nd

^20^ Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada

^21^ Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada

^22^ Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 150 College St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

^23^ The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G-0A4

^24^ University Hospital Basel, Clinic of Internal Medicine, Basel, Switzerland

^25^ Evidence-Based Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

^26^ The Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

^27^ Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

^28^ Austrian Federal Institute for Health Care, Department of Health and Society, Stubenring 6, 1010 Vienna, Austria

^29^ Department of Internal Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Ethical approval {#sec015}
================

The participating Research Ethics Committees (Ethik-Kommission der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany, Ethikkommission beider Basel (EKBB), Basel, Switzerland, and the Research Ethics Board (REB) Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada) approved the study or explicitly stated that no ethical approval was necessary.

[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

[^2]: **Conceptualization:** AB SS MB EvE.**Data curation:** AB SS.**Formal analysis:** AB SS PO.**Funding acquisition:** MB EvE.**Methodology:** AB SS MB EvE.**Project administration:** AB.**Visualization:** AB SS.**Writing -- original draft:** AB SS.**Writing -- review & editing:** MB BK EvE.

[^3]: ¶ Membership of the DICSO study group is listed in the Acknowledgments.


The data underlying the study is accessible at <https://x-econ.org> repository of Experimental Economics (DOI: <https://dx.doi.org/10.23663/x2536>