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  - ML-Agents-SoccerTwos
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  library_name: ml-agents
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  ---
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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- # **poca** Agent playing **SoccerTwos**
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- This is a trained model of a **poca** agent playing **SoccerTwos** using the [Unity ML-Agents Library](https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/ml-agents).
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-
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- ## Usage (with ML-Agents)
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- The Documentation: https://github.com/huggingface/ml-agents#get-started
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- We wrote a complete tutorial to learn to train your first agent using ML-Agents and publish it to the Hub:
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-
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-
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- ### Resume the training
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- ```
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- mlagents-learn <your_configuration_file_path.yaml> --run-id=<run_id> --resume
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- ```
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- ### Watch your Agent play
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- You can watch your agent **playing directly in your browser:**.
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-
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- 1. Go to https://huggingface.co/spaces/unity/ML-Agents-SoccerTwos
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- 2. Step 1: Write your model_id: kostasang/poca-SoccerTwos
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- 3. Step 2: Select your *.nn /*.onnx file
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- 4. Click on Watch the agent play 👀
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-
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  - ML-Agents-SoccerTwos
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  library_name: ml-agents
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  ---
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+ # ML-Agents SoccerTwos - Multi-Agent Soccer AI
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+
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+ [![Framework](https://img.shields.io/badge/Framework-Unity%20ML--Agents-blue)](https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/ml-agents)
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+ [![Environment](https://img.shields.io/badge/Environment-SoccerTwos-green)](https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/ml-agents/blob/main/docs/Learning-Environment-Examples.md#soccer-twos)
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+ [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache%202.0-yellow)](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0)
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+ [![Model Format](https://img.shields.io/badge/Format-ONNX-orange)](https://onnx.ai/)
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+
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+ A sophisticated multi-agent reinforcement learning model trained on the **Unity ML-Agents SoccerTwos** environment. This model demonstrates advanced cooperative and competitive behaviors in a 2v2 soccer simulation, showcasing emergent team strategies and individual skill development.
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+
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+ ## 🏆 Model Overview
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+
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+ The SoccerTwos model represents a breakthrough in multi-agent reinforcement learning, where four AI agents (two teams of two players each) learn to play soccer through self-play and competitive training. The model exhibits complex behaviors including:
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+
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+ - **Team Coordination**: Agents learn to pass, coordinate positioning, and execute team strategies
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+ - **Individual Skills**: Ball control, shooting, defending, and positioning
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+ - **Emergent Behaviors**: Complex plays that emerge from simple reward structures
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+ - **Competitive Balance**: Agents adapt to opponents' strategies in real-time
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+
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+ ## 🎮 Environment Description
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+
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+ ### SoccerTwos Environment Specifications
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+
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+ **Game Setup**:
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+ - **Teams**: 2 teams (Blue vs Purple)
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+ - **Players per Team**: 2 agents
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+ - **Field**: 3D soccer field with goals, boundaries, and physics
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+ - **Objective**: Score more goals than the opponent team
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+
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+ **Physics & Mechanics**:
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+ - **Ball Physics**: Realistic ball bouncing, rolling, and collision
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+ - **Agent Movement**: 3D movement with rotation and acceleration
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+ - **Collision Detection**: Agent-to-agent, agent-to-ball, and boundary interactions
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+ - **Goal Detection**: Automated scoring system
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+
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+ ### Observation Space
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+ Each agent receives:
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+ - **Vector Observations**: 336 dimensional vector including:
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+ - Agent position and velocity (x, y, z)
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+ - Agent rotation (quaternion)
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+ - Ball position and velocity
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+ - Teammate positions and velocities
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+ - Opponent positions and velocities
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+ - Goal positions and orientations
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+ - Time remaining in episode
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+
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+ ### Action Space
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+ - **Continuous Actions**: 3 dimensions
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+ - Forward/Backward movement
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+ - Left/Right movement
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+ - Rotation (turning)
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+ - **Action Range**: [-1, 1] for each dimension
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+ - **Total Actions per Step**: 4 agents × 3 actions = 12 concurrent actions
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+
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+ ## 🧠 Model Architecture
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+
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+ ### Neural Network Design
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+ - **Input Layer**: 336 neurons (observation vector)
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+ - **Hidden Layers**: Multi-layer perceptron with ReLU activations
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+ - **Output Layers**:
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+ - **Policy Head**: 3 continuous actions (movement + rotation)
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+ - **Value Head**: Single value estimate for state evaluation
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+ - **Architecture**: Actor-Critic with shared feature extraction
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+
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+ ### Training Algorithm
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+ - **Algorithm**: PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization)
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+ - **Training Type**: Self-play with competitive reward structure
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+ - **Curriculum Learning**: Progressive difficulty increase
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+ - **Multi-Agent Coordination**: Shared experiences with individual policies
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+
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+ ## 📊 Training Configuration
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+
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+ ### Hyperparameters
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+ ```yaml
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+ # Core PPO Settings
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+ batch_size: 2048
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+ buffer_size: 20480
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+ learning_rate: 3e-4
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+ learning_rate_schedule: linear
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+ epsilon: 0.2
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+ beta: 5e-4
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+ lambd: 0.95
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+ num_epoch: 3
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+
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+ # Network Architecture
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+ hidden_units: 512
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+ num_layers: 2
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+ normalize: true
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+ vis_encode_type: simple
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+
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+ # Training Schedule
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+ max_steps: 50000000
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+ time_horizon: 1000
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+ summary_freq: 12000
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Reward Structure
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+ - **Goal Scoring**: +1.0 for scoring a goal
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+ - **Goal Conceding**: -1.0 for opponent scoring
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+ - **Ball Contact**: +0.001 for touching the ball
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+ - **Ball Proximity**: Small positive reward for being close to ball
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+ - **Time Penalty**: Small negative reward to encourage active play
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+
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+ ## 🚀 Usage & Deployment
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+
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+ ### Loading the Model (Python)
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+ ```python
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+ import onnxruntime as ort
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+ import numpy as np
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+
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+ # Load the ONNX model
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+ model_path = "SoccerTwos.onnx"
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+ session = ort.InferenceSession(model_path)
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+
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+ # Get input/output names
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+ input_name = session.get_inputs()[0].name
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+ output_names = [output.name for output in session.get_outputs()]
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+
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+ # Run inference
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+ def predict_action(observation):
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+ observation = np.array(observation, dtype=np.float32)
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+ observation = observation.reshape(1, -1) # Batch dimension
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+
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+ outputs = session.run(output_names, {input_name: observation})
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+ actions = outputs[0][0] # Extract actions from batch
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+
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+ return actions
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Unity Integration
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+ ```csharp
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+ // Unity C# script example
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+ using Unity.MLAgents;
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+ using Unity.MLAgents.Sensors;
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+ using Unity.MLAgents.Actuators;
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+
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+ public class SoccerAgent : Agent
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+ {
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+ [SerializeField] private string modelPath = "SoccerTwos.onnx";
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+
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+ public override void OnActionReceived(ActionBuffers actionBuffers)
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+ {
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+ // Extract continuous actions
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+ float moveX = actionBuffers.ContinuousActions[0];
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+ float moveZ = actionBuffers.ContinuousActions[1];
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+ float rotate = actionBuffers.ContinuousActions[2];
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+
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+ // Apply actions to agent
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+ ApplyMovement(moveX, moveZ, rotate);
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+ }
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+ }
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Evaluation Script
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+ ```python
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+ # Evaluation with metrics tracking
165
+ class SoccerEvaluator:
166
+ def __init__(self, model_path):
167
+ self.session = ort.InferenceSession(model_path)
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+ self.reset_metrics()
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+
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+ def reset_metrics(self):
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+ self.goals_scored = 0
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+ self.goals_conceded = 0
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+ self.ball_touches = 0
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+ self.episode_length = 0
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+
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+ def evaluate_episode(self, observations, actions, rewards):
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+ # Run full episode evaluation
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+ total_reward = sum(rewards)
179
+ win_rate = 1.0 if self.goals_scored > self.goals_conceded else 0.0
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+
181
+ return {
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+ 'total_reward': total_reward,
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+ 'goals_scored': self.goals_scored,
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+ 'goals_conceded': self.goals_conceded,
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+ 'win_rate': win_rate,
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+ 'ball_touches': self.ball_touches
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+ }
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+ ```
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+
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+ ## 📈 Performance Metrics
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+
192
+ ### Training Results
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+ - **Total Training Steps**: 50+ million environment steps
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+ - **Training Duration**: 100+ hours on GPU cluster
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+ - **Convergence**: Stable performance achieved after ~30M steps
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+ - **Self-Play Generations**: Multiple generations of opponent strength
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+
198
+ ### Behavioral Analysis
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+ **Offensive Strategies**:
200
+ - **Passing Coordination**: Agents learn to pass to open teammates
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+ - **Shooting Accuracy**: Improved goal-scoring from optimal positions
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+ - **Ball Control**: Sophisticated dribbling and ball manipulation
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+ - **Positioning**: Strategic positioning for receiving passes
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+
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+ **Defensive Strategies**:
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+ - **Goal Defense**: Coordinated defending of goal area
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+ - **Ball Interception**: Proactive ball stealing and blocking
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+ - **Opponent Tracking**: Following and pressuring opponents
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+ - **Formation Maintenance**: Maintaining defensive shape
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+
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+ ### Emergent Behaviors
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+ - **Tactical Plays**: Complex multi-agent coordination patterns
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+ - **Adaptive Strategies**: Counter-strategies to opponent behaviors
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+ - **Role Specialization**: Informal goalkeeper and striker roles
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+ - **Team Communication**: Implicit coordination without explicit communication
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+
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+ ## 🔧 Technical Specifications
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+
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+ ### Model File Details
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+ - **Format**: ONNX (Open Neural Network Exchange)
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+ - **File Size**: ~5-10 MB (depending on architecture)
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+ - **Input Shape**: (1, 336) - Single agent observation
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+ - **Output Shape**: (1, 3) - Continuous actions
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+ - **Precision**: Float32
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+ - **Optimization**: Optimized for inference speed
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+
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+ ### System Requirements
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+ **Minimum**:
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+ - **RAM**: 4GB
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+ - **CPU**: Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen 5
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+ - **GPU**: Not required for inference
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+ - **Unity Version**: 2021.3 LTS or later
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+
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+ **Recommended**:
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+ - **RAM**: 8GB+
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+ - **CPU**: Intel i7 or AMD Ryzen 7
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+ - **GPU**: NVIDIA GTX 1060 or better (for multiple simultaneous agents)
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+ - **Unity Version**: 2022.3 LTS
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+
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+ ## 🎯 Evaluation Protocol
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+
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+ ### Standard Evaluation
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+ ```python
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+ # Multi-episode evaluation
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+ def evaluate_model(model_path, num_episodes=100):
246
+ evaluator = SoccerEvaluator(model_path)
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+ results = []
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249
+ for episode in range(num_episodes):
250
+ # Run episode
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+ episode_result = evaluator.run_episode()
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+ results.append(episode_result)
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+
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+ # Aggregate results
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+ avg_reward = np.mean([r['total_reward'] for r in results])
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+ win_rate = np.mean([r['win_rate'] for r in results])
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+ avg_goals = np.mean([r['goals_scored'] for r in results])
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+
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+ return {
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+ 'average_reward': avg_reward,
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+ 'win_rate': win_rate,
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+ 'average_goals_per_episode': avg_goals,
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+ 'total_episodes': num_episodes
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+ }
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Performance Benchmarks
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+ - **Win Rate vs Random**: 95%+ win rate against random agents
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+ - **Win Rate vs Scripted**: 80%+ win rate against rule-based agents
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+ - **Average Goals per Episode**: 2.5-3.5 goals per team
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+ - **Episode Length**: Optimal game duration with active play
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+
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+ ## 🔬 Research Applications
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+
275
+ ### Multi-Agent Learning Research
276
+ - **Cooperation vs Competition**: Studying balance between team cooperation and individual performance
277
+ - **Emergent Communication**: Analyzing implicit coordination mechanisms
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+ - **Transfer Learning**: Adapting skills to related multi-agent scenarios
279
+ - **Curriculum Learning**: Progressive training methodologies
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+
281
+ ### Applications Beyond Gaming
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+ - **Robotics**: Multi-robot coordination and task allocation
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+ - **Autonomous Vehicles**: Coordinated navigation and traffic management
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+ - **Swarm Intelligence**: Collective behavior and distributed decision-making
285
+ - **Economic Modeling**: Multi-agent market simulations
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+
287
+ ## 🛠️ Customization & Fine-tuning
288
+
289
+ ### Training Your Own Model
290
+ ```python
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+ # Custom training configuration
292
+ from mlagents_envs.environment import UnityEnvironment
293
+ from mlagents.trainers.settings import TrainerSettings
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+
295
+ # Environment setup
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+ env = UnityEnvironment(file_name="SoccerTwos")
297
+ trainer_config = TrainerSettings(
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+ trainer_type="ppo",
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+ hyperparameters={
300
+ "batch_size": 2048,
301
+ "buffer_size": 20480,
302
+ "learning_rate": 3e-4,
303
+ "beta": 5e-4,
304
+ "epsilon": 0.2,
305
+ "lambd": 0.95,
306
+ "num_epoch": 3,
307
+ "learning_rate_schedule": "linear"
308
+ }
309
+ )
310
+ ```
311
+
312
+ ### Model Variations
313
+ - **Different Team Sizes**: 1v1, 3v3, or larger teams
314
+ - **Modified Rewards**: Emphasis on passing, defending, or ball control
315
+ - **Environmental Changes**: Different field sizes, obstacles, or rules
316
+ - **Skill Specialization**: Training specialized roles (goalkeeper, striker, etc.)
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+
318
+ ## 📚 Documentation & Resources
319
+
320
+ ### Unity ML-Agents Resources
321
+ - [ML-Agents GitHub](https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/ml-agents)
322
+ - [SoccerTwos Environment](https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/ml-agents/blob/main/docs/Learning-Environment-Examples.md#soccer-twos)
323
+ - [Training Configuration](https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/ml-agents/blob/main/docs/Training-Configuration-File.md)
324
+ - [Multi-Agent Training](https://github.com/Unity-Technologies/ml-agents/blob/main/docs/Training-ML-Agents.md#training-multiple-agents)
325
+
326
+ ### Academic References
327
+ - [Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning](https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02275)
328
+ - [Proximal Policy Optimization](https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.06347)
329
+ - [Emergent Complexity in Multi-Agent Environments](https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.07528)
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+
331
+ ## 🤝 Contributing
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+
333
+ We welcome contributions to improve the model and documentation:
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+
335
+ **Areas for Contribution**:
336
+ - **Hyperparameter Optimization**: Finding better training configurations
337
+ - **Architecture Improvements**: Enhanced neural network designs
338
+ - **Evaluation Metrics**: More comprehensive performance measures
339
+ - **Visualization Tools**: Better analysis and debugging tools
340
+ - **Documentation**: Tutorials and examples
341
+
342
+ ## 📝 Citation
343
+
344
+ ```bibtex
345
+ @misc{ml_agents_soccer_twos_2025,
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+ title={ML-Agents SoccerTwos: Multi-Agent Soccer AI},
347
+ author={Adilbai},
348
+ year={2025},
349
+ publisher={Hugging Face},
350
+ url={https://huggingface.co/Adilbai/ML-Agents-SoccerTwos},
351
+ note={Unity ML-Agents trained model for 2v2 soccer simulation}
352
+ }
353
+ ```
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+
355
+ ## 📄 License
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+
357
+ This model is released under the Apache 2.0 License, consistent with Unity ML-Agents framework licensing.
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+
359
+ ## 🏷️ Tags
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+
361
+ `multi-agent` `reinforcement-learning` `unity-ml-agents` `soccer` `cooperative-ai` `competitive-ai` `onnx` `game-ai` `emergent-behavior` `team-coordination`
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+
363
+ ---
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+
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+ **Note**: This model represents advanced multi-agent AI capabilities and serves as an excellent example of emergent team behaviors in competitive environments. The model is suitable for research, education, and game development applications.