rate climate. (3) Plate tectonics effects the generation of the magnetic field via core cooling. (4) The magnetic field is capable of shielding the atmosphere from the solar wind. Cool climates are favorable for plate tectonics because they facilitate the formation of weak lithospheric shear zones, which are necessary for plate tectonics to operate. Low surface temperatures suppress rock annealing, increase the negative buoyancy of the lithosphere, and allow for deep cracking and subsequent water ingestion into the lithosphere, all of which promote the formation of weak shear zones. When liquid water is present on a planet’s surface, silicate weathering, the primary sink of atmospheric CO$_2$ and thus a key component of the long-term carbon cycle, is active. However, silicate weathering also requires a sufficient supply of fresh, weatherable rock at the surface, which plate tectonics helps to provide via orogeny and uplift. As a result, the coupling between plate tectonics and climate can behave as a negative feedback mechanism in some cases, where a cool climate promotes the operation of plate tectonics, and plate tectonics enhances silicate weathering such that the carbon cycle can sustain cool climate conditions.

![Flow chart representing the concept of whole planet coupling. Climate influences tectonics through the role of surface temperature in a planet’s tectonic regime (i.e. stagnant lid versus plate tectonics), while the tectonic regime in turn affects climate through volatile cycling between the surface and interior. The tectonic regime also influences whether a magnetic field can be generated by dictating the core cooling rate. Finally, the strength of the magnetic field influences atmospheric escape, and therefore long-term climate evolution. []{data-label="fig:CTM"}](whole_planet_coup_flowchart.pdf){width="\linewidth"}

An additional coupling comes into play via the core dynamo and the magnetic field. The magnetic field is generated by either thermal or chemical convection in the liquid iron core