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N: Criminal Appeal No. 155 of 1971.
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 31 7 70 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 45/69 and Criminal Revision Case No. 391/69.
930 P. Ram Reddy and P.P. Rao for the Appellants.
Govind Das, Mrs. Sunanda Bhandare, A.K. Mathur, A.K. Sharma and M.S. Narasimhan for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKARIA, J.
This appeal by special leave is directed against a judgment of acquittal rendered by the High Court of Andhra Pradesh.
The facts may now be stated.
There are three villages, Konda Kala Vatala, Konda Papaya Palli and Govinda Palli situated at a short distance from each other There were warring factions in these villages One was led by Vellugoti Pedda Eswara Reddy deceased and Mumagala Narayana Reddy, the Sarpanch of Konda Kala Vatala.
The rival faction was headed by Akkammareddigari Venkata Kondareddy, Accused No. 1 (for short, A 1).
There was bad blood between the two factions.
Both the factions were proceeded against under sections 107/151, Cr.
P.C., also The deceased was a resident of Konda Papayapalli village.
On May 16, 1968, the deceased accompanied by PW 1, K. Venkatareddy, went to Jammalamadugu and stayed for the night there in the hotel of PW 12 (Dastagiri).
On the following morning at about 8 30 a.m., they boarded bus No. APD 2083 for proceeding to their village.
L. Venkata Ramanna (PW 14) was checking tickets on that bus.
When the bus stopped at Sanjamalavari House, Accused 2, 3, 5 to 8 (for short, A 2, A 3, A 5 to A 8) boarded it.
On seeing the accused, who belonged to his opposite faction, the deceased got apprehensive of his safety.
He therefore alighted from the bus, and, accompanied by PW 1, returned to the hotel of Dastagiri.
After remaining at the hotel for some time they returned to the bus stand, and boarded bus No. APD 2276, at about 9 30 a.m. for going to their village.
P.W. 11 (E. Solomon) was the driver and P.W. 9 (V. Bala Subbanna), the conductor of that bus.
There were about 30 passengers, including PW 2, PW 3 and PW 4, in the bus.
At about 10 30 a.m., the bus halted at Nossam near the hotel of Rangappa, PW 10.
This bus stop is at a distance of about 60 or 65 yards from the Police Outpost and is located in a populated quarter of the town which has a population of 3,000 souls.
The conductor, the driver and some of those passengers got down to take refreshments in the nearby hotel.
Some passengers including the deceased and P.Ws. 1, 2 and 4, however, remained inside the vehicle.
A 4 then came there.
He peeped into the bus through the door and went away towards the house of one Yerikala Reddy, situated at a distance of 200 feet from the bus towards the north.
Soon thereafter, A 1 and A 2, armed with revolvers, and A 3 to A 13, all armed with daggers, came there from Yerikala Reddy 's house, encircled the bus, and at the point of daggers forced the passengers including PWs 1 and 4, to get out of the bus.
The deceased also tried to get away but the accused prevented him from doing so.
A 1 and A 2 took positions in the doors of the vehicle.
They fired revolvers in the air while their companions immediately entered the bus and there, stabbed the deceased to death causing no less than 44 injuries.
The assailants were 931 yelling: "Stab ! kill !" P.Ws. 1 to 4 witnessed the occurrence P.W. 1 while raising an alarm proceeded towards the Police Outpost, but the accused obstructed and chased him over a short distance.
P.W. 1 took to his heels, went away from the village and concealed himself somewhere.
After about two hours he came out of his hiding and returned to the spot at about 12 30 p.m.
After murdering the deceased, the miscreants went away towards the north taking their weapons with them.
Thereafter, P.Ws. 2, 3 and 4 entered the bus and found the deceased lying dead in a pool of blood.
P.W. 2 then went to Papayapalli, five miles away, and informed the wife and the relations of the deceased about the occurrence.
He returned to the scene of the crime in the company of those relations at about 4 p.m.
In the meantime, the village Munsiff (P.W. 15) on learning about this incident, also came there.
At the dictation of P.W.1, the Munsiff recorded the complaint, exhibit P 3, and then prepared an injury statement of the deceased.
At about 3 p.m., he sent the complaint together with other documents prepared by him, through the Talyari to the Police Station, Vuyyalawada.
A copy of the complaint was sent to the Judicial Magistrate Koilkuntla.
Prior to the making of this complaint, Head Constable Abdul Khadar, PW 16, of the Police Out Post had sent an oral information to the Police Inspector about this murder.
The Head Constable had heard the reports of revolver fire at about 10 30 a.m.
Thereupon, he alongwith a Constable went out to the bus stand.
At the spot, he heard from the by standers that the deceased had been killed inside the bus.
But, despite inquiries, no one told him about the identity or particulars of the culprits.
He looked for the complainant, if any.
No one came forward to make a complaint.
The driver and the conductor of the bus were also found absent.
He therefore sent an oral information to the Inspector through the Talari, Pollana.
On receiving the information, Inspector Santhoji Rao (P.W. 25) reached the place of the murder at 6 p.m.
He examined P.Ws. 1, 15, 16 and 19 and recorded their statements under section 161, Cr.
P.C. Thereafter, he held an inquest over the dead body from 2 30 a.m. to 6 a.m. on May 18, 1968.
During the inquest he examined P.Ws. 2, 9 and 11.
The Inspector searched for the accused but could not find them.
A 4 to A 8 surrendered on May 22, 1968 and were taken into custody.
A 2, A 3, A 9, A 10, A 11 and A 13 were arrested by the police on June 24, 1968.
Thereafter, on some date before August 10, 1968, A 1, A 6 and A 12 were arrested.
All the accused persons were not previously known to the eyewitnesses.
They were put up for test identification at three parades held by Mr. Johnson, Magistrate 1st Class (P.W. 20) on June 7, 1968, July 18, 1968 and August 10, 1968.
After completing the investigation the police sent 13 accused persons under a charge sheet before the Magistrate for preliminary enquiry.
The Magistrate committed all the 13 accused for trial to the court of Session.
The Sessions Judge acquitted A 5, A 6, A 8, A 9 and A 11, but convicted the remaining seven under section 302, Penal Code and sentenced each of them to imprisonment for life.
932 Against that judgment, two appeals were preferred to the High Court, one by the State against the acquittal of A 5, A 6 and A 8, and the other by the convicted accused against their conviction.
The High Court dismissed the appeal preferred by the State but accepted the other filed by the accused and acquitted all of them.
Aggrieved, the State made a petition in this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution seeking leave to appeal against the acquittal of A 1 to A 9 and A 12.
This Court however granted special leave to appeal against the acquittal of A 1 to A 4, A 7, A 9 and A 12 only and refused it against A 5, A 6 and A 8.
Mr. Ram Reddy appearing for the appellant State contends that the judgment of the High Court acquitting all the accused persons is perverse in law and has occasioned gross failure of justice.
It is maintained that the reasons given by the High Court for wholesale rejection of the evidence of P.Ws. 1, 2, 3, 9 and 11 are manifestly erroneous and contrary to the fundamental canons of appraising evidence.
As against this, Mr. Govind Das maintains that the reasons given by the High Court for rejecting the evidence of these witnesses are quite sound and cannot, by any stretch of imagination, be branded as 'perverse '.
According to the Counsel since the view taken by the High Court is also reasonably possible, this Court should not, in deference to the well established ruler of practice, interfere with the order of acquittal.
To appreciate the rival contentions, it is necessary to examine the reasons given by the High Court for not accepting the evidence of these five witnesses.
P.W. 1 is the prime mover of the gear.
The case was registered on his complaint (exhibit P 3) lodged with the village Munsiff (P.W. 15) at 12 30 p.m.
At the trial, he narrated more or less the same story which has been set out at the commencement of this judgment.
The High Court found his evidence unworthy of credit for these reasons: (i) P.W. 1 is a confirmed partisan of the deceased.
(ii) He was unable to give a consistent and satisfactory account of the purpose of his going to Jammalamagdu on May 16, 1968.
(iii)In the First Information exhibit P 3, he did not state many material facts.
For instance, he did not mention there that, in the first instance, he and the deceased had boarded the Nandyal Koilkuntla bus at 8 30 a.m. and thereafter alighted from it on seeing the accused getting into the bus.
(iv) If P.W.1 was really in the ill fated bus, at the time of the occurrence, he could not have been left unharmed; (v) The conduct of P.W. 1 was so unnatural that it improbablises his presence at the time and place of the incident: (a) If he had really seen A 4 peeping into the bus and going back to the house of Erikala Reddy, 60 or 70 933 yards away, to inform the other accused, it was unlikely that P.W. 1 and the deceased would have remained sitting in the bus.
P.W. 1 knew that A 4 was a partisan of the other accused: (b) The conduct of P.W. 1 after the occurrence, was also artificial, unnatural and strange.
He did not go to the Police Outpost which was at a stone 's throw.
His explanation that he was prevented by the accused from going there and had to remain in hiding at some unspecified place towards the West for two hours till he returned to the bus stand at 12 30 p.m., was incredible.
Although he had ample opportunity and time to go to his village and inform the co villagers about the incident, he did nothing of the kind.
(vi) No bus ticket was found with P.W. 1.
(vii)The evidence of the witnesses produced to corroborate the version of P.W. 1 was also unsatisfactory.
P.W. 14, Ticket Checker of bus No. APD 2083 which the deceased and P.W. 1 are said to have boarded earlier at Jamalamadugu, admittedly did not know P.W. 1 prior to that date.
P.W. 14 was not asked to identify P.W. 1 at any test identification or even in court.
Moreover, P.W. 14 was examined by the investigating Police Officer about a week after the occurrence.
The evidence of Dastgiri, P.W. 12, owner of the hotel at Jamalamadugu was no better.
He had no record to show that P.W. 1 and the deceased had spent the night between the 16th and 17th May at his hotel.
His testimony was at variance with his statement recorded under section 164, Cr.
In that statement, he did not say that the sons (i.e. A 2, A 3 and A 6) of Kalavatala Reddy were also reported by the deceased to be in the bus.
He had simply stated there, that Kalavatala (Reddy) and his men were in the bus.
At the trial, he stated that the deceased had informed him about the presence of A 2, A 3 and A 6, also, in the bus.
P.W. 12 was not a disinterested witness.
Admittedly, the deceased had helped him in getting assignment of land for raising a building, before the revenue authorities.
His statement was also recorded by the police several days after the occurrence.
(viii)There was unexplained delay in registration of the case.
The Police Station Vuyyalawada is 12 miles from Nossam.
The complaint, exhibit P 3, was received there at 8 p.m. Copy of the complaint reached the Magistrate Koilakuntla, 16 miles away, at 6 p.m.
There was a bus leaving Nossam at 4 30 p.m. for Koilakuntla.
It was more likely that the copy of the complaint was sent to the Magistrate by that bus at 4 39 p.m., and not at 3 p.m. as the Munsiff P W. 15, wanted to have it believed.
This inordinate delay in registering the F.I.R. shows that the First Information was lodged after confabulation with other persons 934 who had come from the village of the deceased.
In these circumstances, the F.I.R. had little value as a corroborative piece of evidence.
These reasons given by the High Court for not relying on the evidence of P.W. 1, cannot, by any standard be said to be unsound or puerile.
There is a good deal of force in them.
We will now take up P.W. 2.
Mr. P. Ram Reddy contends that the High Court was in error in dubbing this witness as an interested witness.
It is maintained that his relationship or affinity with the deceased or his party had not been established.
It is argued that his evidence was almost impeccable.
The High Court has found that P.W. 2 is closely related to the deceased.
This is an inference drawn from the conduct of the witness in not denying a suggestion of such relationship put to him in crossexamination by the defence.
The pointed suggestion was, whether the son of his junior paternal uncle was married to the daughter of the deceased.
The witness replied that he did not know.
The relationship suggested was so near that the witness could not be unaware of it.
If the suggestion was wrong, he ought to have registered a categorical denial.
The High Court was therefore justified in presuming that the witness was the first cousin of the son in law of the deceased.
The next infirmity in his evidence noted by the High Court, is that his conduct in not trying to go to the Police Outpost or in not reporting the matter to the village Munsiff, was not the natural conduct of an eye witness of the murder.
The third weakness in his evidence noted by the High Court, is, that he was not examined by the investigator on the 17th May, although he claimed to be present at the spot at that time.
Another reason given by the High Court for doubting his veracity was, that there was no necessity for him to go to Proddutur to ascertain the price of castor oil cake because the same inquiry could be conveniently made telephonically.
The Court further found that he could not give a satisfactory account as to why he adopted the circuitous route via Nossam when buses starting at 6 30 and 7 30 a.m. from Jammalamadugu and plying directly to Allagaddi were available.
We need only add that this witness also was unable to produce any bus ticket.
We agree with the High Court that in view of the infirmities enumerated above, the evidence of P.W. 2 could not be safely acted upon without corroboration from independent sources.
This takes us to the evidence of P.W. 3.
The High Court found that P.W. 3, also, was not an independent witness.
He stood surety for five partisans of the deceased in security proceedings under section 107, Cr.
This fact was borne out by the documentary evidence furnished by the copies of the surety bonds, Exh.
D 10 to D 14, although the witness had the temerity to deny it 935 Mr. Ram Reddy laid great stress on the fact that the evidence of this witness with regard to his being among the passengers in the illfated bus at the time of occurrence, stands corroborated from the testimony of an independent witness, the bus conductor (P.W.9).
It is further maintained that this witness (P.W. 3) was examined during the inquest held on the night between the 17th and 18th May. Reference on this point has been made to the inquest report exhibit P.6.
These twin circumstances proceeds the argument were sufficient to lend assurance to the interested testimony of this witness so as to make it acceptable against A 1 and A 2, if not against the other accused respondents.
These circumstances were noticed by the High Court.
In its opinion, they did not furnish adequate confirmation of the testimony of P.W. 3.
In this connection, the High Court observed: "We do not think much assurance can be taken from the evidence of P.W. 9 about the presence of P.W. 3 on that day in that bus.
It is true that the name of P.W. 3 was mentioned as an eye witness in the inquest report.
Even though the inquest according to P.W. 25 was held in the early hours of the morning of 18 5 1968 and the inquest report was said to be ready on that morning, the inquest report was received in Court at 6 P.M. on 19 5 1968.
As provided under sec.
174(2) Cr.
P.C. the inquest report shall be forth with forwarded to the Court.
P.W. 3 was examined on 19 5 68 only.
With regard to the inquest report no other independent panchayatdar was examined apart from P.W. 15, the village Munsiff.
Having regard to these circumstances we do not think much can be taken from the fact that the name of P.W. 3 finds a place in the inquest report.
" Another infirmity in the testimony of PW 3, according to the High Court, was that documentary evidence of the sales allegedly made by the witness at the Shandy (periodical market) and the receipts of the fees/cess paid on such sales to the Panchayat, was not forthcoming and that the explanation given by the witness for non production of such documentary evidence was unsatisfactory.
It will be seen from the synopsis of the reasoning of the High Court, given above, that whereas the evidence of P.W.1 was considered to be wholly unreliable, the possibility of P.Ws. 2 and 3 being witnesses of the occurrence was not positively ruled out.
The conclusion reached in respect of these two witnesses was that their evidence suffered from several infirmities and, as such in the absence of corroboration from independent sources, it could not be accepted as a safe basis for convicting the accused.
We are also of the opinion that as a matter of prudence, it was not safe to convict any of the accused respondents merely on the basis of the testimony of P.Ws. 2 and 3 We, however, do not agree with the High Court that the evidence of P.Ws.9 and 11 did not furnish reliable corroboration of the testimony of the interested witnesses (P.Ws. 2 and 3 ) against any of the accused respondents whatever.
The sum and substance of the testimony rendered by P.W.9, the Conductor of the bus, was that when the bus halted at Nossam at 936 about 10 30 a.m., the witness accompanied by the Driver (P.W. 11), got down and both of them went to the nearby hospital for getting an injury on his leg (P.W 9 's) dressed up.
They however, did not find the Doctor there.
Consequently, both of them returned to the hotel of Rangappa which is hardly 18 ft.
from the scene of occurrence.
While the witness was standing in the verandah of the hotel, the driver took his meals inside and then came out and went to the adjacent hotel of Pullayya to take coffee.
The witness asked Rangappa 's wife to give him some water.
He was waiting in the doorway when he saw some persons coming from the northern side and going to the bus and encircling it.
Some of them were armed with daggers.
The witness heard the sound "dama dama" of the firing of a revolver.
The witness heard cries from the bus "kill ! stab !".
After the disturbance had subsided, the witness went out and saw the deceased lying dead inside the bus in a pool of blood.
Due to fear, the witness and the driver (P.W.11) went into the nearby Vaisya 's house and remained there till 7 30 or 8 p.m. when they came out on learning that the Police Inspector had come to the spot.
At the test identification parades, the witness had identified Accused 2 and 7.
He stated that P.W. 3 was one of the passengers who travelled in the ill fated bus.
The driver (P.W.11) substantially corroborated P.W.9.
He stated that he had seen five or six persons carrying white think like daggers in their hands going behind the bus.
The witness was then taking coffee at the hotel of Pullayya.
He then heard the "dum dum" sound from the bus.
At the test identification parades held before the Magistrate, the witness had identified A 7 and A 11.
The High Court while conceding that P.Ws. 9 and 11 were the "proper persons to have spoken about the occurrence", brushed aside their evidence even against the accused identified by them at the test identifications, mainly on the ground that they were "unwilling witnesses" and were not prepared to speak the whole truth.
The High Court noticed that there was a discrepancy with regard to the receipt of injury by P.W. 9 between his statement before the police and the subsequent statement recorded under section 164, Cr.
Before the police, P.W.9 had stated that he had received an injury.
But in his statement recorded under section 164, Cr.
P.C. he said that he had a boil on his leg.
It appears to us that this discrepancy was of no consequence.
P.Ws.9 and 11 were the conductor and the driver of the bus.
It is undisputed that the bus was parked close to the hotels of Rangappa (P.W.10) and Pullayya.
Their presence near the bus at the hotels was a highly probable fact.
Even if the reason for their going to the nearby hospital was disbelieved, it could not affect their being eyewitnesses of the incident.
Might be that they did not disclose all that they had seen and had not identified all the culprits whom they could identify; but that is no ground to hold that their evidence could not furnish valuable corroboration of the testimony of the interested witnesses (P.Ws. 2 and 3) even against the accused whom they identified at the test identifications and later in court.
The statements of P.Ws. 2, 9 and 11 were recorded by the Investigating Officer during the night between the 17th and 18th May 1968 937 from 2 30 a.m. to 6 a.m.
There was thus no good reason for wholesale rejection of the evidence of P.Ws. 9 and 11.
It therefore remains to be seen to what extent the independent testimony of P.Ws. 9 and 11 lends corrobation to the statements of the interested witnesses (P.Ws. 2 and 3).
At the test identification parade held on June 7, 1968, A 4, A 5, A 7 and A 8 were paraded along with 12 other prisoners.
P.Ws. 2, 3, 9 and 11 were called upon to identify the accused at this parade.
P.W. 2 while identifying A 7 at the parade, said: "I saw him while killing the deceased in the bus" P.W. 3 also identified A 7 as Konda Kalavatalavadu.
He also identified A 4 and A 8 by touching their hands.
P.W.9 identified A 7 saying: "I suspect this man".
He could not identify others.
P.W.11 also at this parade picked out A 7 who was then standing at No. 15 in the parade and said that he had seen him.
The second batch of the accused persons consisting of A 2, A 3, A 9, A 10, A 11 and A 13 was arrested on June 24, 1968.
These six accused persons were paraded at the test identification on July 18, 1968.
P.Ws. 1, 2, 3 and 9 were called upon to identify them at the parade.
P.W. 3 picked out A 2, A 3, A 9 and A 10 at the parade.
P.W. 9 similarly identified A 2 by touching his hand.
A 2 objected that in 1962 or 1963 P.W. 9 had served him as driver of his bus for 10 days.
The third test identification parade was held on August 10, 1968.
At this parade, nine accused persons A 1 to A 3, A 6, A 9 to A 13 were paraded.
P.Ws. 1, 2, 3 and 11 were called upon to identify.
P.W. 2 identified A 8, while P.W.11 identified A 11 only.
He could not identify A 2 or the other accused who were in this parade.
Thus the net result is that at the test identifications, P.Ws. 9 and 11 had correctly identified A 7, P.W 9 had identified A 2, also.
But P.W. 11 could not identify him.
The question is, whether the evidence of P.Ws.9 and 11 can be safely relied upon as against A 7 and A 2.
In our opinion, so far as A 7 is concerned, chances of mistake in identification by these witnesses were extremely remote.
Mr. Gobind Das, Counsel for the respondents, contends that the evidence of test identification is not substantive evidence.
It can be the Magistrate holding the parade did not mix up with the accused adequate number of other prisoners and did not hold separate parades for individual accused; (b) at the time of picking out A 7 and A 2 at the parade, the identifying witnesses did not say as to in what connection they were identifying them.
It is stressed that the evidence of test identification is not substantive evidence.
It can be used only to corroborate or lend assurance to the identification made by the same witness in court.
If at the time of picking out a particular accused at the parade, a witness does not say anything about the role of the person, thus identified, in the commission of the crime, such test identification little evidentiary value.
Further, it is pointed out that P.W. 9 was not called upon to identify A 2 and A 7 938 in court at the time of his examination as a witness.
Reference has made to a number of decisions including Kamal Gope vs State of Bihar,(1) Kanta Prasad vs Delhi Administration(2) and Sampat Tatyada Shinde vs State of Maharashtra(3).
In our opinion, so far as the identification of A 7 by P.Ws. 9 and 11 is concerned it can safely be relied upon as confirmatory of their evidence in court.
A 7 was identified by P.Ws. 9 and 11 at the test identification parade held on June 7, 1968.
It is true that while picking out this accused at the parade these witnesses did not say anything with regard to the specific part played by him in the commission of the crime.
That however does not render the evidence of such identification inadmissible.
The Magistrate (P.W. 20) who held the parade had mixed up 12 other persons at this parade with the four accused, including A 7.
It could not therefore be said that the number of other persons mixed with the accused was indequate.
The very fact that both P.Ws. 9 and 11 commonly identified A 7, dispels any suspicion of such identification being a chance identification.
In the witness box, at the trial, however, P.W. 9 specifically stated: "I could identify only accused 2 and 7 among those persons who came to the bus from the northern side armed with daggers".
Referring to the test identification parade, the witness added: "I identified A 7 as one of the persons who came with dagger to the bus".
In cross examination, the witness reaffirmed: "It is not true. that A 2 and A 7 were not among the persons who came to the bus.
It is not true that I have identified A 2 and A 7 at the parades not because they were seen near the bus but because Police showed them to me earlier to facilitate identification".
From the very fact that the witness while testifying as to the fact of identification was referring to this accused as A 7 implies that he had identified him in court, also, and had, in that connection, elucidated why he had picked out A 7 at the identification parade.
The evidence given by the witness in court was substantive testimony, while the identification made by him at the parade was confirmatory of that fact.
This proposition is well established and it is not necessary to discuss the rulings cited at the bar on this point.
No capital can be made out of the fact that the trial judge recorded the evidence of the witness with regard to identification of A 7, in court, in an inartistic, laconic manner.
In the case of P.W. 11, however, the trial Judge recorded this fact more clearly.
The witness stated: "I can identify 2 persons among the 5 or 6 persons who were seen going behind the bus with white things like daggers.
They are accused 7 and 11 (witness identified accused 7 and 11).
" 939 With reference to the test identification, the witness stated: "I identified A 7 in the 1st parade and A 11 in the second parade".
In cross examination, he refuted a suggestion made by the defence that he had identified accused 7 at the parade because the police had shown him to the witness, earlier.
For these reasons we think that the High Court was clearly in error in discarding the evidence of these independent witnesses (P.Ws. 9 and 11) so far as the participation of A 7 in the commission of the crime was concerned.
The evidence of the interested witnesses (P.Ws. 2 and 3) was sufficiently corroborated as against A 7 by the credible testimony of P.Ws. 9 and 11.
It could therefore be safely acted upon for convicting A 7 as one of the participants in the commission of the murder of P. Eswara Reddy, deceased.
As regards A 2, it is to be noted that neither PW 9 nor P.W. 11 stated that this accused was armed with a revolver.
Neither of these witnesses has stated that any of the five or six persons who were seen by them going to the bus and encircling it, was armed with a revolver.
They only say that those persons were carrying daggers.
The prosecution case however is that A 2 was armed with a revolver only, which he fired in the air.
Further when P.W. 9 picked out A 2 at the identification parade, the latter had objected that P.W. 9 was already known to him because he had served him as a driver for about 10 days.
It is true that this suggession was not repeated in the crossexamination of P.W. 9; but we have also to keep in mind in this connection that P.W. 11 had failed to identify A 2 at the test identification parade although both these witnesses had seen the culprits more or less from the same situation and distance.
As a matter of abundant caution, while hearing this appeal, we do not consider the identification of A 2 at the test identification parade by P.W. 9, can lend sufficient assurance to the testimony of P.Ws. 2 and 3 so as to justify the conversion of his acquittal into conviction.
Thus, the position that emerges is that the evidence of P.Ws. 2 and 3 has been adequately confirmed by the reliable and independent testimony of P.Ws. 9 and 11 as against A 7, while no such corroboration is forthcoming against any of the other accused respondents.
The High Court was therefore not justified in acquitting A 7.
The only question that remains to be considered is : What offence has been made out against A 7 ? The charge sheet by the police in this case was submitted against 13 named persons including A 7.
The charge under section 302 read with section 34, Penal Code was also framed by the Sessions Judge against all the 13 named accused.
In the charge, it was not mentioned that besides these named accused, there were some unidentified or un named persons who acted conjointly with the charged accused, A 1 to A 13.
But there was positive evidence on the record that besides the 13 named accused, there were four or more unidentified persons who participated in the commission of the crime.
940 Now the position which emerges is that excepting A 7, the participation of the other 12 named accused in the commission of the crime has not been established.
The effect of their acquittal is that they would be deemed to have never participated in the criminal enterprise which resulted in the death of the deceased.
There is nothing on the record to show as to who out of these persons dealt the fatal blows to the deceased.
The question that falls to be determined is : Can A 7, in such circumstances, be held vicariously liable by invoking section 149 or section 34, Penal Code for the murder in question ? In Maina Singh vs State of Rajasthan(1) after reviewing earlier decisions viz., Dalip Singh vs State of Punjab(2); Bharwad Mepa Dana and Anr.
vs State of Bombay(3), Kartar Singh vs State of Punjab(4); Krishna Govind Patil vs State of Maharashtra(5); Mohan Singh vs State of Punjab(6); Yeshwant vs State of Maharashtra(7); on this point this Court speaking through Shinghal J. reiterated the law, thus : "It would thus appear that even if, in a given case, the charge discloses only the named persons as co accused and the prosecution witnesses confine their testimony to them, even then it would be permissible to come to the conclusion that others named or unnamed, besides those mentioned in the charge or the evidence of the prosecution witnesses, acted conjointly with one of the charged accused if there was other evidence to lead to the conclusion, but not otherwise." (emphasis supplied) Let us now have another look at the case in hand, in the light of the above enunciation.
In the F.I.R., it was alleged by the informant that 8 named persons and 10 unnamed persons who were not known to the informant, had conjointly committed the crime.
At the trial, P.W. 2 testified that the total number of culprits who had participated in the commission of the murder was 20.
At the trial, he named A 2 to A 5 and identified A 7, A 10, and A 12 as 8 out of those 20 culprits who had committed the crime.
The evidence of P.W. 3 on this point was that the number of the culprits who committed the murder, while acting in concert, was 17.
This means according to the evidence, there were acting conjointly with A 7 at least 4 or 7 more persons in addition to the 13 who were charged by the Committing Magistrate.
The medical evidence shows that there were no less than 44 incised injuries, including penetrating wounds, apart from one lacerated wound, two contusions and one abrasion on the body of the deceased.
Practically, he was made minced meat.
The extremely large number of injuries on the body of the deceased lends assurance to the testimony of P.Ws. 2 and 3 that the number of assailants was more than 13 including some unnamed and unidentified persons.
This evidence on the record is thus sufficient to base a firm finding that apart from the 941 accused named in the charge, there were at least one or more unidentified persons who participated in the criminal action against the deceased con jointly with A 7.
While the precise number of those unidentified persons, other than the 13 named in the charge, cannot be ascertained with certitude, it can safely be said that apart from 13 named in the charge, there were some more confederates of A 7 and all of them participated in the fatal assault on the deceased in the manner alleged by the prosecution.
A 7 can therefore be safely convicted under section 302 read with section 34, Penal Code.
According, we allow this appeal against A 7, reverse his acquittal, convict him under section 302 read with section 34, Penal Code and sentence him to imprisonment for life.
V.P.S. Appeal allowed.

Output:
When the bus in which the deceased and P.Ws. 1 to 3 were travelling, along with other passengers, halted at a bus stop, a number of persons surrounded the bus, forced all the passengers out of the bus except the deceased, and inflicted multiple stabs on the deceased causing his death.
Thirteen persons were charged with offences under section 302, 34 and 149 I.P.C.
The trial court convicted some and acquitted the others.
In appeals against the conviction and acquittal, the High Court acquitted all the accused.
In appeal to this Court against the acquittal of seven accused, including A 7, ^ HELD: Confirming the acquittal of others, A 7 is guilty of an offence under section 302, read with section 34, I.P.C. (1) The evidence of the interested eye witnesses PWs 2 and 3 was sufficiently corroborated as against A 7 by the testimony of PWs 9 and 11 the conductor and driver of the bus.
They had identified A 7 at an identification parade.
It is true that while picking out this accused at the parade these witnesses did not say anything with regard to the specific part played by him in the commission of the crime.
That, however, does not render the evidence of such identification inadmissible.
From the fact that PW 9 while testifying as to the fact of identification was referring to this accused as A 7 implies that he had identified him in court.
He had in that connection elucidated why he had picked out A 7 at the identification parade.
The evidence given by the witness in court was substantive testimony, while the identification made by him at the parades was confirmatory of that fact.
As regards PW 11 his evidence was more clear.
The Magistrate who held the parade had mixed up 12 other persons at this parade with the four accused, including A 7.
It could not therefore be said that the number of other persons mixed with the accused was inadequate.
[936H; 937F; 938B F, G H; 939C] (2) The result is that excepting A 7, the participation of the other 12 named accused in the commission of the crime has not been established.
There is also no evidence to show as to which of the assailants dealt the fatal blow on the deceased.
The medical evidence, however, shows that there were not less than 44 incised injuries including penetrating wounds upon the body of the deceased.
The extremely large number of injuries on the body of the deceased lends assurance to the testimony of PWs 2 and 3 that the number of assailants was more than 13 including some unnamed and unidentified persons.
Therefore, apart from the accused named in the charge, there were at least one or more unidentified person who participated in the fatal assault on the deceased conjointly with A 7.
A 7 can, therefore, be convicted under section 302 read with section 34, I.P.C. [940B, G 941B] Maina Singh vs State of Rajasthan ; , followed.


Input:
ivil Appeals Nos.
1357 58 of 1975.
(Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated 4 2 1974 of the Orissa High Court in O.J.C. No. 410/1971).
M.K. Ramamurthi and B. Parthasarathi, for the appellants.
Gobind Das, N.V. Rama Das and G. Narayana Rao, for respondents 1 8 in CA 1357/75.
There was a private college known by the name of Khallikote College.
This is an institution which grew out of a school established 775 in 1856.
The management had to meet with financial crisis in the past and obtained financial help in the shape of liberal endowment under a trust deed from the then zamindar of Khallikote.
The institution, it is stated, became one of the premier colleges in the town of Behram pur, Ganjam District, Orissa.
The College was at first affiliated to the Andhra University at Waltair and thereafter to the Utkal University, and since 1967 it has been affiliated to the Behrampur University.
The Government of Orissa took over the management of the College on and from March 9, 1971, and a formal agreement was executed between the managing committee of the College and the Governor of the State.
The College was taken over by the Government in pursuance of the unanimous resolution of the managing committee of February 18, 1970, and the transfer to the Government was of all the assets of the College but without any liability.
The managing committee continued to be liable for the outstanding liabilities, if any, of the College for which Government was not liable.
The College after the take over was administered as a Government College.
The eight writ petitioners in the High Court (Respond ents herein) were working as Readers in different faculties in the said College on the date of the aforesaid transfer in the scale of pay Rs.510 860/ whereas the Government scale for Readers was Rs.600 1000/ .
On the date of take over, namely, March 9, 1971, each of the respondents was drawing a salary somewhere less than Rs.600/ ; three of them less by only Rs.30/ .
The material particulars of the ten Readers of the College who were all earlier in private employment, includ ing the eight Respondents, are as follows (Annexure I, Volume 1I of the Paper Book): Sl.
Name Date of Date of Date of Confirmed Pay as on No. Birth 1st promo as 9 3 1971 appoint tion (date of ment take over) 1.Sri N.N.Swamy 8 3 34 21 7 58 1 12 68 Reader Rs.570 2.Sri N.Satapathy 6 9 33 July '59 27 1 70 Reader Rs.540 3.Sri P.Haridas 10 3 36 25 10 61 25 10 69 Lecturer Rs.540 4.
Sri J.J. Rao 16 3 36 7 7 59 1 7 68 Reader Rs.540 5.
Sri K.C. Samantra 5 7 70 Lecturer All the posts are permanent 6.
Sri G.J. Chineswar Rao 30 9 31 3 9 57 1 10 67 Reader Rs.570 7.
Sri Ch.
Chandra Sekhar Patro .
1 7 35 1 8 58 1 1 57 Reader Rs.570 8.
Sri Narayana Behera 1 10 37 2 8 62 13 9 70 Lecturer Rs.510 9.
Sri T.K.Satyan murty 14 9 27 1 7 49 4 5 59 Reader Rs.660 10.Sri V.S.R. Gupta 28 12 30 1 7 52 4 9 69 Lecturer Rs.600 776 It will appear that five Respondents out of eight were confirmed as Readers prior to the take over.
Three Respond ents were confirmed as Lecturers but were promoted as Read ers prior to the transfer of the College.
The last two Readers in the list who. were lucky to draw salary of the amount of Rs.660/ and Rs.600/ respectively as on the date of take over, were treated differently by the Government from the eight Respondents on the sole ground that they were drawing as Reader salary of more than Rs.600/ .
It is rather poignant that the tenth Reader in the list was only a confirmed Lecturer whereas, as already shown, five of the Respondents were confirmed Readers although drawing salary less than Rs.600/ On July 30, 1970, the Government prescribed qualifica tions for appointment as a Reader by a Circular of that date addressed to the Director of Public Instructions (Higher Education) Orissa, which appears to supersede the earlier circulars on the subject.
It was stated in that circular that the "Government have been pleased to order that follow ing principles shall hence forward be followed in the ap pointment Readers, namely, (a) no officer who has not had at least 8 years of teaching experience as a Lecturer would be eligible for consideration; and (b) the post of Reader shall originally be filled up by promotion subject to the satisfactory performance and conduct of the officer as a lecturer".
On March 23, 1971, the Government issued a circular con taining conditions governing taking over the services of the teaching staff of the College.
Paras 4 and 5 of that circu lar, which are material for our purpose, may be quoted: "4.
The State Government shall offer ad hoc appointment to all staff inposition on the date of take over subject to para 5, and sub para (d) of this paragraph for a period not exceeding six months in each case, treat ing all such staff as fresh entrants to Gov ernment service.
The final absorption of such staff in Government service shall be subject to the following conditions: x x x x x (b) That after termination of services of surplus personnel, the cases of staff re tained in Class I and Class II shall be referred to the Orissa Public Service Commis sion for determination of their suitability to hold posts in Class I or II as the case may be.
The services of those who are not found suitable by the P.S.C. (Public Service Commis sion) shall also, be terminated by giving one month 's notice in each ' case.
Those found suitable by the Commission shall be finally absorbed in respective Trade of the O.E.S. (Orissa Education Service) for which they are found 777 suitable.
It is hereby clarified that at the time of reference to the P.S.C. for determina tion of suitability for appointment as Read ers, cases of Lecturers of Government College, eligible for appointment as Readers shall also be simultaneously referred to the P.S.C. for consideration against those posts.
X X X X (c) While making reference to the P.S.C . . cases of those ad hoc Readers who would have been normally, entitled to pay of less than Rs.600/ per month on 9 3 71 by application of the formula "minimum of the scale of pay of Readers in force in the Col leges on the date of their appointment as such by the Ex Managing Committee plus one.
incre ment in that scale for every completed year of service upto 9 3 71" would be referred for determination of their suitability for absorp tion as Lecturers only.
X X X X 5.
Ad hoc appointment shall be issued to all Professors and such of the Readers in position, who on the date of take over were in receipt of pay of Rs.600/ per month or more, in the scale of pay Rs.600 1000/ against posts of Readers.
Readers who on the date of take over were in receipt of pay of less than Rs.600/ per month and all lectur ers in position on that date shall be given ad hoc appointment against the post of lectur ers in the scale of Rs.260 780/ with effect from the date of take over".
X X X X Basing on the aforesaid provisions of the above circular the Director of Public Instructions sent on April 20, 1971, to each of the Respondents appointment letters whereby they were appointed as Lecturers in Class II temporarily on ad hoc basis for a period of six months with effect from the forenoon of March 9, 1971, or till the appointment is made in consultation with the Orissa Public Service ' Commission, whichever is earlier; subject to verification of character and antecedents and production of medical fitness certificate.
Appointments were, thus, offered to.
the Respondents under the terms and conditions of take over which have been already extracted.
The grievance of the Respondents is that although they had all the requisite qualifications for the appointment as Reader and they were all holding the posts of Reader before the take over and five of them were even confirmed Readers but since under the aforesaid terms of the take over they were drawing a salary of less than Rs.600/ on the date of take over.
their names were not referred to the Public 778 Service Commission for consideration of their ' suitability for appointment as Readers in the Government College.
It is not disputed that they are otherwise educationally and by experience qualified for the post of Reader.
The High Court found that the requirement of eight years of teaching experience, as mentioned above, which is needed for appoint ment as a Reader is more than amply fulfilled by each of the Respondents.
The High Court accepted the Writ Petitions and held that the Respondents were entitled to consideration by the Public Service Commission for appointment as Read ers ' and hence these appeals by the State which are con fined only to the above question.
It is submitted by Mr. Ramamurthi on behalf of the appellants that the High Court erred in directing the Gov ernment to take into account, as experience, the service of the Respondents while they were in the private college since, according to him, the necessary qualification is eight years experience in Class II, Orissa Education Serv ice (O.E.S.).
This submission is based on the Orissa Educa tion Service Class I (Recruitment to the College Branch) Rules, 1971, issued on July 19, 1971, produced for the first time in this Court.
It is submitted that since the Respond ents have not completed eight years of service in the O.E.S. Class II (Lecturer 's grade) in Government service, they are not entitled to be considered by the Public Service Commission for appointment as Readers.
We are unable to accept this submission based on these Rules.
These Rules of July 19, 1971, were not produced in the High Court and the reason is obvious that these were not relied upon by the State in connection with the appointment of the Respondents as Readers after the College had been taken over by the Government on March 9, 1971.
The argument has, therefore, to be supported on the intrinsic strength of the circular of March 23, 1971.
Apart from this, there is a stronger reason not to.
entertain this submission at this stage.
Even in the Special Leave Petition filed by the State on July 15, 1974, there was no mention whatsoever about the aforesaid Rules and necessarily no ground was taken in the Petition on the basis of these Rules.
Being conscious of this position Mr. Ramamurthi filed a Civil Miscellaneous Petition No. 4069 of 1976 before this Court on April 30, 1976, to urge this additional ground.
After hearing Mr. Ramamurthi we rejected this prayer for urging the additional ground by such a belated application when the High Court had no oppor tunity to consider the question.
The only question, therefore, which requires decision in these appeals is _whether the Respondents were denied equal opportunity under Article 16 of the Constitution in the matter of appointment as Readers under the Government in the manner laid down in the circular of March 23, 1971.
The following facts are admitted: The Respondents and two others, namely, T.K. Satyan murty (No. 9) and V.S.R. Gupta (No. 10) in the list (Annex ure I) were all Readers in the private College, each.
having put in more than eight 779 years of service there as a Lecturer.
T. K. Satyanmurty was promoted as Reader on 4 5 1969 and was drawing Rs.660/ on the date of taking over.
V.S.R. Gupta was promoted as Reader on 4 9 1969 and was drawing Rs.600/ , the minimum according to the aforesaid Government circular, on the date of taking over.
He was not even confirmed as a Reader but was only confirmed as a Lecturer.
Amongst the Respond ents, N.N. Swamy (No. 1), N. Satapathy (No. 2), J.J. Rao (No. 4), G.J. Chineswar Rao (No. o) and Ch.
Chandra Sekhar Patro (No. 7) m the list (Annexure 1) were confirmed as Readers and four of them were promoted even earlier than No. 9 and No. 10.
It is thus clear that the condition of draw ing of Rs.600/ or more on the date of taking over, which has been laid down in the said circular as a particular qualification for eligibility for appointment as Reader and later for consideration of their suitability by the Public Service Commission for appointment as Reader, is arbitrary and discriminatory.
This condition has no nexus, whatev er, with the object underlying the qualification test in an educational institution having regard to the most essential condition of intrinsic quality and efficiency of the teachers.
It is not unknown that private institutions generally have great handicaps in the matter of finance and oftener the teaching staff in a private college has not the same scales of pay and sometimes even has much lower scales than that of the Government colleges.
It is one thing to lay down appropriate educational and intelligibly relevant qualifications for certain posts in a college and also teaching experience of a specified duration but com plete ignoration, without valid reason, of the teaching experience of a lecturer in a private college, otherwise qualified, on the sole ground of drawing a particular amount of salary on a particular date cannot be countenanced.
T.K. Satyanmurty (No. 9) was promoted as a Reader while in the private college much later than the four of the Respond ents (Nos. 1, 4, 6 and 7 in Annexure I).
He happened to; draw Rs.660/ on the date of take over, while the Respond ents were drawing a little lower pay.
The former was pre ferred and given the ad hoc appointment of a Reader and was held as eligible for consideration by the Public Service Commission for appointment as Reader and the claims of the Respondents were ignored.
Thus even amongst the Readers in the private college, similarly situated, the only ground for ignoring the claims of the said Respondents was drawing of a lesser pay; even though it may be less by Rs.30/ , on March 9, 1971.
This ground for a most unreasonable differ entiation in picking and choosing from amongst the employees similarly situated on an absolutely artificial and irrele vant consideration results in denial of equal opportunity to the Respondents in the matter of employment under the Government under Article 16 of the Constitution.
It is well settled that under Article 16(1) of the Con stitution matters relating to employment not only mean the initial appointment but also include all matters relating to employment, whether prior or subsequent to the employment and also include promotion, (See The General Manager, South ern Railway vs Rangachari(1).
(1) ; 2 206SCI/77 780 Our attention was drawn to a decision of tiffs Court in Smt.
Juthika Bhattacharya vs The State of Madhya Pradesh and Others(1) on behalf of the appellants, wherefrom it was pointed out that Government could validly impose compara tively stringent qualifications for posts in schools taken over from private management, since persons there may be appointed without the requisite experience as needed in Government schools.
That case is entirely different from the present case.
There may be no difficulty in accepting the position that Government can screen the teachers at the time of fresh appointment in Government service after taking over any institution from private management.
The educa tional qualifications and teaching experience which may be insisted upon may be appropriately stringent having regard to the quality of education which Government intends to.
impart in the college after taking over the same from the private management.
If the quondam private employees in the College did not fulfil the qualifications, experience and other requisite conditions, they may not be eligible for appointment since Government may not undertake to take over all the employees by maintaining the billabong of a status quo ante.
Such a position, if taken by the Government, is consistent with implementation of a correct educational policy and will not incur the frown of Article 16 of the Constitution.
The question is entirely different when, as in the present case, the Respondents answering the test of educational qualifications, as well as, experience of teach ing in a recognised private college are discriminated amongst the very category of Readers on an irrational and illusory consideration.
Denial of an opportunity to.
these Respondents even for being considered for the post of Reader is clearly violative of Article 16 of the Constitution.
When a fairly well recognised institution, as in this case, run for more than a century, is completely taken over by the Government for management, it is not merely taking over the land and buildings, tables and chairs.
It has to tackle, at the same time, a human problem, that is to say, the fate of the teachers and the staff serving that institu tion.
The institution, with which we are concerned, was taken over, by consent, as a going educational concern and it goes without saying that it must be administered on sound lines having regard 'to quality, efficiency and progress in all respects.
It is understandable that the employees had to join the new service under the Government, for the first time, and so could be, in that sense, fresh entrants.
But to say that the teaching experience of the Readers in the private institution is completely effaced to the extent that they will not be even eligible, on the plea of absence of teaching experience in Government service, for consideration for appointment as Readers is a seriously grim issue.
We feel assured that such an argument had not been canvassed by the State in the High Court on the basis of the Rules of July 19, 1971, since these Rules came into force after the take over for which a separate circular had al ready been issued to take care of the special exigency.
Action under the Government circular of March 23, 1971, alone, was in controversy in the High Court.
The said circular took recognition of the service in the private college in the case of two (1) ; 781 Readers (Nos. 9 and 10 in Annexure 1).
The only differentia was, therefore, the salary drawn by the Readers on the date of take over.
That action based on the salary aspect under the said circular had to.
stand the test of Article 16 in the High Court, as well as, before us.
the argument in favour of complete erasion of the past teaching expe rience in the private college, first time presented before us, fails to take note of the distinction between eligibili ty and suitability.
Eight years ' teaching experience in a college and the fulfilment of other ' requisite qualifica tions make a person eligible for appointment .as a Reader, but whether he is suitable for selection for the post is an entirely different matter.
We are, therefore, clearly of opinion that all the Respond ents are eligible to be referred to.
the Public Service Commission for the post of Reader.
Their names shall be referred to the Commission, accordingly.
Whether they will be suitable for appointment us Readers will be a matter entirely for due and proper consideration of the Public Service Commission whose recommendations will be considered by the Government in the matter of final absorption.
The High Court was right in allowing the .above claim in the writ applications.
The appeals fail and are dismissed with costs.
M.R. Appeals dismissed.

Output:
The respondents were working as Readers in Khallikote College, a private institution which was taken over by the Orissa Government on March 9, 1971.
A Government circular containing conditions governing taking over the services of the teaching staff of Khallikote College, was issued on March 23, 1971, whereby the respondents were appointed as lecturers in class II temporarily on ad hoc basis for a period of six months.
At the end of this period, the names of those Readers who were drawing a salary of Rs.600/ or more per month on the date of take over, were recommended to the Public Service Commission for the determination of ' their suitability for appointment as Readers.
The respond ents and others who were drawing less than Rs.600/ were not considered eligible for such recommendation.
Their writ petition against the denial of equal opportunity under article 16 was accepted by the High Court.
Dismissing the appeals by special leave the Court, HELD: The condition of drawing of Rs.600/ or more on the date of taking over, which has been laid down in the circular as a particular qualification for eligibility for appointment as Reader and later for consideration of their suitability by the Public Service Commission for appointment as Reader, is arbitrary and discriminatory.
It has no nexus with the object underlying the qualification test in an educational institution having regard to the most essen tial condition of intrinsic quality and efficiency of the teachers, and results in denial of equal opportunity to the respondents in the matter of employment under the Govern ment under article 16 of the Constitution.
[719 C D, F G] The General Manager Southern Railway vs Rangachari ; , referred.
Juthika Bhattacharya vs The State of Madhya Pradesh and Others , distinguished.