoburggotski_(Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,_Simeon_II)_in_2017.jpg|縮圖|Simiyang-Sakatos (Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski (Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Simeon II) in 2017)]]
O cecay a kasafelaw no sieci (centang) pakaala to 4% a satopa no misinkiway nga’ manga’ay mikapot i pikaykian. Ona pikaykian ira ko ’icel to sapisanga’ to rikec no kitakit, mihai to yosang a sakatayal a payso no sifo, milaleko to pisinkiw to congtong,misinkiw ato palasawad to kamaro’an no congli tapang no sifo, milekal to lalood, miketon to sowal to pihai to sofitay tayra i roma akitakit, mihai to kasasowal pakayni to kacacofelan a demak.   

2001 miheca saka 6 folad saka 17 romi’ad a tata’angay a sinkiw, oni keridan ni Simiyang-Sakatos(Pawciyaliya a sowal:Симеон II; Kuwaping a sowal:西美昂二世） a Polong-Kitakit-Tang pakaala to 42.7% a satopa no misinkiway. Ona ci Simiyang-Sakatos o sarikoray a hotnti, namisawad a malahonti o pakalowid to sinkiw a malasawrra’an no kitakit.

1995 miheca saka 12 folad, misinsi to sapicomodaw Yoropa-Lekatep(''European Union, EU''; 歐盟)[4]. 2004 miheca saka 3 folad saka 29 romi’ad, mikapot ko Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織). 2006 miheca saka 12 folad, mitoor to sowal no Citodongay to Demak no Yoropa-Lekatep, o kakeridan no Yoropa-Lekatep a kayki mihai to pikapot no Pawciyaliya i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka1 romi’ad.[5] Tahira to i 2007 miheca saka 1 folad saka 1 romi’ad laheci sato ko pikapot no Pawciyaliya i Saka’amisay- Riyaran a Kakaketonan-Lekatep ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO;北大西洋公約組織).[6]  

Itiya i 1990 miheca saka 7 folad saka7 romi’ad malaheci ko sowal to pipacarcar ho to pidemak to i patay no ciraraway a tamdaw, noyanan to i 1998 miheca saka 12 folad saka12 romi’ad palaheci hananay to a palasawad ko mipatayay a demak to ciraraway a tamdaw.   

'''Kasasilsil no sakowan'''(行政區劃)   

O kakahad no pala no Pawciyaliya i,iraay ko 110,910㎢, o tatapangan a tokai i Sofiya[1] [2](Pawciyaliya a sowal:''София''，Ronaan tilid:''Sofiya'' ;Kuwaping a sowal:索菲亞) . o polong a tata’angay sakowan(州) ira ko 28 ko sakowan:
{| class="wikitable"
|#
|’Amis/

Sakowan
|Pawciyaliya
|Kuwaping
|Kakahad/㎢
|Tamadaw/

2006
|-
|1
|Polakoyifkole
|Област  Благоевград
|布拉格耶夫格勒州
|6,449
|364,076
|-
|2
|Porkos
|Област  Бургас
|布爾加斯州
|7,748
|457,750
|-
|3
|Somen
|Област  Шумен
|舒門州
|3,390
|205,198
|-
|4
|Topolici
|Област  Добрич
|多布里奇州
|4,719
|213,325
|-
|5
|Kapolowo
|Област  Габрово
|加布羅沃州
|2,023
|137,461
|-
|6
|Haskowo
|Област  Хасково
|哈斯科沃州
|5,543
|307,067
|-
|7
|Korciyali
|Област  Кърджали
|克爾賈利州
|3,209
|164,019
|-
|8
|Ciwstentil
|Област  Кюстендил
|丘斯滕迪爾州
|3,084
|163,889
|-
|9
|Lowici
|Област  Ловеч
|洛維奇州
|4,128
|167,931
|-
|10
|Montana
|Област  Монтана
|蒙塔納州
|3,618
|183,353
|-
|11
|Pocarciko
|Област  Пазарджик
|帕札爾吉克州
|4,459
|317,358
|-
|12
|Pirniko
|Област  Перник
|佩爾尼克州
|2,390.
|156,561
|-
|13
|Poliwen
|Област  Плевен
|普列文州
|4,333
|320,449
|-
|14
|Polofutifu
|Област  Пловдив
|普羅夫迪夫州
|5,973
|755,570
|-
|15
|Lacikole
|Област  Разград
|拉茲格勒州
|2,637
|152,417
|-
|16
|Posay
|Област  Русе
|魯塞州
|2,803
|278,890
|-
|17
|Silisto
|Област  Силистра
|錫利斯特拉州
|2,846
|142,000
|-
|18
|Simoliyang
|Област  Смолян
|斯莫梁州
|3,193
|140,066
|-
|19
|Sofiya-Si
|София，
|索菲亞市
|1,310
|1,246,791
|-
|20
|Sofiya
|Софийска  област
|索菲亞州
|7,059
|262,032
|-
|21
|Telang  Cakola
|Област  Стара Загора
|舊扎戈拉州
|5,151
|388,556
|-
|22
|Korkowisinto
|Област  Търговище
|特爾戈維什特州
|2,716
|170,200
|-
|23
|Warna
|Област  Варна
|瓦爾納州
|3,820
|496,768
|-
|24
|Tata’angay  Tornowo
|Област  Велико Търново
|大特爾諾沃州
|4,662
|293,172
|-
|25
|Witin  
|Област  Видин
|維丁州
|3,032
|128,050
|-
|26
|Folaca
|Област  Враца
|弗拉察州
|3,621
|235,189
|-
|27
|Yangpor
|Област  Ямбол
|揚博爾州
|3,335
|156,631
|-
|28
|Seliwen
|Област  Сливен 
|斯利文州
|3,544
|218,747
|}

== '''Kaitiraan'''(地理) ==
Makalitosaay no Parkan-Lotolotokan(Pawciyaliya a sowal ato Sayrwiya a sowal:''Стара планина / Stara Planina;'' 
[[Faylo:Balkangebirge_Balkan_topo_de.jpg|縮圖|Parkan-Lotolotokan (Balkangebirge Balkan topo de)]]
''Kuwaping''巴爾幹山脈)ko Pawciyaliya, isaka’mis i,o Tonaw-’Alo Dafdaf, isakatimol i,o Soloysi-Dasdas. O katimol no saka’etip i, o Lotopi-Lotok, o kolokolol nona lotok o Musala-’apocok(Pawciyaliya a sowal:''Мусала'', Kuwaping a sowal:穆薩拉峰) nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 2,925m ko ’akawang, o sa’akawangay no Parkan-Pecih Kanatal(''Balkans;''巴爾幹半島). Pasiwali misi’ayaway to Kohetingay-Riyar(''Black Sea''; 黑海), o kalala’edan no Pawciyaliya ato Romaniya ko Tonaw ’Alo.

Ono Lafa’efa’ay a so’emetay a Karopaw Kakarayan ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, isakwaliay a kakarayan masiwaray no Kahetingay Riyar, isaktimol masiwaray no Sifo’ay-Riyar(Ikiris a sowal:''Mediterranean Sea;'' Kuwaping a sowal:地中海）ko kakarayan, ono Sifo'ay-Riyar a kakarayan.

O fa’edet no romi’ad i sakacecay folad itiraay i sifo’ no -2℃ato2℃, i saka7 folad nani 19℃tahira 25℃(tokos10℃). O lalen no ’orad no mihecaan 450 tahira 600mm (i tokos tahiraay i 1300mm).     

== '''Kicai''' (經濟) ==
I 1989 miheca yo tatiih to ko kalali’aca to dafong ato Solin(Rosiya a sowal:''Союз Советских Социалистических Республик'', decdec:''СССР''; Kuwaping a sowal:蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟,簡稱蘇聯), tata’ang ko nikasipon no Pawciyaliya., o lalen no ’orip no tamtamdaw mataefad 40%. Tahira to i 1994 mihecaan nga’ saidahi sato ko kahirahira a katayalan. Nikawrira, nikacaay ka harerek ko pisongila’ a mifalic ko pakayniay i kicai a demak ato nikacaay ho kahinaker ko faco no kinko, 1996 miheca malaliyaw heca ko katatiih no kicai to katayalan.tahira to i 2003 miheca nga’ manga’ay ko katayalan no polong no kitakit.
[[Faylo:Rosa_rugosa0.jpg|縮圖|Mikuy hana(Rosa rugosa)]]
Nano to’asan o maomahay ko Pawciyaliya a kitakit, orasak o mikuy a hana(''Rosa rugosa'';玫瑰), yuko(Ikiris a sowal:''Yogurt''; Kuwaping a sowal:優格) ato poto ’epah tadamanga’ay tata’ang ko ngangan i hekal manga’ay ko ‘aca. 

O misanga’ay to dafong a demak i, o misonga’ay to kakaenen ato mililecay a tayal, cemahad sanay to ko pisalamaan no lafang a demak. O mikapotay i Paifaloco'ay Kali'aca a Katatelekan no Sifo’ay Yoropa(''Central European Free Trade Agreement''，''CEFTA'';中歐自由貿易協定).

== '''Pitooran ato Tamdaw''' (宗教和人口) ==
O misakristoay ko 65% a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya , ilaloma’ nonini i,mahaop ko 64% o Pawciyaliya So’elinay Kiwkai(''Orthodox church'' ;正教會). 13% o mitooray to Muslin, sahetoay o Pomako tamdaw ato Mamangay-Finacadan no Torki.

== '''Punka''' (文化) ==
Tadaadihay ko naikoran no rocok no payrayrag a ma’arw i punka, rikisi ato rocokan, mahaop ko Sroysi tamdaw, Katelang a Sila tamdaw ,Roma a tamdaw, Selafo a tamdaw, Walyangko tamdaw ato Pawciyar tamdaw. Oninian ko kacidafong no Pawciyaliya to kahirahira a lisinan itini i hekal, o tinooy ato mito’eto’an dafong no Soroysi tamdaw, o rocok no radiw ato katelang a nipatirenganno Pawciyar tamdaw. 
[[Faylo:Lazarki_from_Gabra.jpg|縮圖|Kaying no Pawciyaliya (Lazarki from Gabra)]]
O makeraay a satelangay a misanga’an a tada’emin dafong i Waerna tadem no Pawciyaliya, o rikisi nonini dafong miso’edac to 5,000 ko mihecaan.[9] I sifo’an sici o cecay no kahiceraan no Selafo Punka ko Pawciyaliya, o nikahadakan no Silirtilid(Rosiya a sowal:''Кирилли́ческий алфави́т或Кири́ллица''，falicen a mitilid:''Kirilličeskij alfavit或者Kirillica'' ; Kuwaping a sowal:西里爾字母或斯拉夫字母). 

Tahira to i saka 19 sici ato saka 20 sici, o mirocokay to ’ilang no Pawciyaliya ato Ikiris a malatamdaway no Amirika ci Yohani-Wensin-Atanasofo (Ikiris a sowal:''John Vincent Atanasoff;'' Kuwaping a sowal:約翰·文森·阿塔納索夫) o mikapotay a mipasadak to Tinnaw(''computer;''電腦).

Itini i Pawciyaliya ano sata’ota’ong sa o mminayay, ano miingaing o mihaiyan.[10] O winaan a sowal no Pawciyaliya ko Pawciyaliya a sowal,do’edo’en ko「Eurobarometer report（2006）」a nipasadakan a sowal, o mafana’ay somowal to Ikiris a sowal no Pawciyaliya i,latek ira ko 120 ofad ko tamdaw, mahaop ko 23% no polong a tamdaw no Pawciyaliya.  ci Safulo  komihongyakuay.

== '''Pipalafangan Lihad'''(旅遊資訊) ==
Itini i WIKI-Nipalalan to pipalafangan a tilid no Pawciyaliya ira ko:

* Bulgaria -     video presentations from Bulgaria Tourism Authority（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* All cities and villages（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* The     mountains of Bulgaria
* Image     Gallery of Bulgaria
* Large Image Gallery of Bulgaria（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Cars     from antiquity to their appearance in Bulgaria

== Tahapinangan a Tilid (參考文獻) ==
[1] Kenneth Meyer Setton、Harry W. Hazard. A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1975年: 第83頁. <nowiki>ISBN 0299066703</nowiki> （英語）.

[2] "Besides Turkey, there were six Great Powers during the late nineteenth century: Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany." Sowards, Steven W. Lecture 10: The Great Powers and the Eastern Question. Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History (The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism). [14 February 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-14）.

[3] 6FP NoE 4M in Bulgaria - Sofia Info. [2013-11-24]. （原始內容存檔於2009-03-09

[4] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-31） （中文）.

[5] 新華網. 罗马尼亚和保加利亚正式加入欧盟. 中國網. 2007-01-01 [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-31） （中文）.

[6] European Union. European Union. European Union. [2021-01-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-10） （英語）.

[7] Editors of Britannica. Sofia. Encyclopædia Britannica. [12 February 2016].

[8] Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2013-06-01. <nowiki>ISBN 9781615309870</nowiki>.

[9] New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, By: Higham, Tom; Chapman, John; Slavchev, Vladimir; Gaydarska, Bisserka; Honch, Noah; Yordanov, Yordan; Dimitrova, Branimira; September 1, 2007

[10] “Yes”and“No”Gestures. Learn Bulgarian Easily. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-09）.

== Pikafitan i Papotal(外部連接) ==
*[http://www.cia.gov/ CIA]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.tw/default.html 外交部]
* [[:en:List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government|List of current heads of state and government]]
*Official governmental site（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* President of The Republic of Bulgaria（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria
* Chief of State and Cabinet Member
 

[[Kasasiwasiw:Pasawalian 'Amis]]