# Hawai

## Takalay sowal (概略)
Ona Hawai katal (Ono Hawai a sowal: Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi; Ikiris sowal: State of Hawaii ,Kuwaping sowal:夏威夷) o cecay a sakowan no Amirika anini, o kanatanatal ko kalacecay nona sakowan. itiya i 1778 miheca tayra i 1898 miheca ma’eco no tapan no riyaran sofitay ci Sanminci sa pangangan han to Sanminci Kanatal (Sandwich Islands), nikawrira, i ikor to 'i, matawal to no tamtamdaw kona ngangan lahedaw sato.
O tatapang a niyaro’ itiraay i Honolulu (Tansyaangsan han no kaping a sowal), o isatimoaly a sakowan no Amirika, ikatimola nonini i iraho ko tada katimolay a sera no Amirika oya malanikowanan no Amirika a kanatal o Samoa hananay. O tandaw no itiniay i cowa ko kohecalay, miliniay tono Aciya ko tatirengan. O taliyokay pala o saadihayay ko kina’orip i nitahepoan no kakarayan, nikawrira, ona masamaamaanay kina’orip adhihayay to ko sakapatayaw sanay, o liomah i o kafi ko nipalomaan, dengan onini sakowan no Amirika ko o kikay to ko sapisanga’ to kafi.

## Rikisi (歷史)

### To’asan (史前時期)
Itiya i 1776 miheca o mikalicay to tata’angay tamina a tamdaw no Yoropa ci Kuku, o sa’ayaway a tamdaw no Yoropa macakat tona kanatal, sa pangangan han to Kuku tapangan no mikalicay to tamina kona tamdaw.
Ona ngangan to Hawai sanay i, o nani tiraay to sowal no Polinisya to kasofocan niyaro’ Sawaiki ko pangangan. 

### Kamihamiha Hontian Kitakit (Kamehameha 王國)
I 1795 miheca mapalacecay no kakitaan ci Kamihamiha kona polong a kanatal, tireng sa a malahonti, tona miheca matatangaay to kacakat ni Kuku tapang no tamina I Ofu kanatal ona kanatanatal. i 1818 miheca mahemek a mingengeng toya cifelacay tilid no kaping hata no Ikiris ci Kamihamiha [1], sa todong han nira a misanga’ malo hata no Hawai kanatal, tahanini malo hata no Sakowan no Amirika. Yo mapatay sato koya sakacecay a honti o sakakaay a wawa ningra ko malahontiay o sakatosa Kamihamiha (Kamehameha II, 1797 miheca－1824 miheca, sakapito folad 14 romi’ad) hananay, o ngangan ningra i ci Liholiho, o tadangangan i ci Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu `Iolani.

### Mapateko no Amirika (美國兼併時期)
Nikawrira, nani 1843 miheca tatootor sa ko Yoropa a kitakit i 1843 miheca o Ikiris, 1849 miheca o Feransu a milekal ono miyam a sakowan konini saan. Tahira to i 1893 miheca, o misanga’ay to odax a kohecalay tamdaw rawrawen nangra ko hoti a miriyang, o ngangan no Kristo tintosi ato kyokay ko sapifelih to Hawai Hontian Kitakit. Mapalasawad ko sa’ayaway a Fafahiyan Honti ci Liliwkalani (Hawai sowal: Liliʻuokalani, Ikiris: Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii; 1838 miheca, sakasiwa folad, sakatosa romi’ad－1917 miheca, cecay safaw folad, cecay safaw romi’ad), o tada ngangan nira Litiya·Kamakaiha (Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha), o salikolay to a fafahiayan honti koni.
Ona mifelihay to honti no Hawai a kohecalay tamdaw patireng sa to loma a sifo kami to ko mamicaliw a malamikowanay saan. 1893 miheca sakatolo folad sakasiwa romi’ad, oya sakakinatosa a malacontong ci Kelifulan (Stephen Grover Cleveland, 1837 miheca, 3 folad, 18 romi’ad－1908 miheca, 6 folad,  24 romi’ad) caay ka pihai a mipatateko ko Hawai to Amirika, nikawrira, itini I fafa’eday a pikaykian no kitakit ono Mincutang a lipoin ko ‘alomanay, sahetoay o miliyangay ci Kelifulan congtongan, o kakridan nona masacefangay i ci Sanfuto Tor, i 1893 miheca saopoen ningra ko ‘alomanay a kohecay tamdaw a parawraw a mipalasawad to Honti no Hawai ci Liliwkalani, patireng sa to kohecalay tamdaw a sifo Hawai Polongan Kitakit sifo.[1] Mapatireng to kona no kohecalay a sifo i, 1898 miheca sakafalo folad tosasafaw romi’ad laheci sato a malosera no Amirika, 1894 miheca patireng sato ko kohecalay tamdaw tono nganra a sifo, 1894 niheca pacalcal to malapala no Amirika ko Hawai.
1959 miheca falo folad tosapolo’ ira ko cecay romi’ad mapateko mala o cecay a sakowan no Amirika, o saka lima polo’ a sakowan no Amirika, oya no Yincumin no Hawai a hontian sakowan pacici sato a mapalahedaw.
Palapalaan (地理) 
O Hawai a kitakit i 19 ko tata’angay kanatal ato rakarakaan ko polong, itiraay i sifo’ no Tayhiyow ko aro’ nnona kitakit, ano halomamangay a kanatal sa’osien mapolong i iraay ko 137 ko kanatal, o polong nona kanatal i, sahetoay o cinamalay tokas, tahanini mapakohacay ho ko tata’angay a Hawai kanatal, oromaroma a kanatal i, i’ayaw no 200 miheca a mapakohac.
O kaliwasak nona kanatal i:
| Ngangan no kanatal            | o cimil                      | kaitiraan        | dadahal (km2) | tamdaw [2010 miheca] |
| Hawai (Hawaii)                | Tata’angay kanatal (大島)    | 19°34′N 155°30′W | 10,432.5 km2  | 185,079              |
| Kaoay kanatal (Kauai)         | Potal a kanatal (庭園島)     | 22°05′N 159°30′W | 1,430.5 km2   | 66,921               |
| Kafolawi kanatal (Kaho’olawe) | Patosokankanatal (目標島)    | 20°33′N 156°36′W | 115.5 km2     | 0                    |
| Lanay kanatal (Lanai)         | Citalacayay kanatal (鳯梨島) | 20°50′N 156°56′W | 363.9 km2     | 3,135                |
| Maoi kanatal (Maui)           | Ta’eman kanatal (峡谷島)     | 20°48′N 156°20′W | 1,883.4 km2   | 144,444              |
| Molokay kanatal (Molokai)     | Misawidangaykanatal (友好島) | 21°08′N 157°02′W | 673.4 km2     | 7,345                |
| Nihaw kanatal (Niihau)        | Kacipaysinankanatal (禁断島) | 21°54′N 160°10′W | 180.0 km2     | 170                  |
| Ofo kanatal (Oahu)            | Kasaopoan kanatal (集合島)   | 21°28′N 157°59′W | 1,545.4 km2   | 953,207              |


## O tamdaw (人口)
O maro’ay tamdaw itini i, ono Aciya a tamdaw ko ‘alomanay mahaop ko 40%, ini kowanan no Amirika a sakowan i, odeng o Hawai ko matiniay, caay ko nini aca, o cilamlamay to roma a ‘ilang a tamdaw i, adihay ko mahaopay. I lamoma’ no nini i, o teloc no Sipanya ko matongalay, siwatik sanay ko kaca ka hakowa no kohecaly ato kohetingay a tamdaw. Orasaka itini i, o kohecalay a mitiliday ko masamsamay i pitilidan.
Ona maro’ay itini a tamdaw i, o i Amirikaay ko sofoc 82.2%, ono i romaay kitakit a sofocen i mahaop ko 75%, i raroma’ no nini i o nani Aciyaay kako sanay a tamdaw. 

### O Yincumin no Hawai (夏威夷原住民)
Oya ititiay a maro’ a tamdaw no Hawai Yincumin rowan sanay to anini.[3] Nikataynian ho kohecalay tamdaw i ’ayaw no 200 ko miheca yo macakat ci Kuku tapang no tamina iraay ko 30 ofad ko Yincumin a tamdaw, to ikor to i 19 sici (19世紀) rowan sa sepatay to ofad ko osaw, mapatay no mihawikidan no kohecalay tamdaw a lifong, ’aloman ko mipatayan no kohecaly tamdaw. Tahini to aniniay a mihecaan mararamod to roma a finacadan, tongal sato ko karahedaw no tada Yincumin no Hawai.
I 1959 miheca mapateko malocecay a sakowan no Amirika ko Hawai, mapenec ko ’orip no Yincumin tahanini o sakararem ko ’orip nangra.[4] O Yincumin kako sanay a tamdaw i, iraay ho ko mo’etep a ofad sanay ko sowal, nikawrira, ona tamtamdaw o caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i caay to ka hakowa ko osaw. O caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i 8, 000 to ko tamdaw sa ko sa’osi, o romaroma sa i mahaop ko 98% ciramramay to roma a finacadan.[5] O pisetek to sowal o so’elinay a Yincumin no Hawai sanay a rikec i, oya misanga’an i 1920 miheca a 「Hawai Tmadaw」sanay a rikec, tona rikec i, i’ayaw ni Kuku tapang no tamina yo macakat tona kanatal maro’ay to itini a tamdaw ko ni toro’an, o itirengay a remes i mirocokay ho to 50% nani to’as sanay ko pisetekan nona rikec. Nikawrira, o pihaop no Yincumin i polong tamdaw no Hawai i, ’edengan 5.9% aca, o sapiparocokaw tono niyah a punka i, mapatireng nangra ko 「Citodongay tono Hawai Demak」 (OHA, Office of Hawaiian Affairs) , citodong a dademak to kalodemak no Hawai Yincumin.[6] Ona OHA caay ka piala to payso no sifo ta caay ka ngoyangoyen no sifo ko paiyincuminay a demak. Oyasato i 1990 mihecahecan, saadihay sato ko dademakay to sapipatikoaw tono niyah a salongac.[7]

### O pisawkit to Kamihamiha Pitilidan (Kamehameha 裁判)
Oya nano to’asan a pitilidan no Yincumin no Hawai toya Kamihamiha Pitilidan, edeng o teloc no Yincumin ko mihaian a papicomod itini a mitilid, o ni’osawan no sa’ayaway a honti a dafong ko sapidemak tonini, caay ka piala to payso no sifo, o mitiliday a ka’emangay cidafohay, sa mapakokot no kohecay a tamdw o misakakinihay to roma afinacadan.[8] Nikawrira, misawkit sato ko sakaka’ay a pisawkitan i, ono Hawai Yincumin a teked pitilidan konini sa ko pipatosok sawkit, caay ka tama toya misakakinihay to roma a finacadan sanay a pikokot. 
Onini i, o todongay o sapipatikoaw to niyah a salongoc sanay a demak, nawhani, na o mi’ecoan no kohecalay a tamdaw a pateko i Amirika a kitakit, mapalahedaw ko niyah mikowanay a honti no Hawai.
Mido’edo tona pisawkit i, 2009 miheca 12 folad 28 romi’ad, masongra’ ko pihai no Kinairaira no Pala a Iinkay no Lipoiing no Amirika (Congressional committee of the United States House of Representatives) ko Miliyaw a Patiren Niyah Sifo tono Yincumin no Hawai (The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 S1011/HR2314), ci AkaPil fafa’eday pikaykian no kitakit a kiing koni patarahekalay tona rikec, sa pangangan to Akak Rikec (the Akaka Bill after Senator Daniel Akaka of Hawaii)
Pakayni tona Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin, ira ko sapifelihaw a kiing, nikawrira, micoker ci Opama congtong to Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin.

## Sowal (語言)
I 1978 miheca malaheciay to a patalahekalen no kinpo no Amirika ko halasowal no Hawai i o Hawai sowal ato Ikiris sowal. O nano to’asan a sowal no Hawai o nani capa’ay no Aostoronisya sowal (sakacecay a cicu), o to’as atamdaw no Hawai i, nano capa’ay no Aostoronisya a Polinisya tamdaw (sakatosa cicu). Orasaka matiya to i Taywanay a finacadan no Aostoronisya caay to ka hakowa ko mafana’ay a somowal. Nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan matongalay ko o ngiha’ no sowal no Hawai ko pitooran a mitilid to ngangan no pala.

## Pitooran (宗教)
O pitooran no ta’asan Hawai tamdaw i o kimad, o kongko no ’orip, ato o patinako. To ikor to i, tayni to a micomod ko Kristo Pitooran. O kawasan ho a kimad i, o nani Polinisya a kimad ko adihayay, nikawrira, kakaya’ to ko mihecan, mafalic mafalic ko pakimaday i, masasiromaay ko nikimadan, I ’ayaw no 1800 miheca, o Kawasan kimad i oraay kono Hawai a kacidekan, malalitilitingay to pitooran nangra, tahira to i 19sici malalang to ko no to’asan a pitooran, nikawrira, tahanini iraay ho ko mitooray sa maosaw tahanini kono to’asan a punka.
O Yincumin no Hawai o mita’ongay to palapalan a masasiromaromay a kawas, ano silsilen koriaan i o milooday kawas ci Ku (Kū)、o ’orip kawas ci Kani (Kāne)、o liomah kawas ci Lono (Lono) ato no riyar kawas ci Kanaloa (Kanaloa). Caay ko nini aca, ira ho ko romaroma a kawas, ci Laka (Laka)、ci Kihawanihi (Kihawahine)、ci Papahanaumoku (Papahānaumoku), ato midipotay to karolomaan a kawas ci Aumakua (Aumakua).
Adihay ta to ko kawas silsilen a mitilid ta nalikay a mafana’:
- Tatapangan Kawas 4 ko tireng: Ku、Kani、Lono、Kanaloa.
- Fainayan Kawas 40 ko tiring:o nani Kaniay a masadak. (ke kanahā 之化身)
- Fainayan ato fafahiyan kawas 400 ko tireng (ka lau)
- Kasiromaroma a Fainayan ato fafahiyan kawas (ke kini akua)
- O romaroma kawas (na ʻunihipili)
- O midipotay kawas (na ʻaumākua)[9]

Tooren ko nini a pinangan no ’orip no Hawai tamdaw, o pafilongan a romi’ad itiraay i micelem ko Supalu Fo’is do’edo sa a masadakay a folad, o pihafayan ato pahanhanan a romi’ad ko nini, ma’edemg I saka 4folad no aniniay. Ona pafilingan i o Makalii’ hananay no Hawai tamdaw. (Makali`i; Maka o mata sanay, lii’ o mamangay sanay) 
Tona pafilongan i, itiya i piceleman no Supalu fo’is ko finawlan macakat nani riyar.

## Punka (文化)
Ono to’asan ho a kaka’enen i o Luawa (lūʻau) hananay no Hawai a tamdaw, o todongay o mikocisoay koranan, o pisacacak tonini i, i potal korkor han a miofang ko sera, tafo han to papah no facidol ato tali ko foting ato titi, teli han tora ofang a mitamek.
Nano to’asan o Pa·ina (pāʻina) anoca o Aha·Aina (’aha’aina) hananay ko pangangan tona tangidaf, o dengan i Pakarowid a milood, Pipakelangan to kaherekan no dodang, Sakacecay miheca nasofocen ko wawa, Kararamodan ato Pihemekan to kato’edaw no ‘orip a komaen tona kociso. Nano to’asan cipaysinay a malacafay komaen ko fainayan ato fafahiyan, mikociso sato i malacidekay a komaen. Itiya to i 1819 miheca o honti Kamihamiha 2 ko mifalicay tona lisin ta manga’ay to polong sa ko fainayan ato fafahiyan a mitaheka. O ’epah koroma aniniay to a mangaay a mili’epah ko tamtamdaw.
Ano mikociso i, caay aca ka ira ko radiw ato sakero, o sakero no Hawai to kafana’an no cimacima a tamdaw i, o Fula (sowal no Hawai: hula) hananay a sakero, onini ira ko sekero, ira ko romadiway, ira ko mi’olicay, ira ho ko misoniay to tiftif ato potoy. Ona Fula hananay a sakero ono to’asan i o Kahiko hananay, ono aniniay i o Auana hananay a pangangan, o polong nonini i o todengay o heci no punka ato pipakaso’elin to to’asan a kawas.

## Pihapinangan Tilid (註腳)
[1] Kamihamiha sanay i, o mato’olay, o matemoyay sanay ko imi ira.
[2] McWilliams, Tennant S. James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation. Pacific Historical Review. 1988-02, 57 (1) : 25–36 [2014-10-08]. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-16) .
[3] (大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 217ページ) 
[4] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 218ページ
[5] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 219ページ
[6] 中嶋弓子『ハワイ・さまよえる楽園』東京書籍、1993年、p.129-130。ISBN 4-487-75396-1。
[7] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧。
[8] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧。
[9] Gutmanis, June (1983). Na Pule Kahiko: Ancient Hawaiian Prayers. Editions Limited. pp. 4–14. ISBN 0-9607938-6-0

## Makakafit i papotal(外部連結)
- Star-Bulletin Newspaper -- 英文的日報 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- University of Hawaii -- 夏威夷大學 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- 夏威夷官方旅遊網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- OpenStreetMap上有關夏威夷州的地理資訊


Hawai
== '''Hawai''' ==

== '''Takalay sowal (概略) ''' ==
[[Faylo:Pacific_Culture_Areas.jpg|thumb|Pacific Culture Areas]]
Ona Hawai katal (Ono Hawai a sowal: Mokuʻāina o Hawaiʻi; Ikiris sowal: State of Hawaii ,Kuwaping sowal:夏威夷) o cecay a sakowan no Amirika anini, o kanatanatal ko kalacecay nona sakowan. itiya i 1778 miheca tayra i 1898 miheca ma’eco no tapan no riyaran sofitay ci Sanminci sa pangangan han to Sanminci Kanatal (''Sandwich Islands''), nikawrira, i ikor to 'i, matawal to no tamtamdaw kona ngangan lahedaw sato.

[[Faylo:Flag_of_Hawaii.svg|thumb|Flag of Hawaii]]
O tatapang a niyaro’ itiraay i Honolulu (Tansyaangsan han no kaping a sowal), o isatimoaly a sakowan no Amirika, ikatimola nonini i iraho ko tada katimolay a sera no Amirika oya malanikowanan no Amirika a kanatal o Samoa hananay. O tandaw no itiniay i cowa ko kohecalay, miliniay tono Aciya ko tatirengan. O taliyokay pala o saadihayay ko kina’orip i nitahepoan no kakarayan, nikawrira, ona masamaamaanay kina’orip adhihayay to ko sakapatayaw sanay, o liomah i o kafi ko nipalomaan, dengan onini sakowan no Amirika ko o kikay to ko sapisanga’ to kafi.

== '''Rikisi (歷史) ''' ==

=== '''To’asan (史前時期) ''' ===
Itiya i 1776 miheca o mikalicay to tata’angay tamina a tamdaw no Yoropa ci Kuku, o sa’ayaway a tamdaw no Yoropa macakat tona kanatal, sa pangangan han to Kuku tapangan no mikalicay to tamina kona tamdaw.

Ona ngangan to Hawai sanay i, o nani tiraay to sowal no Polinisya to kasofocan niyaro’ ''Sawaiki'' ko pangangan. 
[[Faylo:Kamehamehaii.jpg|thumb|Kamehamehaii]]

=== '''Kamihamiha Hontian Kitakit (Kamehameha 王國) ''' ===
I 1795 miheca mapalacecay no kakitaan ci Kamihamiha kona polong a kanatal, tireng sa a malahonti, tona miheca matatangaay to kacakat ni Kuku tapang no tamina I Ofu kanatal ona kanatanatal. i 1818 miheca mahemek a mingengeng toya cifelacay tilid no kaping hata no Ikiris ci Kamihamiha [1], sa todong han nira a misanga’ malo hata no Hawai kanatal, tahanini malo hata no Sakowan no Amirika. Yo mapatay sato koya sakacecay a honti o sakakaay a wawa ningra ko malahontiay o sakatosa Kamihamiha (''Kamehameha II'', 1797 miheca－1824 miheca, sakapito folad 14 romi’ad) hananay, o ngangan ningra i ci Liholiho, o tadangangan i ci ''Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu `Iolani.''

[[Faylo:Liliuokalani, _c._1891.jpg|thumb|Liliwkalani fafahiyan honti (Liliuokalani, c. 1891) ]]

=== '''Mapateko no Amirika (美國兼併時期) ''' ===
Nikawrira, nani 1843 miheca tatootor sa ko Yoropa a kitakit i 1843 miheca o Ikiris, 1849 miheca o Feransu a milekal ono miyam a sakowan konini saan. Tahira to i 1893 miheca, o misanga’ay to odax a kohecalay tamdaw rawrawen nangra ko hoti a miriyang, o ngangan no Kristo tintosi ato kyokay ko sapifelih to Hawai Hontian Kitakit. Mapalasawad ko sa’ayaway a Fafahiyan Honti ci Liliwkalani (Hawai sowal: ''Liliʻuokalani'', Ikiris: ''Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii''; 1838 miheca, sakasiwa folad, sakatosa romi’ad－1917 miheca, cecay safaw folad, cecay safaw romi’ad), o tada ngangan nira Litiya·Kamakaiha (''Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha''), o salikolay to a fafahiayan honti koni.

Ona mifelihay to honti no Hawai a kohecalay tamdaw patireng sa to loma a sifo kami to ko mamicaliw a malamikowanay saan. 1893 miheca sakatolo folad sakasiwa romi’ad, oya sakakinatosa a malacontong ci Kelifulan (''Stephen Grover Cleveland'', ''1837 miheca, 3 folad, 18 romi’ad－1908 miheca, 6 folad, '' ''24 romi’ad'') caay ka pihai a mipatateko ko Hawai to Amirika, nikawrira, itini I fafa’eday a pikaykian no kitakit ono Mincutang a lipoin ko ‘alomanay, sahetoay o miliyangay ci Kelifulan congtongan, o kakridan nona masacefangay i ci Sanfuto Tor, i 1893 miheca saopoen ningra ko ‘alomanay a kohecay tamdaw a parawraw a mipalasawad to Honti no Hawai ci Liliwkalani, patireng sa to kohecalay tamdaw a sifo Hawai Polongan Kitakit sifo.[1] Mapatireng to kona no kohecalay a sifo i, 1898 miheca sakafalo folad tosasafaw romi’ad laheci sato a malosera no Amirika, 1894 miheca patireng sato ko kohecalay tamdaw tono nganra a sifo, 1894 niheca pacalcal to malapala no Amirika ko Hawai.

1959 miheca falo folad tosapolo’ ira ko cecay romi’ad mapateko mala o cecay a sakowan no Amirika, o saka lima polo’ a sakowan no Amirika, oya no Yincumin no Hawai a hontian sakowan pacici sato a mapalahedaw.

'''Palapalaan (地理) '''

O Hawai a kitakit i 19 ko tata’angay kanatal ato rakarakaan ko polong, itiraay i sifo’ no Tayhiyow ko aro’ nnona kitakit, ano halomamangay a kanatal sa’osien mapolong i iraay ko 137 ko kanatal, o polong nona kanatal i, sahetoay o cinamalay tokas, tahanini mapakohacay ho ko tata’angay a Hawai kanatal, oromaroma a kanatal i, i’ayaw no 200 miheca a mapakohac.

O kaliwasak nona kanatal i:
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Ngangan no kanatal'''
|'''o cimil'''
|'''kaitiraan'''
|'''dadahal (km<sup>2</sup>) '''
|'''tamdaw'''

'''[2010 miheca]'''
|-
|Hawai (Hawaii) 
|Tata’angay kanatal (大島) 
|19°34′N 155°30′W
|10,432.5 km<sup>2</sup>
|185,079
|-
|Kaoay kanatal (''Kauai'') 
|Potal a kanatal (庭園島) 
|22°05′N 159°30′W
|1,430.5 km<sup>2</sup>
|66,921
|-
|Kafolawi kanatal (''Kaho’olawe'') 
|Patosokankanatal (目標島) 
|20°33′N 156°36′W
|115.5 km<sup>2</sup>
|0
|-
|Lanay kanatal (''Lanai'') 
|Citalacayay kanatal (鳯梨島) 
|20°50′N 156°56′W
|363.9 km<sup>2</sup>
|3,135
|-
|Maoi kanatal (Maui) 
|Ta’eman kanatal (峡谷島) 
|20°48′N 156°20′W
|1,883.4 km<sup>2</sup>
|144,444
|-
|Molokay kanatal (''Molokai'') 
|Misawidangaykanatal (友好島) 
|21°08′N 157°02′W
|673.4 km<sup>2</sup>
|7,345
|-
|Nihaw kanatal (Niihau) 
|Kacipaysinankanatal (禁断島) 
|21°54′N 160°10′W
|180.0 km<sup>2</sup>
|170
|-
|Ofo kanatal (Oahu) 
|Kasaopoan kanatal (集合島) 
|21°28′N 157°59′W
|1,545.4 km<sup>2</sup>
|953,207
|}

== '''O tamdaw (人口) ''' ==
O maro’ay tamdaw itini i, ono Aciya a tamdaw ko ‘alomanay mahaop ko 40%, ini kowanan no Amirika a sakowan i, odeng o Hawai ko matiniay, caay ko nini aca, o cilamlamay to roma a ‘ilang a tamdaw i, adihay ko mahaopay. I lamoma’ no nini i, o teloc no Sipanya ko matongalay, siwatik sanay ko kaca ka hakowa no kohecaly ato kohetingay a tamdaw. Orasaka itini i, o kohecalay a mitiliday ko masamsamay i pitilidan.

Ona maro’ay itini a tamdaw i, o i Amirikaay ko sofoc 82.2%, ono i romaay kitakit a sofocen i mahaop ko 75%, i raroma’ no nini i o nani Aciyaay kako sanay a tamdaw. 

=== '''O Yincumin no Hawai (夏威夷原住民) ''' ===
Oya ititiay a maro’ a tamdaw no Hawai Yincumin rowan sanay to anini.[3] Nikataynian ho kohecalay tamdaw i ’ayaw no 200 ko miheca yo macakat ci Kuku tapang no tamina iraay ko 30 ofad ko Yincumin a tamdaw, to ikor to i 19 sici (19世紀) rowan sa sepatay to ofad ko osaw, mapatay no mihawikidan no kohecalay tamdaw a lifong, ’aloman ko mipatayan no kohecaly tamdaw. Tahini to aniniay a mihecaan mararamod to roma a finacadan, tongal sato ko karahedaw no tada Yincumin no Hawai.

I 1959 miheca mapateko malocecay a sakowan no Amirika ko Hawai, mapenec ko ’orip no Yincumin tahanini o sakararem ko ’orip nangra.[4] O Yincumin kako sanay a tamdaw i, iraay ho ko mo’etep a ofad sanay ko sowal, nikawrira, ona tamtamdaw o caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i caay to ka hakowa ko osaw. O caay ka ciramram to roma a finacadan ko ’ilang i 8, 000 to ko tamdaw sa ko sa’osi, o romaroma sa i mahaop ko 98% ciramramay to roma a finacadan.[5] O pisetek to sowal o so’elinay a Yincumin no Hawai sanay a rikec i, oya misanga’an i 1920 miheca a 「Hawai Tmadaw」sanay a rikec, tona rikec i, i’ayaw ni Kuku tapang no tamina yo macakat tona kanatal maro’ay to itini a tamdaw ko ni toro’an, o itirengay a remes i mirocokay ho to 50% nani to’as sanay ko pisetekan nona rikec. Nikawrira, o pihaop no Yincumin i polong tamdaw no Hawai i, ’edengan 5.9% aca, o sapiparocokaw tono niyah a punka i, mapatireng nangra ko 「Citodongay tono Hawai Demak」 (OHA, Office of Hawaiian Affairs) , citodong a dademak to kalodemak no Hawai Yincumin.[6] Ona OHA caay ka piala to payso no sifo ta caay ka ngoyangoyen no sifo ko paiyincuminay a demak. Oyasato i 1990 mihecahecan, saadihay sato ko dademakay to sapipatikoaw tono niyah a salongac.[7]

=== '''O pisawkit to Kamihamiha Pitilidan (Kamehameha 裁判) ''' ===
Oya nano to’asan a pitilidan no Yincumin no Hawai toya Kamihamiha Pitilidan, edeng o teloc no Yincumin ko mihaian a papicomod itini a mitilid, o ni’osawan no sa’ayaway a honti a dafong ko sapidemak tonini, caay ka piala to payso no sifo, o mitiliday a ka’emangay cidafohay, sa mapakokot no kohecay a tamdw o misakakinihay to roma afinacadan.[8] Nikawrira, misawkit sato ko sakaka’ay a pisawkitan i, ono Hawai Yincumin a teked pitilidan konini sa ko pipatosok sawkit, caay ka tama toya misakakinihay to roma a finacadan sanay a pikokot. 

Onini i, o todongay o sapipatikoaw to niyah a salongoc sanay a demak, nawhani, na o mi’ecoan no kohecalay a tamdaw a pateko i Amirika a kitakit, mapalahedaw ko niyah mikowanay a honti no Hawai.

Mido’edo tona pisawkit i, 2009 miheca 12 folad 28 romi’ad, masongra’ ko pihai no Kinairaira no Pala a Iinkay no Lipoiing no Amirika (''Congressional committee of the United States House of Representatives'') ko Miliyaw a Patiren Niyah Sifo tono Yincumin no Hawai (''The Native Hawaiian Government Reorganization Act of 2009 S1011/HR2314''), ci AkaPil fafa’eday pikaykian no kitakit a kiing koni patarahekalay tona rikec, sa pangangan to Akak Rikec (''the Akaka Bill after Senator Daniel Akaka of Hawaii'')

Pakayni tona Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin, ira ko sapifelihaw a kiing, nikawrira, micoker ci Opama congtong to Niyah Pikowan a Sifo no Hawai Yincumin.

== '''Sowal (語言) ''' ==
[[Faylo:Austronesian_languages.PNG|thumb|Austronesian languages]]

I 1978 miheca malaheciay to a patalahekalen no kinpo no Amirika ko halasowal no Hawai i o Hawai sowal ato Ikiris sowal. O nano to’asan a sowal no Hawai o nani capa’ay no Aostoronisya sowal (sakacecay a cicu), o to’as atamdaw no Hawai i, nano capa’ay no Aostoronisya a Polinisya tamdaw (sakatosa cicu). Orasaka matiya to i Taywanay a finacadan no Aostoronisya caay to ka hakowa ko mafana’ay a somowal. Nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan matongalay ko o ngiha’ no sowal no Hawai ko pitooran a mitilid to ngangan no pala.

== '''Pitooran (宗教) ''' ==
O pitooran no ta’asan Hawai tamdaw i o kimad, o kongko no ’orip, ato o patinako. To ikor to i, tayni to a micomod ko Kristo Pitooran. O kawasan ho a kimad i, o nani Polinisya a kimad ko adihayay, nikawrira, kakaya’ to ko mihecan, mafalic mafalic ko pakimaday i, masasiromaay ko nikimadan, I ’ayaw no 1800 miheca, o Kawasan kimad i oraay kono Hawai a kacidekan, malalitilitingay to pitooran nangra, tahira to i 19sici malalang to ko no to’asan a pitooran, nikawrira, tahanini iraay ho ko mitooray sa maosaw tahanini kono to’asan a punka.

O Yincumin no Hawai o mita’ongay to palapalan a masasiromaromay a kawas, ano silsilen koriaan i o milooday kawas ci Ku (''Kū'')、o ’orip kawas ci Kani (''Kāne'')、o liomah kawas ci Lono (''Lono'') ato no riyar kawas ci Kanaloa (''Kanaloa''). Caay ko nini aca, ira ho ko romaroma a kawas, ci Laka (''Laka'')、ci Kihawanihi (''Kihawahine'')、ci Papahanaumoku (''Papahānaumoku''), ato midipotay to karolomaan a kawas ci Aumakua (''Aumakua'').

[[Faylo:Kuka'ilimoku.jpg|thumb|Tatapangan kawas (Kuka'ilimoku) ]]
Adihay ta to ko kawas silsilen a mitilid ta nalikay a mafana’:

* Tatapangan Kawas 4 ko tireng: Ku、Kani、Lono、Kanaloa.
* Fainayan Kawas 40 ko tiring:o nani Kaniay a masadak. (''ke kanahā'' 之化身) 
* Fainayan ato fafahiyan kawas 400 ko tireng (''ka lau'') 
* Kasiromaroma a Fainayan ato fafahiyan kawas (''ke kini akua'')
* O romaroma kawas (''na ʻunihipili'') 
* O midipotay kawas (''na ʻaumākua'')[9]

[[Faylo:USMC-101120-M-2339L-009.jpg|thumb|Pafilongan (USMC-101120-M-2339L-009) ]]
Tooren ko nini a pinangan no ’orip no Hawai tamdaw, o pafilongan a romi’ad itiraay i micelem ko Supalu Fo’is do’edo sa a masadakay a folad, o pihafayan ato pahanhanan a romi’ad ko nini, ma’edemg I saka 4folad no aniniay. Ona pafilingan i o Makalii’ hananay no Hawai tamdaw. (''Makali`i''; ''Maka'' o mata sanay, ''lii’'' o mamangay sanay) 

Tona pafilongan i, itiya i piceleman no Supalu fo’is ko finawlan macakat nani riyar.

== '''Punka (文化) ''' ==
Ono to’asan ho a kaka’enen i o Luawa (''lūʻau'') hananay no Hawai a tamdaw, o todongay o mikocisoay koranan, o pisacacak tonini i, i potal korkor han a miofang ko sera, tafo han to papah no facidol ato tali ko foting ato titi, teli han tora ofang a mitamek.
[[Faylo:Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg|thumb|Fula Sakero (Hula Kahiko Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 01) ]]
Nano to’asan o Pa·ina (''pāʻina'') anoca o Aha·Aina (''’aha’aina'') hananay ko pangangan tona tangidaf, o dengan i Pakarowid a milood, Pipakelangan to kaherekan no dodang, Sakacecay miheca nasofocen ko wawa, Kararamodan ato Pihemekan to kato’edaw no ‘orip a komaen tona kociso. Nano to’asan cipaysinay a malacafay komaen ko fainayan ato fafahiyan, mikociso sato i malacidekay a komaen. Itiya to i 1819 miheca o honti Kamihamiha 2 ko mifalicay tona lisin ta manga’ay to polong sa ko fainayan ato fafahiyan a mitaheka. O ’epah koroma aniniay to a mangaay a mili’epah ko tamtamdaw.

Ano mikociso i, caay aca ka ira ko radiw ato sakero, o sakero no Hawai to kafana’an no cimacima a tamdaw i, o Fula (sowal no Hawai: ''hula'') hananay a sakero, onini ira ko sekero, ira ko romadiway, ira ko mi’olicay, ira ho ko misoniay to tiftif ato potoy. Ona Fula hananay a sakero ono to’asan i o Kahiko hananay, ono aniniay i o Auana hananay a pangangan, o polong nonini i o todengay o heci no punka ato pipakaso’elin to to’asan a kawas.

== '''Pihapinangan Tilid (註腳) ''' ==
[1] Kamihamiha sanay i, o mato’olay, o matemoyay sanay ko imi ira.

[2] McWilliams, Tennant S. James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation. Pacific Historical Review. 1988-02, 57 (1) : 25–36 [2014-10-08]. (原始內容存檔於2016-02-16) .

[3] (大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 217ページ) 

[4] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 218ページ

[5] 大林純子・山中速人「<ハワイ> 12 カナカ・マオリ/ハワイアン」/ 綾部恒雄監修 前川啓治・訓棚橋編集『講座 世界の先住民族 －ファースト・ピープルズの現在－ 09 オセアニア』 明石書店 2005年 219ページ

[6] 中嶋弓子『ハワイ・さまよえる楽園』東京書籍、1993年、p.129-130。<nowiki>ISBN 4-487-75396-1</nowiki>。

[7] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧。

[8] ハワイ人の主権回復運動④ 井上昭洋 Glocal Tenri, Vol.11 No.1 January 2010. 2015年9月9日閲覧。

[9] Gutmanis, June (1983). Na Pule Kahiko: Ancient Hawaiian Prayers. Editions Limited. pp. 4–14. ISBN 0-9607938-6-0

=== Pili'an a tikid(參考文獻) ===

# '''^''' McWilliams, Tennant S. James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation. Pacific Historical Review. 1988-02, '''57''' (1): 25–36 [2014-10-08]. （原始內容存檔於2016-02-16）.
# '''^''' Blay, Chuck, and Siemers, Robert. ''Kauai『’s Geologic History: A Simplified Guide.'' Kaua『i: TEOK Investigations, 2004. <nowiki>ISBN 9780974472300</nowiki>. (Cited in )
# '''^''' USGS GNIS: Island of Hawaiʻi
# '''^''' USGS GNIS: Maui Island
# '''^''' USGS GNIS: Oʻahu Island
# '''^''' USGS GNIS: Kauaʻi Island
# '''^''' USGS GNIS: Molokaʻi Island
# '''^''' USGS GNIS: Lānaʻi Island
# '''^''' USGS GNIS: Niʻihau Island
# '''^''' USGS GNIS: Kahoʻolawe Island
# '''^''' Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018 - 2018 Population Estimates. US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau. [2019-09-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-13）.

== Makakafit i papotal(外部連結) ==

* Star-Bulletin Newspaper -- 英文的日報 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* University of Hawaii -- 夏威夷大學 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* 夏威夷官方旅遊網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* OpenStreetMap上有關夏威夷州的地理資訊